Qamar Abbas, Abdul Rehman, Sobia Jamil, Anum Khan, Zainab Asad
One of the significant difficulties businesses worldwide have encountered due to the spread of COVID-19 is the absence of essential employees. The major purpose of this research study was to assess the effect that anxiety brought on by the Covid-19 outbreak had on the percentage of workers who were absent from their jobs. In addition, this study aimed to evaluate the role that psychological distress and perceived organization support play as mediators and moderators between the fear of Covid-19 and absenteeism on the part of employees in the exposition of P-E Fit theory. With a quantitative research method and deductive approach, Data was collected using a validated survey instrument, with 239 responses received through an online Google form. The study's focus group consisted of frontline sales representatives. Using Smart-PLS to test the hypotheses revealed that most could be accepted. These findings are consistent with previous research studies in the field. This research adds to the previous literature by addressing the significance of managers' support for frontline staff by supplying them with the required tools and supplies to decrease fear and stress in the face of Covid-19. Overall, the study highlights the significant impact of the pandemic on the workplace and underscores the importance of understanding the factors that influence employee behavior during these unprecedented times.
{"title":"Examining the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Absenteeism among Frontline Workers in Pakistan","authors":"Qamar Abbas, Abdul Rehman, Sobia Jamil, Anum Khan, Zainab Asad","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i2.896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i2.896","url":null,"abstract":"One of the significant difficulties businesses worldwide have encountered due to the spread of COVID-19 is the absence of essential employees. The major purpose of this research study was to assess the effect that anxiety brought on by the Covid-19 outbreak had on the percentage of workers who were absent from their jobs. In addition, this study aimed to evaluate the role that psychological distress and perceived organization support play as mediators and moderators between the fear of Covid-19 and absenteeism on the part of employees in the exposition of P-E Fit theory. With a quantitative research method and deductive approach, Data was collected using a validated survey instrument, with 239 responses received through an online Google form. The study's focus group consisted of frontline sales representatives. Using Smart-PLS to test the hypotheses revealed that most could be accepted. These findings are consistent with previous research studies in the field. This research adds to the previous literature by addressing the significance of managers' support for frontline staff by supplying them with the required tools and supplies to decrease fear and stress in the face of Covid-19. Overall, the study highlights the significant impact of the pandemic on the workplace and underscores the importance of understanding the factors that influence employee behavior during these unprecedented times.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115738672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to examine the role of the degree of digitalization in the recruitment process on human talent attraction by increasing candidates’ intention to engage in and take part in the recruitment process. Using the signaling theory perspective, the study suggests that this relatedness is mediated by organizational attractiveness and the anticipatory psychological contract. The study analyzed data collected from 260 students from both government and private sector universities based in Karachi, Pakistan. The study revealed a positive relationship between the degree of digitalization in the recruitment process and candidates’ intention to apply through digital recruitment techniques as a means of talent attraction. The results are acquired using the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique through smart PLS software. The results also illustrated that organizational attractiveness and anticipatory psychological contract mediates the relationship between digitalization in the recruitment process and candidates’ intention to apply. The study can help the management of organizations to foster the parameters so that human talent would get attracted and apply for a job at an organization. Furthermore, since the study is based on a sample collected from Pakistan, it contributes to the literature thread from developing countries.
