Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654224
G. Landis, P. P. Jenkins
Mars Pathfinder is the first solar-powered probe to operate on the surface of Mars. Pathfinder consists of a lander and a small, autonomous, six-wheel solar-powered rover, "Sojourner". The Pathfinder spacecraft reflects NASA's new philosophy of exploiting new technologies to reduce mission cost. The Materials Adherence Experiment on Pathfinder was designed to measure the degradation of solar arrays due to dust settling out of the atmosphere and blocking light to the solar array, lowering the array power output. The MAE measurements indicate steady dust accumulation at a rate of about 0.28% per day. This value is consistent with the performance of the solar arrays, which have decreased in power at an estimated rate of 0.29% per day.
{"title":"Dust on Mars: Materials Adherence Experiment results from Mars Pathfinder","authors":"G. Landis, P. P. Jenkins","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654224","url":null,"abstract":"Mars Pathfinder is the first solar-powered probe to operate on the surface of Mars. Pathfinder consists of a lander and a small, autonomous, six-wheel solar-powered rover, \"Sojourner\". The Pathfinder spacecraft reflects NASA's new philosophy of exploiting new technologies to reduce mission cost. The Materials Adherence Experiment on Pathfinder was designed to measure the degradation of solar arrays due to dust settling out of the atmosphere and blocking light to the solar array, lowering the array power output. The MAE measurements indicate steady dust accumulation at a rate of about 0.28% per day. This value is consistent with the performance of the solar arrays, which have decreased in power at an estimated rate of 0.29% per day.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116522194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654265
T. Takamoto, E. Ikeda, T. Agui, H. Kurita, T. Tanabe, S. Tanaka, H. Matsubara, Y. Mine, S. Takagishi, M. Yamaguchi
Triple-junction cells with AM1.5 efficiencies of over 33% have been demonstrated. A planar type InGaP/GaAs monolithic dual-junction cell was fabricated on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate, which has high infra-red transparency. Then a dual-junction cell, with an efficiency of 27-28%, was mechanically stacked on an InGaAs cell fabricated on an InP substrate. The bottom InGaAs cell showed a efficiency of 6.2% under the InGaP/GaAs cell, and a total efficiency of 33-34% was achieved for the four-terminal triple-junction cell.
{"title":"InGaP/GaAs and InGaAs mechanically-stacked triple-junction solar cells","authors":"T. Takamoto, E. Ikeda, T. Agui, H. Kurita, T. Tanabe, S. Tanaka, H. Matsubara, Y. Mine, S. Takagishi, M. Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654265","url":null,"abstract":"Triple-junction cells with AM1.5 efficiencies of over 33% have been demonstrated. A planar type InGaP/GaAs monolithic dual-junction cell was fabricated on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate, which has high infra-red transparency. Then a dual-junction cell, with an efficiency of 27-28%, was mechanically stacked on an InGaAs cell fabricated on an InP substrate. The bottom InGaAs cell showed a efficiency of 6.2% under the InGaP/GaAs cell, and a total efficiency of 33-34% was achieved for the four-terminal triple-junction cell.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125317476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654220
M. Faur, S. Bailey, D. Flood, D. Brinker, D. Wheeler, S.A. Alterovitz, D. Scheiman, G. Mateescu, J. Faulk, C. Goradia, M. Goradia
We demonstrate the effectiveness of using wet chemical techniques for Si and Ge planar surfaces to form nanoporous layers, and grow stable passivating oxide layers on planar and porous surfaces, after the front grid metallization step. Our results show that this passivated chemical oxide layer: (i) can serve as an effective window/first layer AR coating, (ii) is chemically, thermally and UV stable, (iii) can simplify the structure of Si, Ge and III-V based space solar cells, thereby reducing cost, and (iv) has the potential of improving the BOL and especially the EOL efficiency of Si and III-V based space solar cells.
{"title":"Front surface engineering of high efficiency Si solar cells and Ge TPV cells","authors":"M. Faur, S. Bailey, D. Flood, D. Brinker, D. Wheeler, S.A. Alterovitz, D. Scheiman, G. Mateescu, J. Faulk, C. Goradia, M. Goradia","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654220","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate the effectiveness of using wet chemical techniques for Si and Ge planar surfaces to form nanoporous layers, and grow stable passivating oxide layers on planar and porous surfaces, after the front grid metallization step. Our results show that this passivated chemical oxide layer: (i) can serve as an effective window/first layer AR coating, (ii) is chemically, thermally and UV stable, (iii) can simplify the structure of Si, Ge and III-V based space solar cells, thereby reducing cost, and (iv) has the potential of improving the BOL and especially the EOL efficiency of Si and III-V based space solar cells.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"23 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120940160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654228
H. Yoo, P. Iles
Cascade multijunction GaInP/GaAs solar cells show increased tendency to degrade after exposure to reverse currents, the result of partial or full shadowing of the cells. Here, the authors present expertise results, and discuss possible root causes of this degradation, and also list several possible protective measures.
