Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535382
C. M. Hathaway
A knowledge of the wave forms of voltages and currents is often of great value to experimental work or in the analysis of the characteristics of electrical circuits and apparatus. This paper describes a portable oscillograph whereby the wave shapes and phase relations of voltages and currents can be observed and photographed almost as easily as their effective values can be measured with the ordinary portable instruments. Because of its simplicity of operation, and because the wave shapes can be observed simultaneously by a large group of persons the instrument is of particular value to scientific and engineering schools.
{"title":"A new portable oscillograph","authors":"C. M. Hathaway","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535382","url":null,"abstract":"A knowledge of the wave forms of voltages and currents is often of great value to experimental work or in the analysis of the characteristics of electrical circuits and apparatus. This paper describes a portable oscillograph whereby the wave shapes and phase relations of voltages and currents can be observed and photographed almost as easily as their effective values can be measured with the ordinary portable instruments. Because of its simplicity of operation, and because the wave shapes can be observed simultaneously by a large group of persons the instrument is of particular value to scientific and engineering schools.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129868649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535383
S. T. Dodd
With large internal combustion power plants in transportion service the use of electric transmission is almost a necessity. Furthermore, the interposition of the electric transmission provides a method of obtaining what is the equivalent of a wide change in gear ratio, as well as a cushioning of the characteristic power impulses of the internal combustion engine. In adapting the internal combustion engine to this character of service there has been a number of problems, such as fitting the generator to the engine curve, the question of hand or automatic control, field control arrangements, single vs. multiple motor drive, and arrangement and operation of auxiliaries. The use of the combination generator-battery power plant has recently received considerable attention. This application employs a battery operating in parallel with the engine generator power plant, capable of supplementing the power of the engine for short periods. The characteristics of the engine used in transportation service must be well adapted to the duty required. These characteristics vary somewhat with the size of the unit and the control of the engine throttle is usually adapted to the particular problem in hand. In this paper, the principal problems connected with the operation and design of complete engine generator units are discussed in detail and many typical schemes of connection are diagrammatically shown. No attempt is made to discuss the question of multiple power plant operation, although this would mean simply the addition of the necessary cross connections to operate the two power plants in parallel; unless, as is sometimes the case, the several power plants are operating independent of each other, each engine generator furnishing power to Us own motors. In general, there is given a fairly complete summary of the operation and design of this equipment as now used in American railway practise.
{"title":"Abridgment of electric transmission and control of power from internal combustion engines for transportation","authors":"S. T. Dodd","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535383","url":null,"abstract":"With large internal combustion power plants in transportion service the use of electric transmission is almost a necessity. Furthermore, the interposition of the electric transmission provides a method of obtaining what is the equivalent of a wide change in gear ratio, as well as a cushioning of the characteristic power impulses of the internal combustion engine. In adapting the internal combustion engine to this character of service there has been a number of problems, such as fitting the generator to the engine curve, the question of hand or automatic control, field control arrangements, single vs. multiple motor drive, and arrangement and operation of auxiliaries. The use of the combination generator-battery power plant has recently received considerable attention. This application employs a battery operating in parallel with the engine generator power plant, capable of supplementing the power of the engine for short periods. The characteristics of the engine used in transportation service must be well adapted to the duty required. These characteristics vary somewhat with the size of the unit and the control of the engine throttle is usually adapted to the particular problem in hand. In this paper, the principal problems connected with the operation and design of complete engine generator units are discussed in detail and many typical schemes of connection are diagrammatically shown. No attempt is made to discuss the question of multiple power plant operation, although this would mean simply the addition of the necessary cross connections to operate the two power plants in parallel; unless, as is sometimes the case, the several power plants are operating independent of each other, each engine generator furnishing power to Us own motors. In general, there is given a fairly complete summary of the operation and design of this equipment as now used in American railway practise.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129513542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535385
A. E. Bowen, C. Gilkeson
This paper describes some of the results of the work of the Joint Development and Research Subcommittee of the National Electric Light Association and Bell Telephone System on the mutual impedances of ground return circuits. The first part of the paper deals with some experiments which were performed to establish an experimental background for the testing of theoretical ideas. Different theories, one involving an “equivalent ground-plane,” a second, a d-c. distribution in the earth, and a third, an a-c. distribution in the earth, are discussed in the light of the experimental results. While none of these is adequate to explain all the observed phenomena, each has a field in which it can be made useful The second part of the paper is devoted to a description of practical means for predetermining the mutual impedances of power and telephone lines. This involves an experimental determination of a curve of mutual impedance as a function of separation in the region of the proposed exposure and the calculation of the over-all mutual impedance between the proposed lines from this curve and the dimensions of the exposure. The results of trials of this method in two locations are given indicating that it should be of sufficient accuracy for engineering purposes.