{"title":"Nexus between Human Talent Attraction and Digital Recruitment: A Signaling Theory Perspective on Anticipatory Psychological Contract","authors":"Mehreen Memon, Noman Soomro, S. Qazi","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i2.914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i2.914","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the role of the degree of digitalization in the recruitment process on human talent attraction by increasing candidates’ intention to engage in and take part in the recruitment process. Using the signaling theory perspective, the study suggests that this relatedness is mediated by organizational attractiveness and the anticipatory psychological contract. The study analyzed data collected from 260 students from both government and private sector universities based in Karachi, Pakistan. The study revealed a positive relationship between the degree of digitalization in the recruitment process and candidates’ intention to apply through digital recruitment techniques as a means of talent attraction. The results are acquired using the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique through smart PLS software. The results also illustrated that organizational attractiveness and anticipatory psychological contract mediates the relationship between digitalization in the recruitment process and candidates’ intention to apply. The study can help the management of organizations to foster the parameters so that human talent would get attracted and apply for a job at an organization. Furthermore, since the study is based on a sample collected from Pakistan, it contributes to the literature thread from developing countries. ","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125993371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes how banks' stability and funding risk affect their profitability in the case of Pakistan. For this purpose, data from 19 Banks were used from 2000 to 2016. The independent variable was Bank Performance for which Return on Assets was used. The dependent variables were first, Bank Stability, which was calculated as the Z-Score of RoA and Equity to Assets, and second, Funding Risk, which was calculated as the Z-Score of Deposits to Assets Ratio and Equity to Assets. Our control variables were Bank Size, Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk, Diversification, and Capital to Asset Ratio. Our results indicated that Funding Risk, Liquidity Risk, Credit Risk, and Bank Size are negatively affecting bank performance whereas bank stability is positively affecting bank performance. From the result of size, we may conclude that in the case of Pakistan, Larger Banks are not getting the benefits of economies of scale. Our findings suggest that policymakers and banking institutions in Pakistan should prioritize efforts to enhance bank stability and mitigate funding risk in order to improve bank profitability.
{"title":"Stability, Funding Risk and Bank Performance: Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"M. Vohra, M. Mubeen, Kashif Arif, Khuram Perwez","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i1.786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i1.786","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes how banks' stability and funding risk affect their profitability in the case of Pakistan. For this purpose, data from 19 Banks were used from 2000 to 2016. The independent variable was Bank Performance for which Return on Assets was used. The dependent variables were first, Bank Stability, which was calculated as the Z-Score of RoA and Equity to Assets, and second, Funding Risk, which was calculated as the Z-Score of Deposits to Assets Ratio and Equity to Assets. Our control variables were Bank Size, Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk, Diversification, and Capital to Asset Ratio. Our results indicated that Funding Risk, Liquidity Risk, Credit Risk, and Bank Size are negatively affecting bank performance whereas bank stability is positively affecting bank performance. From the result of size, we may conclude that in the case of Pakistan, Larger Banks are not getting the benefits of economies of scale. Our findings suggest that policymakers and banking institutions in Pakistan should prioritize efforts to enhance bank stability and mitigate funding risk in order to improve bank profitability.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125611778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study looks at the factors that affected conventional and Islamic banks' profitability between 2007 and 2013. This period is further classified into two periods, i.e.2007-2009 and 2010-2013, the tenure during and the tenure after the financial crisis. Descriptive research design and logical reasoning are employed in this study to analyze fourteen conventional and Five Islamic banks. We used Return on Assets to measure the profitability, whereas two macro-economic variables, i.e. Inflation and GDP (gross domestic product), and three industry-specific constructs, i.e. Size, Leverage and Liquidity as independent constructs. According to panel regression results, the profitability of both banking sectors during both tenures was unaffected by macroeconomic factors. In the case of financial or variables that are specific to an industry, both types of banking sectors had a negative impact on profitability under pre-economic crisis tenure. However, the profitability of traditional banks is considerably enhanced by liquidity. The scale of both banking sectors greatly boosts profitability while the financial crisis is ongoing. Conventional banks’ leverage had a significant negative and liquidity had a significant positive impact on profitability during the financial crunch. In the years following the crisis, once again Islamic banks increased in profitability despite being inefficient, providing them with a tax shelter, with an increase in leverage significantly. On the other hand, conventional banks had the inverse impact of leverage on their profitability but they managed their liquidity much better than the previous two tenures and generated more profit. The outcomes will be useful for the banking institutions to develop their strategies consequently.
