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A New Perspective on Historical Theories of Poverty 贫困历史理论的新视角
Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v4i1.137
Parvez Ahmed Shaikh, Balach Rasheed, Aijaz Ahmed Shaikh
The current study aims to examine poverty theories in light of new perspectives and approaches. The methodology used for this research, that is solely qualitative, is based on the literature. The study explores a variety of theories on poverty, including classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, Marxist/radical, monetary, cultural, ecological, economic, political and the theory of social exclusion and social capital. Some policy measures are suggested to overcome poverty such as economic growth must benefit all citizens through progressive tax systems, education, health, and work opportunities, improving infrastructure and local industries competitiveness, increased transparency, stricter enforcement, and strengthening of institutions to prevent corruption, encourage political participation through voter education, parties, and debate, encourage trade, investment, renewable energy sources, and self-help strategies to reduce poverty.
本研究旨在从新的视角和方法审视贫困理论。本研究使用的方法完全是定性的,是基于文献的。本研究探讨了各种关于贫困的理论,包括古典、新古典、凯恩斯主义、马克思主义/激进、货币、文化、生态、经济、政治以及社会排斥和社会资本理论。通过累进税制、教育、健康、工作机会等,使全体国民受益,改善基础设施和地方产业竞争力,提高透明度,加强执法,加强防止腐败的制度,通过选民教育、政党、辩论等,鼓励政治参与,鼓励贸易、投资、可再生能源等,以克服贫困。以及减少贫困的自助策略。
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引用次数: 0
The Trajectory of Energy-Growth Relationships Revisited: A Multi-Sectoral Analysis with Relevance of Time Inclinations in Europe 重新审视能源增长关系的轨迹:欧洲时间倾向相关性的多部门分析
Pub Date : 2022-12-31 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.133
Fatima Gulzar, Zahir Faridi, Sajid Pervez
This study examines the multidimensional impact of energy intensity (EI) and sectoral energy consumption on economic performance (EP). A sample of dataset includes European economies consisting of three decades from 1990 to 2020 is analyzed by employing several estimators and an inclusive estimation strategy for empirical robustness. This component of research is concerned with determining the trajectory of energy-growth relationships in order to explain changes in magnitude and intensity through time. This study is required in order to make an accurate comparison across time periods that how the change dimension is increasing or decreasing. Econometric practice is panel two step GMM. This study estimated by using GMM estimation and the results have been reported on the basis of probability values of F-statistics. The Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic with chi-square p-values of under-identification test are used to check the identification of the model. The chi-square probability values of Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistics in all of the models of current study are highly significant which shows that model are identified. Moreover, Hansen J statistics are included to check validity of instruments. Our key findings suggest that energy intensity and energy mix on economic performance for European countries varies depending on the time era and degree of development. Results predict that economic expansion tends to be acutely susceptible to EI after 1990, and the lower the amount of income per capita, greater the sensitivity. It is also obvious that a broader approach is required.
本研究考察了能源强度(EI)和部门能源消耗对经济绩效(EP)的多维影响。通过采用几个估计器和一个具有经验稳健性的包容性估计策略,对1990年至2020年的欧洲经济体数据集样本进行了分析。这部分研究涉及确定能量增长关系的轨迹,以便解释大小和强度随时间的变化。这项研究是必要的,以便在不同的时间段内准确地比较变化维度是如何增加或减少的。计量经济学实践是面板两步GMM。本研究采用GMM估计进行估计,结果基于f统计量的概率值进行了报道。采用Kleibergen-Paap rk LM统计量,采用欠识别检验的卡方p值检验模型的识别性。目前研究的所有模型中Kleibergen-Paap rk LM统计量的卡方概率值均高度显著,表明模型已被识别。此外,采用Hansen J统计量来检验工具的有效性。我们的主要发现表明,能源强度和能源结构对欧洲国家经济绩效的影响取决于时间和发展程度。结果表明,1990年以后,经济扩张对经济影响指数的敏感性趋于明显,且人均收入越低,对经济影响指数的敏感性越大。同样明显的是,需要采取更广泛的办法。
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引用次数: 0
Global Citizenship Education: A New Approach to Global Citizenship Development 全球公民教育:全球公民发展的新途径
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.131
Amna Saleem, Farah Deeba, Muhammad Aqeel Raza
Global citizenship education is a type of civic learning in which students take part in projects that deal with social, political, economic, or environmental problems that affect the whole world. The goal of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) is to give people of all ages the tools they need to take part in building more peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, and safe societies, both locally and globally. As a basic need of citizens, global citizenship education is of paramount importance today. The purpose of the paper is to provide understanding related to global citizenship and global citizenship education. The data was collected using secondary sources such as journals, articles, web sources, etc. Researchers shed light on the major elements, dimensions, and themes of global citizenship education. The major themes of global citizenship education, such as peace education, human rights education, civic education, humanitarian norms, and the psychosocial dimensions of global citizenship, are discussed in this paper. In this paper, it is concluded that global citizenship education enables citizens to change the way they live and to adopt modern education for their betterment. Additionally, it changes their mentality towards different cultures of the world, bringing peace and harmony to the whole world. According to this study, teachers should be educated about global citizenship and provide global citizenship in all fields of education. The current government should provide facilities for Pakistani students in order for them to become global citizens.