{"title":"Abridgment of mutual impedances of ground return circuits: Some experimental studies","authors":"A. E. Bowen, C. Gilkeson","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535385","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes some of the results of the work of the Joint Development and Research Subcommittee of the National Electric Light Association and Bell Telephone System on the mutual impedances of ground return circuits. The first part of the paper deals with some experiments which were performed to establish an experimental background for the testing of theoretical ideas. Different theories, one involving an “equivalent ground-plane,” a second, a d-c. distribution in the earth, and a third, an a-c. distribution in the earth, are discussed in the light of the experimental results. While none of these is adequate to explain all the observed phenomena, each has a field in which it can be made useful The second part of the paper is devoted to a description of practical means for predetermining the mutual impedances of power and telephone lines. This involves an experimental determination of a curve of mutual impedance as a function of separation in the region of the proposed exposure and the calculation of the over-all mutual impedance between the proposed lines from this curve and the dimensions of the exposure. The results of trials of this method in two locations are given indicating that it should be of sufficient accuracy for engineering purposes.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128519477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535381
A. B. Clark, C. Green
The rapid growth of the telephone cable network in this country has made it desirable to develop a system whereby this network may be utilized to transmit programs for broadcasting stations over distances upwards of 2000 mi. Such a system has recently been developed and given a trial with very satisfactory results on a looped-back circuit 2200 mi. long. It transmits ranges of frequency and volume somewhat in excess of those now handled by the open-wire circuits which are used for program work, and also in excess of those handled by present-day radio broadcasting systems when no long distance lines are involved. The paper deals first with the transmission requirements of broadcasting systems and then gives a description of this new cable system.
{"title":"Abridgment of long distance cable circuit for program transmission","authors":"A. B. Clark, C. Green","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535381","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of the telephone cable network in this country has made it desirable to develop a system whereby this network may be utilized to transmit programs for broadcasting stations over distances upwards of 2000 mi. Such a system has recently been developed and given a trial with very satisfactory results on a looped-back circuit 2200 mi. long. It transmits ranges of frequency and volume somewhat in excess of those now handled by the open-wire circuits which are used for program work, and also in excess of those handled by present-day radio broadcasting systems when no long distance lines are involved. The paper deals first with the transmission requirements of broadcasting systems and then gives a description of this new cable system.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128629663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535388
P. Hatch
In the application of various types of locomotives to switching service, it is at times quite desirable to have data concerning the energy requirements involved. A convenient figure for expressing such requirements in relation to work done is watthours per ton-mile. The determination of such a figure involves certain difficulties peculiar to switching service, in that trailing loads and distances moved are continually varying. The electrified Oak Point Yard of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad in New York City offered an excellent opportunity for determining figures of watthours per ton-mile for different kinds of switching. Accordingly, two electric locomotives were equipped with the necessary instruments, and a total of 39 1/6 hr. of operation was observed and recorded. The paper describes in some detail the entire procedure of the tests and lists in tabulated form the data obtained. Basic figures necessary for calculating watthours per ton-mile, it was found, could be expanded to give a much broader scope to the results, so that many interesting data became available. Incidentally, the data will permit of even further expansion where certain special figures or factors are desired. Although electric locomotives of different types were used, the results set forth in the paper should be considered without regard to either type. It is hoped that data concerning switching operations on other railroads may become available.
{"title":"Abridgment of electric power consumption for Yard switching","authors":"P. Hatch","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535388","url":null,"abstract":"In the application of various types of locomotives to switching service, it is at times quite desirable to have data concerning the energy requirements involved. A convenient figure for expressing such requirements in relation to work done is watthours per ton-mile. The determination of such a figure involves certain difficulties peculiar to switching service, in that trailing loads and distances moved are continually varying. The electrified Oak Point Yard of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad in New York City offered an excellent opportunity for determining figures of watthours per ton-mile for different kinds of switching. Accordingly, two electric locomotives were equipped with the necessary instruments, and a total of 39 1/6 hr. of operation was observed and recorded. The paper describes in some detail the entire procedure of the tests and lists in tabulated form the data obtained. Basic figures necessary for calculating watthours per ton-mile, it was found, could be expanded to give a much broader scope to the results, so that many interesting data became available. Incidentally, the data will permit of even further expansion where certain special figures or factors are desired. Although electric locomotives of different types were used, the results set forth in the paper should be considered without regard to either type. It is hoped that data concerning switching operations on other railroads may become available.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130514682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535387
P. Sporn
This paper, prepared with the cooperation of the members of the Insulator and Lightning Subcommittee, points out the present need for rationalizing transmission system strength on the basis of lightning voltage. The higher grade of service demanded of transmission systems today requires fewer interruptions. It is pointed out that for a four-year period the line interruptions due to lightning on an extensive 132-kv. network average 75 per cent of all line outages. Apparatus failures due to lightning, while not numerically great, can be materially reduced if the system insulation is coordinated on the lightning basis. Over-insulation of lines has been tried in some cases, particularly on wood pole lines, with varying degrees of success in reducing line outages. But this method of attacking the lightning problem does not consider the protection of station equipment where the most costly apparatus is subject to damage, and where apparatus damage may result in long service outage. It is pointed out that additional knowledge is necessary on lightning strengths of insulation, and apparatus to rationalize system voltage strengths on a lightning basis. This information is gradually being secured by various groups working on the problem. To aid in solving the lightning problem, it is proposed that a set of standard lest waves be adopted, by which insulation and apparatus if possible may be tested. With this knowledge of the lightning insulation strength of apparatus, it will be possible to design transmission systems more intelligently on a lightning basis so far as insulation is concerned, in addition to the present 60-cycle basis. On the basis of field data secured last year on wave-shapes of natural lightning, three standard test waves are proposed, having voltage — time characteristics similar to those actually observed. It is pointed out that lightning voltage should be designated in units peculiar to lightning and not in terms of 60-cycle voltage values.