{"title":"Conventional and Islamic banks’ performance An Analysis of During and post-economic Crisis","authors":"Mehboob Ul, Hassan, Muhammad Meraj, A. H. Solangi","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i1.886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i1.886","url":null,"abstract":"The current study looks at the factors that affected conventional and Islamic banks' profitability between 2007 and 2013. This period is further classified into two periods, i.e.2007-2009 and 2010-2013, the tenure during and the tenure after the financial crisis. Descriptive research design and logical reasoning are employed in this study to analyze fourteen conventional and Five Islamic banks. We used Return on Assets to measure the profitability, whereas two macro-economic variables, i.e. Inflation and GDP (gross domestic product), and three industry-specific constructs, i.e. Size, Leverage and Liquidity as independent constructs. According to panel regression results, the profitability of both banking sectors during both tenures was unaffected by macroeconomic factors. In the case of financial or variables that are specific to an industry, both types of banking sectors had a negative impact on profitability under pre-economic crisis tenure. However, the profitability of traditional banks is considerably enhanced by liquidity. The scale of both banking sectors greatly boosts profitability while the financial crisis is ongoing. Conventional banks’ leverage had a significant negative and liquidity had a significant positive impact on profitability during the financial crunch. In the years following the crisis, once again Islamic banks increased in profitability despite being inefficient, providing them with a tax shelter, with an increase in leverage significantly. On the other hand, conventional banks had the inverse impact of leverage on their profitability but they managed their liquidity much better than the previous two tenures and generated more profit. The outcomes will be useful for the banking institutions to develop their strategies consequently.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132152165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ghulam Mustafa Shaikh, Muhammad Masihullah Jatoi, R. Soomro
Uncertainty generates hype which creates difficulty to predict the returns in the stock market. To answer this phenomenon this study is carried out which aims to investigate the nexus of Economic Policy Uncertainty with Stock Return having macroeconomic variables as controlled in Pakistan over the period of 2010 to 2022. A novel technique non-linear ARDL (NARDL) co-integration statistical approach to estimate and explore the asymmetric effect has been employed. The findings of this study show that there is significant long-term co-integration exists between shifts in Economic Policy Uncertainty with stock returns in Pakistan. We also found the short-run and long-run shocks (Positive and Negative) of EPU have a significant effect on the stock return along with the exchange rate and consumer price index. This means high uncertainty in economic policy can decrease the stock returns and low uncertainty (means high certainty) can increase the stock returns in Pakistan. More interestingly, we found an asymmetrical relationship between SEPU with stock returns which means no symmetry or no linearity in the relationship. Concisely, inflows from positive EPU shocks have a long-term negative impact on stock returns and negative EPU inflows shocks have a long-term positive impact on stock returns in Pakistan. To overcome political instability, stock market declines, rising of inflation, and currency devaluation this study can be useful for policymakers, the Government, regulatory authorities, investors, the equity market, and so forth .