{"title":"Effects of reverse bias on multijunction cells","authors":"H. Yoo, P. Iles","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654228","url":null,"abstract":"Cascade multijunction GaInP/GaAs solar cells show increased tendency to degrade after exposure to reverse currents, the result of partial or full shadowing of the cells. Here, the authors present expertise results, and discuss possible root causes of this degradation, and also list several possible protective measures.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129609597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654232
Y. Yazawa, K. Tamura, S. Watahiki, T. Kitatani, H. Ohtsuka, T. Warabisako
Three-junction tandem solar cells were fabricated by mechanical stacking of a thin-film GaInP/GaAs monolithic tandem cell and a Si cell. The epitaxial lift-off (ELO) technique was used for the thinning of GaInP/GaAs tandem cells. Both spectral responses of the GaInP top cell and the GaAs middle cell in the thin-film GaInP/GaAs monolithic tandem cell were conserved. The Si cell performance has been improved by reducing the absorption loss in the GaAs substrate.
{"title":"Three-junction solar cells comprised of a thin-film GaInP/GaAs tandem cell mechanically stacked on a Si cell","authors":"Y. Yazawa, K. Tamura, S. Watahiki, T. Kitatani, H. Ohtsuka, T. Warabisako","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654232","url":null,"abstract":"Three-junction tandem solar cells were fabricated by mechanical stacking of a thin-film GaInP/GaAs monolithic tandem cell and a Si cell. The epitaxial lift-off (ELO) technique was used for the thinning of GaInP/GaAs tandem cells. Both spectral responses of the GaInP top cell and the GaAs middle cell in the thin-film GaInP/GaAs monolithic tandem cell were conserved. The Si cell performance has been improved by reducing the absorption loss in the GaAs substrate.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126083652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-31DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654070
J. Zhao, A. Wang, P. Altermatt, M. Green
This paper reports an 18.2% energy conversion efficiency and a 645 mV open-circuit voltage from a multicrystalline silicon cell with a planar front surface tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ AM1.5 global spectrum at 25/spl deg/C. This is one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies and the highest confirmed open-circuit voltage ever reported to date for a multicrystalline silicon cell. Significantly, these HEM (heat exchange method) multicrystalline silicon solar cells were processed with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float zoned wafers. The high temperature PERL cell processing did not damage the substrate properties.
{"title":"18.2% efficient multicrystalline silicon cell","authors":"J. Zhao, A. Wang, P. Altermatt, M. Green","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654070","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports an 18.2% energy conversion efficiency and a 645 mV open-circuit voltage from a multicrystalline silicon cell with a planar front surface tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories under the 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ AM1.5 global spectrum at 25/spl deg/C. This is one of the highest confirmed conversion efficiencies and the highest confirmed open-circuit voltage ever reported to date for a multicrystalline silicon cell. Significantly, these HEM (heat exchange method) multicrystalline silicon solar cells were processed with the standard PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) cell high-temperature processing sequence originally developed for float zoned wafers. The high temperature PERL cell processing did not damage the substrate properties.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121647766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-11-01DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654296
R. Hammond, J. F. Turpin, G. Corey, T. Hund, S. Harrington
A survey of US system integrators, charge controller manufacturers, and battery manufacturers was conducted in 1996 to determine market and application trends. This survey was sponsored by the US Dept. Of Energy. Results from 21 system integrators show a 1995 PV battery sales of $4.76 million. Using the survey results, a top down market analysis was conducted with a total predicted US battery market of $34.7 million and a world wide market of US$302 million. The survey also indicated that 71% (of dollars) were spent on VRLA and 29% on flooded lead-acid batteries. Eighty percent of charge controllers were ON-OFF, vs. PWM or constant voltage.
{"title":"PV batteries and charge controllers: technical issues, costs, and market trends","authors":"R. Hammond, J. F. Turpin, G. Corey, T. Hund, S. Harrington","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654296","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of US system integrators, charge controller manufacturers, and battery manufacturers was conducted in 1996 to determine market and application trends. This survey was sponsored by the US Dept. Of Energy. Results from 21 system integrators show a 1995 PV battery sales of $4.76 million. Using the survey results, a top down market analysis was conducted with a total predicted US battery market of $34.7 million and a world wide market of US$302 million. The survey also indicated that 71% (of dollars) were spent on VRLA and 29% on flooded lead-acid batteries. Eighty percent of charge controllers were ON-OFF, vs. PWM or constant voltage.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132537290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-11-01DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654283
D. King, J. Kratochvil, W. Boyson
Historically, two time-of-day dependent factors have complicated the characterization of photovoltaic module and array performance; namely, changes in the solar spectrum over the day and optical effects in the module that vary with the solar angle-of-incidence. This paper describes straightforward methods for directly measuring the effects of these two factors. Measured results for commercial modules, as well as for typical solar irradiance sensors (pyranometers) are provided. The empirical relationships obtained from the measurements can be used to improve the methods used for system design, verification of performance after installation, and diagnostic monitoring of performance during operation.