全球公民教育是一种公民学习,学生参与处理影响整个世界的社会、政治、经济或环境问题的项目。全球公民教育(GCE)的目标是为各个年龄段的人提供所需的工具,帮助他们在地方和全球范围内参与建设更加和平、宽容、包容和安全的社会。作为公民的基本需求,全球公民教育在今天具有至关重要的意义。本文的目的是提供有关全球公民和全球公民教育的理解。数据收集使用二手来源,如期刊,文章,网络资源等。研究人员阐明了全球公民教育的主要要素、维度和主题。本文讨论了全球公民教育的主要主题,如和平教育、人权教育、公民教育、人道主义规范和全球公民的社会心理维度。本文的结论是,全球公民教育使公民能够改变他们的生活方式,并采用现代教育来改善他们的生活。此外,它改变了他们对世界不同文化的心态,给整个世界带来了和平与和谐。根据这项研究,教师应该接受全球公民意识的教育,并在教育的各个领域提供全球公民意识。现任政府应该为巴基斯坦学生提供便利,使他们成为世界公民。
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引用次数: 0
Educational Reforms in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Civil-Military Regimes (1999-2018) 巴基斯坦教育改革:军民政权比较研究(1999-2018)
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.132
Sajjad Ahmad, Farasat Zahra, Rabia Perveen, Safdar Hussain
The study is based about comparison of civil-military regimes (1999-2018). The main objective of the study is to explore the educational reforms/policies and analyze the internal / eternal factors related to failure of educational system in Pakistan. Education plays a usually role in the advancement and protection of National Identity. However, being ideological state the Western countries considered Pakistan nurturing anti west approaches amongst a few Muslim countries. They claimed that Muslim countries included Pakistan majority of children getting Madaris education, where they produced extremists, fundamentalists and Islamic Jehadists. The radicalization concept was converted into technical education through Education Sector Reforms (ESR) 2002, education for all.  This article sheds light on the educational reforms/policy of civil-military governance regimes 1999-2018 of Pakistan with a major focus education for all, introducing technical education and Madaris reforms to achieve 80% literacy rate. These education sector reforms did not fruitful due to involvement of bureaucrats for making policies and ignored educationist in the relevant field specialists.  After 2010, the 18th amendment in the 1973 constitution of Pakistan the slogan of civilian governance compulsory education for the children from ages five to sixteen (free education for all). Here millions of children still have not registered in education to achieve the target. There are so many other flops like religious factors and sectarian violence. Through 18th Amendment the school education is the subject of provincial matter.