{"title":"Nexus among Economic Policy Uncertainty, Stock Returns and Macroeconomic Variables- New Evidence from Developing Country’s Stock Market using NARDL Cointegration Approach","authors":"Ghulam Mustafa Shaikh, Muhammad Masihullah Jatoi, R. Soomro","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i1.878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i1.878","url":null,"abstract":"Uncertainty generates hype which creates difficulty to predict the returns in the stock market. To answer this phenomenon this study is carried out which aims to investigate the nexus of Economic Policy Uncertainty with Stock Return having macroeconomic variables as controlled in Pakistan over the period of 2010 to 2022. A novel technique non-linear ARDL (NARDL) co-integration statistical approach to estimate and explore the asymmetric effect has been employed. The findings of this study show that there is significant long-term co-integration exists between shifts in Economic Policy Uncertainty with stock returns in Pakistan. We also found the short-run and long-run shocks (Positive and Negative) of EPU have a significant effect on the stock return along with the exchange rate and consumer price index. This means high uncertainty in economic policy can decrease the stock returns and low uncertainty (means high certainty) can increase the stock returns in Pakistan. More interestingly, we found an asymmetrical relationship between SEPU with stock returns which means no symmetry or no linearity in the relationship. Concisely, inflows from positive EPU shocks have a long-term negative impact on stock returns and negative EPU inflows shocks have a long-term positive impact on stock returns in Pakistan. To overcome political instability, stock market declines, rising of inflation, and currency devaluation this study can be useful for policymakers, the Government, regulatory authorities, investors, the equity market, and so forth .","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125313368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asra Shaikh, Muhammad Kashif, M. Rehman, S. Rehman
This study investigates the existence of speculative bubbles in diverse nine emerging markets, which may lead to terrible financial disasters. Therefore, a novel approach of Rtadf (Recursive, Right-tailed Augmented Dickey-Fuller) tests, monthly time-series data (January 2000–July 2021), and Monte-Carlo simulation under Gaussian assumptions is used. Our findings imply that massive growth in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Thailand is driven by credit or speculative bubbles rather than fundamentals whereas no bubbles are found in South Korea, India, and the Philippines - (as per Generalized Supreme ADF - GSADF test). Furthermore, in each stock market, these bubbles primarily exist prior to any local and global financial crisis. These findings add to the existing knowledge of the relationship between bubbles and financial crises. Hence, this study suggests the GSADF test could detect an impending financial crisis in any economy, allowing authorities to control or maintain economic and financial stability.
{"title":"Driven by Fundamentals or Exploded by Sentiments: Testing for Speculative Bubbles in Emerging Stock Markets","authors":"Asra Shaikh, Muhammad Kashif, M. Rehman, S. Rehman","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i1.746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i1.746","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the existence of speculative bubbles in diverse nine emerging markets, which may lead to terrible financial disasters. Therefore, a novel approach of Rtadf (Recursive, Right-tailed Augmented Dickey-Fuller) tests, monthly time-series data (January 2000–July 2021), and Monte-Carlo simulation under Gaussian assumptions is used. Our findings imply that massive growth in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Thailand is driven by credit or speculative bubbles rather than fundamentals whereas no bubbles are found in South Korea, India, and the Philippines - (as per Generalized Supreme ADF - GSADF test). Furthermore, in each stock market, these bubbles primarily exist prior to any local and global financial crisis. These findings add to the existing knowledge of the relationship between bubbles and financial crises. Hence, this study suggests the GSADF test could detect an impending financial crisis in any economy, allowing authorities to control or maintain economic and financial stability.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132932574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In light of the growing importance of social networking marketing (SMM) to the profitability of tiny and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) and the relatively modest adoption rate of SMM among SMEs, this study seeks to determine which factors influence SMEs’ adoption of SMM. This study, unlike the majority of others, proposed a two-stage analysis combining the partial least squares (PLS) method with an artificial intelligence technique called an artificial neural network (ANN). Using a deep ANN architecture, the proposed model can make predictions with a 91% success rate. The marketing rate of social networking site adoption was found to be significantly affected by the strength of the relationship between perceived efficiency, user approval of use, perceived expenses, and encouragement from upper management, beneficial conditions, and vendor pressure. The findings of this study contribute to the expanding body of literature on online advertising by shedding light on the role played by technological, corporate, and ecological (TOE) variables in consumers’ adoption of social media promotional activities. Investment choices in digital marketing in comparable and non-competitive industries can benefit from the study’s findings, which can be used by policymakers as well as managers of SMM and consumer behavior.