{"title":"Abridgment of rationalization of transmission insulation strength — II: Need for, present status of, and necessary developments for carrying through","authors":"P. Sporn","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535387","url":null,"abstract":"This paper, prepared with the cooperation of the members of the Insulator and Lightning Subcommittee, points out the present need for rationalizing transmission system strength on the basis of lightning voltage. The higher grade of service demanded of transmission systems today requires fewer interruptions. It is pointed out that for a four-year period the line interruptions due to lightning on an extensive 132-kv. network average 75 per cent of all line outages. Apparatus failures due to lightning, while not numerically great, can be materially reduced if the system insulation is coordinated on the lightning basis. Over-insulation of lines has been tried in some cases, particularly on wood pole lines, with varying degrees of success in reducing line outages. But this method of attacking the lightning problem does not consider the protection of station equipment where the most costly apparatus is subject to damage, and where apparatus damage may result in long service outage. It is pointed out that additional knowledge is necessary on lightning strengths of insulation, and apparatus to rationalize system voltage strengths on a lightning basis. This information is gradually being secured by various groups working on the problem. To aid in solving the lightning problem, it is proposed that a set of standard lest waves be adopted, by which insulation and apparatus if possible may be tested. With this knowledge of the lightning insulation strength of apparatus, it will be possible to design transmission systems more intelligently on a lightning basis so far as insulation is concerned, in addition to the present 60-cycle basis. On the basis of field data secured last year on wave-shapes of natural lightning, three standard test waves are proposed, having voltage — time characteristics similar to those actually observed. It is pointed out that lightning voltage should be designated in units peculiar to lightning and not in terms of 60-cycle voltage values.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129049964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535392
H. Ives, F. Gray, M. W. Baldwin, H. M. Stoller, D. G. Blattner, L. Bostwick
Ever since the initial demonstration of television both by wire and by radio at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1927, experimental work has been steadily pursued in order to learn the problems and possibilities of this newest branch of electrical communication. The latest development to be demonstrated is that of twoway television as an adjunct to the telephone. As a result of our development work, there is now set up an experimental and demonstration system between the headquarters building of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company at 195 Broadway and the building of the Bell Telephone Laboratories at 463 West Street, New York City, two miles away. This system makes it possible the experiment with a method of communication in which the parties engaged not only speak with each other but at the same time see each other. Study of this system will serve to give information on the importance of the addition of sight to sound in communication and will give valuable experience in handling the technical problems involved.
{"title":"Abridgment of two-way television: Part I — Image transmission system: Part II — Synchronization system: Part III — Sound transmission syst","authors":"H. Ives, F. Gray, M. W. Baldwin, H. M. Stoller, D. G. Blattner, L. Bostwick","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535392","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since the initial demonstration of television both by wire and by radio at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1927, experimental work has been steadily pursued in order to learn the problems and possibilities of this newest branch of electrical communication. The latest development to be demonstrated is that of twoway television as an adjunct to the telephone. As a result of our development work, there is now set up an experimental and demonstration system between the headquarters building of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company at 195 Broadway and the building of the Bell Telephone Laboratories at 463 West Street, New York City, two miles away. This system makes it possible the experiment with a method of communication in which the parties engaged not only speak with each other but at the same time see each other. Study of this system will serve to give information on the importance of the addition of sight to sound in communication and will give valuable experience in handling the technical problems involved.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130141849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535380
A. Karpov
This paper presents the impressions of a European trip made during the summer of the year 1929 and gives a comparative study of the conditions of European developments in so far as they are either of a particular interest or different from the conditions in the United States. The present day turbine design with particular reference to the development of Propeller and Kaplan turbines is discussed. The more interesting low-head developments, the international interconnection system in the region of the upper Rhine, as well as the extensive use of pumping schemes, are briefly described and illustrated. The tendencies in power house design and the energy destroying problems are mentioned. Laboratory work, its influence on the European developments and the high standing of the low-head developments are stressed. A short comparison between the concrete work as done in Europe and in the United States is made.