该研究基于1999年至2018年文武政权的比较。本研究的主要目的是探讨巴基斯坦的教育改革/政策,并分析与教育制度失败有关的内部/永恒因素。教育在促进和保护民族认同方面通常起着重要作用。然而,作为意识形态国家,西方国家认为巴基斯坦在一些穆斯林国家中培育反西方的方法。他们声称,包括巴基斯坦在内的穆斯林国家,大多数儿童接受伊斯兰教教育,在那里他们产生了极端分子、原教旨主义者和伊斯兰圣战分子。激进化概念通过2002年教育部门改革(ESR)转变为技术教育,全民教育。本文揭示了巴基斯坦1999-2018年军民治理制度的教育改革/政策,重点是全民教育,引入技术教育和Madaris改革,以实现80%的识字率。这些教育部门的改革由于官僚参与制定政策,忽视了相关领域的教育专家而没有取得成果。2010年后,1973年巴基斯坦宪法第18条修正案以文官治理为口号,对5至16岁的儿童实行义务教育(全民免费教育)。在这里,数以百万计的儿童仍然没有在教育中注册,以实现这一目标。还有很多其他的失败,比如宗教因素和宗派暴力。通过第18条修正案,学校教育是省级事务的主体。
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引用次数: 0
Construction of Religious Minority Groups in Bollywood Cinema: A Historic & Critical Thematic Analysis 宝莱坞电影中的宗教少数群体建构:一个历史与批判的主题分析
Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.130
Imtiaz Hussain, Shahzad Ali
This article deals with the dominant themes that emerged in the Bollywood Cinema about religious minority groups Like Muslims, Christian, and Sikhs. The research utilized the structure provided by the Clerk and Brown 2006 in terms of thematic Analysis. Thirty movies were selected through purposive and random sampling. Ten movies were represented by each minority Group. The dominant themes found with regard to the Muslim community in Bollywood movies were Islamic terrorism, Islamophobia, economic, education backwardness, and Muslim identity, Sikh dominant themes were found as Comedian, Sikh Identity, Brave, and truthful. Similarly, Christian themes were Westernized, Christian Identity, erotic, and Prostitute. Based on Historic and the critical thematic analysis as well as theoretical grounds of Hall’s representation, Said's Concept of Orientalism, and Noam Chomsky’s propaganda model concept, the research clearly indicated that the Bollywood Cinema blurred the identity of religious minority groups and decorated them as others, for example, it distorts the religious concepts, promotes Islam phobia and connecting Islam with the terrorism, in terms to Muslims treated as brutal, extremist, shelter provider, the danger for the state, etc and Sikh as a painted comedian, drinkers and their culture in merged with the Hindus rituals as well as Christian minority female painted erotic object, westernized and Hypersexual. The research clarifies that the Bollywood cinema articulates the content of the movies under the umbrella of the elite political mindset.                                                                       
本文讨论了宝莱坞电影中出现的关于宗教少数群体的主要主题,如穆斯林、基督徒和锡克教徒。本研究在主题分析方面采用了Clerk and Brown 2006提供的结构。通过有目的随机抽样的方法,选取了30部电影。每个少数民族都有10部电影。在宝莱坞电影中,关于穆斯林社区的主要主题是伊斯兰恐怖主义、伊斯兰恐惧症、经济、教育落后和穆斯林身份,锡克教徒的主要主题是喜剧演员、锡克教徒身份、勇敢和诚实。同样,基督教的主题也被西方化了,基督教身份、色情和妓女。通过对霍尔的再现、赛义德的东方主义概念、乔姆斯基的宣传模式概念的历史和批判的主题分析以及理论依据,本研究明确指出,宝莱坞电影模糊了宗教少数群体的身份,并将其装饰为他者,例如,它扭曲了宗教概念,宣扬伊斯兰恐惧症,将伊斯兰与恐怖主义联系起来,将穆斯林视为野蛮、极端主义;庇护所提供者,对国家的威胁等等,锡克教徒被描绘成喜剧演员,饮酒者和他们的文化与印度教徒的仪式以及基督教少数民族女性被描绘成色情对象,西方化和性欲亢进。研究表明,宝莱坞电影在精英政治思维的保护伞下阐明了电影的内容。
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引用次数: 0
Madeline Miller’s Circe: A Feminist Stylistic Approach 玛德琳·米勒的《Circe:女性主义的风格方法》
Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.128
Rizwana Sarwar, Saadia Fatima
The present study explores the representation of the woman’s character in literary works and also encompasses the retelling of Greek mythology from Madeline Miller’s female protagonist’s perspective. Gender stereotypes established by Greek mythology require that women must be submissive and marginalized. Those women characters that are not according to these stereotypes are termed as negative characters. Moreover, this representation of women’s stereotypical characterization is done through predisposed language which is informed by male-ruling sexist ideology. These linguistic choices need to be addressed through feminist stylistic analysis. The present study will analyze Circe’s character from the selected text Circe by Madeline Miller (2018) from the perspective of feminist stylistic analysis by employing Sara Mills’ model of feminism (1995). It will investigate how Madeline Miller converts Circe’s negative portrayal into a positive and empowered character in her retelling by challenging the stereotypical characterization of women. In particular, the study will look into Circe’s character at the level of discourse in order to present her as a positive and empowered character.