{"title":"A PLS – SEM study to test the role of Social media in influencing Purchase Intention","authors":"I. Haque","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v25i1.887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v25i1.887","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the growing importance of social networking marketing (SMM) to the profitability of tiny and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) and the relatively modest adoption rate of SMM among SMEs, this study seeks to determine which factors influence SMEs’ adoption of SMM. This study, unlike the majority of others, proposed a two-stage analysis combining the partial least squares (PLS) method with an artificial intelligence technique called an artificial neural network (ANN). Using a deep ANN architecture, the proposed model can make predictions with a 91% success rate. The marketing rate of social networking site adoption was found to be significantly affected by the strength of the relationship between perceived efficiency, user approval of use, perceived expenses, and encouragement from upper management, beneficial conditions, and vendor pressure. The findings of this study contribute to the expanding body of literature on online advertising by shedding light on the role played by technological, corporate, and ecological (TOE) variables in consumers’ adoption of social media promotional activities. Investment choices in digital marketing in comparable and non-competitive industries can benefit from the study’s findings, which can be used by policymakers as well as managers of SMM and consumer behavior. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127357888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The never-ending gender discrimination in societies needs multidimensional exploration to understand its causes. Gender stereotyping has remained one of the foremost causes of gender discrimination in the workplace. This study strived to explore the stereotypical thinking and beliefs about women employees in the minds of their office leaders and discusses how these stereotypes play role in management of talent and performance of female employees. With the qualitative approach, this study has used hermeneutic phenomenology as the method of exploration. The data was collected with purposive sampling from managerial leaders, working in private companies whose followers include women employees. Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with a question designed from theory, expert and construct validity. The data were analyzed with multi-level coding and thematic analysis. The results revealed that managerial leaders have work-related, family-related and personal stereotypes about their female followers. They generalize that women employees are less ambitious, less professional, over occupied an emotional. They believe that they feel need to micromanage the females as they require more guidance. Those organizations that believe to maintain the diversity in employees should regularly organize training sessions to neutralize the stereotypes in the minds of their managers so that they could not hamper the progression of their female followers. Keywords: Stereotypical Beliefs; Female Followers; Leadership; Organizational Behavior
{"title":"Virus for Women Employees: Exploring the Stereotypical Beliefs of the Leaders about their Female Followers","authors":"Asif Hussain Samo, S. Qazi, A. Shamsi","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v24i4.816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v24i4.816","url":null,"abstract":"The never-ending gender discrimination in societies needs multidimensional exploration to understand its causes. Gender stereotyping has remained one of the foremost causes of gender discrimination in the workplace. This study strived to explore the stereotypical thinking and beliefs about women employees in the minds of their office leaders and discusses how these stereotypes play role in management of talent and performance of female employees. With the qualitative approach, this study has used hermeneutic phenomenology as the method of exploration. The data was collected with purposive sampling from managerial leaders, working in private companies whose followers include women employees. Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with a question designed from theory, expert and construct validity. The data were analyzed with multi-level coding and thematic analysis. The results revealed that managerial leaders have work-related, family-related and personal stereotypes about their female followers. They generalize that women employees are less ambitious, less professional, over occupied an emotional. They believe that they feel need to micromanage the females as they require more guidance. Those organizations that believe to maintain the diversity in employees should regularly organize training sessions to neutralize the stereotypes in the minds of their managers so that they could not hamper the progression of their female followers. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Stereotypical Beliefs; Female Followers; Leadership; Organizational Behavior","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129470313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Retaining intellectual capital and understanding the reasons behind Turnover intentions s are the most crucial tasks for any industry, especially in the era where organizations have the most diverse workforce in terms of generation. A high turnover carries detrimental effects for any sector. The education industry gets affected more adversely due to this factor. The primary purpose of this study is to verify the effects of lack of Job Security on the Turnover Intention with the mediation effects of job satisfaction, particularly in a covid context. Generation Y and Z were compared to understand how they both reacted to the lack of Job Security in the private education sector. Results showed that Job Security elevates Job Satisfaction and reduces intention of turnover in Gen Y. While in the case of Gen Z, the negative relationship between Job Security and turnover is stronger but Job Satisfaction will not decrease Turnover Intention rather it increases. This is quite interesting and provides a vast area for further research in this regard. These findings offer implications for creating an environment where a diverse workforce senses and achieves high Job Satisfaction along with security to retain them, especially for Gen Y. while for Gen Z there should be some challenging tasks to keep them enthusiastic and passionate about their work.