{"title":"Measuring solar spectral and angle-of-incidence effects on photovoltaic modules and solar irradiance sensors","authors":"D. King, J. Kratochvil, W. Boyson","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654283","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, two time-of-day dependent factors have complicated the characterization of photovoltaic module and array performance; namely, changes in the solar spectrum over the day and optical effects in the module that vary with the solar angle-of-incidence. This paper describes straightforward methods for directly measuring the effects of these two factors. Measured results for commercial modules, as well as for typical solar irradiance sensors (pyranometers) are provided. The empirical relationships obtained from the measurements can be used to improve the methods used for system design, verification of performance after installation, and diagnostic monitoring of performance during operation.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123431623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-11-01DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654300
David, King, J. Kratochvil, William, Boyson Sandia
The term "temperature coefficient" has been applied to several different photovoltaic performance parameters, including voltage, current and power. The procedures for measuring the coefficient(s) for modules and arrays are not yet standardized and systematic influences are common in the test methods used to measure them. There are also misconceptions regarding their application. Yet, temperature coefficients, however obtained, play an important role in PV power system design and sizing, where often the worst case operating condition dictates the array size. This paper: describes effective methods for determining temperature coefficients for cells, modules and arrays; identifies sources of systematic errors in measurements; gives typical measured values for modules; and provides guidance for their application in system engineering.
{"title":"Temperature coefficients for PV modules and arrays: measurement methods, difficulties, and results","authors":"David, King, J. Kratochvil, William, Boyson Sandia","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654300","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"temperature coefficient\" has been applied to several different photovoltaic performance parameters, including voltage, current and power. The procedures for measuring the coefficient(s) for modules and arrays are not yet standardized and systematic influences are common in the test methods used to measure them. There are also misconceptions regarding their application. Yet, temperature coefficients, however obtained, play an important role in PV power system design and sizing, where often the worst case operating condition dictates the array size. This paper: describes effective methods for determining temperature coefficients for cells, modules and arrays; identifies sources of systematic errors in measurements; gives typical measured values for modules; and provides guidance for their application in system engineering.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130763517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-11-01DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654319
A. Rosenthal, S. Durand, M. Thomas, H. Post
PV hybrid electric power systems can offer an economically competitive alternative to engine generator (genset) systems in many off-grid applications. Besides the obvious 'green' advantages of producing less noise and emissions, the PV hybrid can, in some cases, offer a lower life-cycle cost (LCC) than the genset. This paper evaluates the LCC of the 9.6 kWp PV hybrid power system installed by the National Park Service (NPS) at Pinnacles National Monument, CA. NPS motivation for installation of this hybrid was not based on economics, but rather the need to replace two aging diesel gensets with an alternative that would be quieter, fuel efficient, and more in keeping with new NPS emphasis on sustainable design and operations. In fact, economic analysis shows a lower 20-year LCC for the installed PV hybrid than for simple replacement of the two gensets. The analysis projects a net saving by the PV hybrid system of $83561 and over 162000 gallons of propane when compared with the genset-only system. This net saving is independent of the costs associated with environmental emissions. The effects of including emissions costs, according to NPS guidelines, is also discussed. Key to the favorable economics of this PV hybrid system was an integrated program of load management and load segmentation. Load segmentation kept initial costs down while load management ensured that, over time, the PV array would provide the large fraction of total site energy for which it was designed.
{"title":"Economic analysis of PV hybrid power system: Pinnacles National Monument","authors":"A. Rosenthal, S. Durand, M. Thomas, H. Post","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.1997.654319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1997.654319","url":null,"abstract":"PV hybrid electric power systems can offer an economically competitive alternative to engine generator (genset) systems in many off-grid applications. Besides the obvious 'green' advantages of producing less noise and emissions, the PV hybrid can, in some cases, offer a lower life-cycle cost (LCC) than the genset. This paper evaluates the LCC of the 9.6 kWp PV hybrid power system installed by the National Park Service (NPS) at Pinnacles National Monument, CA. NPS motivation for installation of this hybrid was not based on economics, but rather the need to replace two aging diesel gensets with an alternative that would be quieter, fuel efficient, and more in keeping with new NPS emphasis on sustainable design and operations. In fact, economic analysis shows a lower 20-year LCC for the installed PV hybrid than for simple replacement of the two gensets. The analysis projects a net saving by the PV hybrid system of $83561 and over 162000 gallons of propane when compared with the genset-only system. This net saving is independent of the costs associated with environmental emissions. The effects of including emissions costs, according to NPS guidelines, is also discussed. Key to the favorable economics of this PV hybrid system was an integrated program of load management and load segmentation. Load segmentation kept initial costs down while load management ensured that, over time, the PV array would provide the large fraction of total site energy for which it was designed.","PeriodicalId":251166,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the Twenty Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1997","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115474016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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