{"title":"Abridgment of Hydro power practise in Central Europe","authors":"A. Karpov","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535380","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the impressions of a European trip made during the summer of the year 1929 and gives a comparative study of the conditions of European developments in so far as they are either of a particular interest or different from the conditions in the United States. The present day turbine design with particular reference to the development of Propeller and Kaplan turbines is discussed. The more interesting low-head developments, the international interconnection system in the region of the upper Rhine, as well as the extensive use of pumping schemes, are briefly described and illustrated. The tendencies in power house design and the energy destroying problems are mentioned. Laboratory work, its influence on the European developments and the high standing of the low-head developments are stressed. A short comparison between the concrete work as done in Europe and in the United States is made.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128450234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535384
F. Longley
The paper is intended to give a thorough explanation of step-by-step calculations of the synchronous rotor oscillations and other transients which occur in electrical power systems when faults or other sudden changes take place. It is divided essentially into two parts. In Part I a descriptive illustration of the phenomena is given in order that the reader may visualize the conditions. In Part II general formulas are developed for calculations where any number of salient or non-salient pole machines are operating at various points on an impedance network. In Appendix I (complete paper) a special and simplified example is set up and analyzed. In Appendixes II and III the numerical calculations of the swing curve for the special example in Appendix I are given, and a brief discussion is offered on the accuracy of this step-by-step method of calculation.
{"title":"Abridgment of the calculation of alternator swing curves: The step-by-step method","authors":"F. Longley","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535384","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is intended to give a thorough explanation of step-by-step calculations of the synchronous rotor oscillations and other transients which occur in electrical power systems when faults or other sudden changes take place. It is divided essentially into two parts. In Part I a descriptive illustration of the phenomena is given in order that the reader may visualize the conditions. In Part II general formulas are developed for calculations where any number of salient or non-salient pole machines are operating at various points on an impedance network. In Appendix I (complete paper) a special and simplified example is set up and analyzed. In Appendixes II and III the numerical calculations of the swing curve for the special example in Appendix I are given, and a brief discussion is offered on the accuracy of this step-by-step method of calculation.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"517 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116238623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1930-08-01DOI: 10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535390
C. Fortescue
The purpose of this paper is to present a logical basis for the insulation of transmission lines and substations using as a basis the characteristics of traveling waves produced by lightning discharges. The method presented was formulated from the data obtained from the cathode ray oscillograms of actual line surges and upon the laboratory work in which the impulse flashover characteristics of insulating structures was determined. The breakdown volt — time characteristics of various forms of insulation are presented. Using these curves of various forms of gaps in the known characteristics of traveling waves, insulation of the transmission line at various distances from the gap is determined so that flashover will be unlikely to occur at these points. A similar method of analysis is made upon substations and lines protected by lightning arresters, but with the known characteristics of lightning arresters, the insulation on the line up to points 1000 to 5000 ft. away can be apportioned so that the lightning arrester will take the discharge, preventing the flashover of insulation. The system set forth in the paper enables the transmission engineer to design the line and substation in an economical manner and obtain adequate protection for all points desired.
{"title":"Abridgment of rationalization of station insulating structures with respect to insulation of the transmission line","authors":"C. Fortescue","doi":"10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAIEE.1930.6535390","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present a logical basis for the insulation of transmission lines and substations using as a basis the characteristics of traveling waves produced by lightning discharges. The method presented was formulated from the data obtained from the cathode ray oscillograms of actual line surges and upon the laboratory work in which the impulse flashover characteristics of insulating structures was determined. The breakdown volt — time characteristics of various forms of insulation are presented. Using these curves of various forms of gaps in the known characteristics of traveling waves, insulation of the transmission line at various distances from the gap is determined so that flashover will be unlikely to occur at these points. A similar method of analysis is made upon substations and lines protected by lightning arresters, but with the known characteristics of lightning arresters, the insulation on the line up to points 1000 to 5000 ft. away can be apportioned so that the lightning arrester will take the discharge, preventing the flashover of insulation. The system set forth in the paper enables the transmission engineer to design the line and substation in an economical manner and obtain adequate protection for all points desired.","PeriodicalId":260406,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the A.I.E.E.","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122640345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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