{"title":"Impact of Job Security on Turnover Intention Mediated by Job Satisfaction in the Context of Covid-19 in Pakistan","authors":"Nazia Atiq, Sania Usmani","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v24i4.696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v24i4.696","url":null,"abstract":"Retaining intellectual capital and understanding the reasons behind Turnover intentions s are the most crucial tasks for any industry, especially in the era where organizations have the most diverse workforce in terms of generation. A high turnover carries detrimental effects for any sector. The education industry gets affected more adversely due to this factor. The primary purpose of this study is to verify the effects of lack of Job Security on the Turnover Intention with the mediation effects of job satisfaction, particularly in a covid context. Generation Y and Z were compared to understand how they both reacted to the lack of Job Security in the private education sector. Results showed that Job Security elevates Job Satisfaction and reduces intention of turnover in Gen Y. While in the case of Gen Z, the negative relationship between Job Security and turnover is stronger but Job Satisfaction will not decrease Turnover Intention rather it increases. This is quite interesting and provides a vast area for further research in this regard. These findings offer implications for creating an environment where a diverse workforce senses and achieves high Job Satisfaction along with security to retain them, especially for Gen Y. while for Gen Z there should be some challenging tasks to keep them enthusiastic and passionate about their work.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121875635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Companies look up to influencers because they are seen as thought leaders who mediate between the company and its followers. This results in their taking on the role of brand ambassadors or spokespersons. They play a significant role in helping businesses develop what they call a "digital relationship" with their clientele by supplementing and amplifying more traditional forms of marketing. They see digital connection as crucial in the current business climate. This study examined the effects of influencer credibility, customer review, and customer interaction on consumers' intent to buy after seeing an endorsement from an influencer, with an emphasis on Purchase intention. The study's findings indicate that customer involvement is the most important factor in determining whether a consumer will follow through on a purchase intent prompted by an influencer. The credibility of influencers had a notably large impact on consumer engagement; however, trustworthiness was also a factor. Online shoppers place a high value on accessibility to information. Because they both include customers sharing their experience and appraisal of a product or service with other potential purchasers, customer reviews and influencer endorsements can be considered customer reviews. This research reveals that consumer reviews have little impact on consumers' propensity to make a purchase. Influencer endorsement, but not customer reviews, affects desire to buy premium goods. However, the role of customer reviews as a moderator between trustworthiness and desire to buy was not established in this research.
{"title":"Examining the Mediating Effect of Online Engagement and Online Reviews: The Influence of Influencer Credibility on Consumer Purchase Intentions","authors":"Syed Ahsan Ali Zaman, Adnan Anwar, I. Haque","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v24i4.872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v24i4.872","url":null,"abstract":"Companies look up to influencers because they are seen as thought leaders who mediate between the company and its followers. This results in their taking on the role of brand ambassadors or spokespersons. They play a significant role in helping businesses develop what they call a \"digital relationship\" with their clientele by supplementing and amplifying more traditional forms of marketing. They see digital connection as crucial in the current business climate. This study examined the effects of influencer credibility, customer review, and customer interaction on consumers' intent to buy after seeing an endorsement from an influencer, with an emphasis on Purchase intention. The study's findings indicate that customer involvement is the most important factor in determining whether a consumer will follow through on a purchase intent prompted by an influencer. The credibility of influencers had a notably large impact on consumer engagement; however, trustworthiness was also a factor. Online shoppers place a high value on accessibility to information. Because they both include customers sharing their experience and appraisal of a product or service with other potential purchasers, customer reviews and influencer endorsements can be considered customer reviews. This research reveals that consumer reviews have little impact on consumers' propensity to make a purchase. Influencer endorsement, but not customer reviews, affects desire to buy premium goods. However, the role of customer reviews as a moderator between trustworthiness and desire to buy was not established in this research.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123956944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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