本研究探讨了女性性格在文学作品中的表现,并从玛德琳·米勒的女主人公视角对希腊神话进行了复述。希腊神话建立的性别刻板印象要求女性必须顺从和被边缘化。那些不符合这些刻板印象的女性角色被称为负面角色。此外,这种对女性刻板形象的表现是通过男性统治的性别歧视意识形态所提供的预设语言来完成的。这些语言选择需要通过女性主义风格分析来解决。本研究将从女性主义风格分析的角度,从玛德琳·米勒(2018)的文本《Circe》出发,采用萨拉·米尔斯(1995)的女性主义模型来分析Circe的性格。它将探讨玛德琳·米勒如何通过挑战对女性的刻板印象,将喀耳刻的负面形象转变为积极而强大的角色。特别是,该研究将在话语层面上研究喀耳刻的性格,以呈现她作为一个积极和强大的角色。
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引用次数: 0
Tomb of Tahir Khan Nahar in Sitpur: An Analysis of its Architectural Features and Decorative Elements 锡普尔塔希尔汗纳哈尔墓:建筑特征与装饰元素分析
Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.125
Muzna Matloob
The true spirit of people is reflected in the folklore, custom, tradition, art and craft of the region. Punjab (Pakistan) has impressive folk art, diversity of cultural heritage, stunning historic architecture and variety of arts and crafts. It is regarded to be a glimpse into Pakistani culture. The historic tomb of Tahir Khan Nahar is situated in Sitpur, tehsil Alipur built in circa 1520 AD. The tomb of Tahir Khan Nahar is the earliest known pre-Mughal funerary monument created in imitation of the celebrated monument Rukn-i-Alam though having its own personality to be regarded as the first ever attempt to create a local variation of the style, especially for the sake of the design and color of faience and faience-mosaic revetment. This paper examined the architectural design and surface ornamentation, which is lavishly embellished with glazed tile work and other details. This paper further analyses the design elements in detail with reference to tomb architecture in Pakistan. The paper is divided into three parts. First part discussed the historical context of the saint. The second part placed the tomb in its architectural elements and discussed style of its construction. Third part examined the surface decoration of the tomb. The architectural features in relation with the other monuments of the region have been discussed in last part. The paper finally concludes with importance of this historic tomb and impact of cultural influences on tomb architecture.
人们的真正精神体现在该地区的民间传说、习俗、传统、艺术和工艺中。旁遮普(巴基斯坦)有令人印象深刻的民间艺术,多样的文化遗产,令人惊叹的历史建筑和各种工艺品。这被认为是对巴基斯坦文化的一瞥。Tahir Khan Nahar的历史坟墓位于Sitpur, tesil Alipur,建于公元1520年左右。Tahir Khan Nahar墓是已知最早的前莫卧儿丧葬纪念碑,模仿着名的ruk -i- alam纪念碑,尽管有自己的个性,被认为是有史以来第一次尝试创造当地风格的变化,特别是为了彩绘和彩绘马赛克护岸的设计和颜色。本文考察了建筑设计和表面装饰,其中大量装饰了琉璃瓦和其他细节。本文结合巴基斯坦的墓葬建筑,进一步详细分析了墓葬的设计要素。本文共分为三个部分。第一部分讨论了圣人的历史背景。第二部分将陵墓置于其建筑元素中,并讨论了其建筑风格。第三部分考察了陵墓的表面装饰。最后一部分讨论了该地区其他古迹的建筑特征。文章最后总结了这座历史墓葬的重要性以及文化因素对墓葬建筑的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Crisis of Identity in 20th Century: The Case of the Sikhs in India 20世纪的身份危机:印度锡克教徒的案例
Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.123
Isra Sarwar, Muhammad Shamshad, Farooq Arshad
Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the  recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources. Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
自英属印度分治以来,旁遮普一直处于动荡之中,现在的困境是各种因素混合的结果。这些因素可能包括宗教与政治的混合、中央集权、选票银行政策和明显的经济不满。在分治后的时期,锡克教徒要求在很大程度上基于殖民遗产工作和区域自治的平权歧视。他们开始利用历史、地理、文化和土地等民族符号来获得群众的同情,获得更大的政治自治和经济利益。不幸的是,国大党认为他们的身份斗争扰乱了印度的世俗观,并将这一社会问题纳入了公共政治的概念框架,并将其与锡克教传统结合起来。这种情况是由国会通过将宗教与政治混合在一起而政治策划的,它采取了果断的行动,遵循了分而治之的政策,并从中获得了选举利益。针对锡克教同胞的军事行动和操纵行动使社会激进化,造成社会动荡,并敦促锡克教徒要求独立国家。本文强调了锡克教徒为承认他们的独立身份和对哈利斯坦的要求而进行的政治斗争。批判性分析的历史研究是基于定性方法,利用二手资料。自英属印度分治以来,旁遮普一直处于动荡之中,现在的困境是各种因素混合的结果。这些因素可能包括宗教与政治的混合、中央集权、选票银行政策和明显的经济不满。在分治后的时期,锡克教徒要求在很大程度上基于殖民遗产工作和区域自治的平权歧视。他们开始利用历史、地理、文化和土地等民族符号来获得群众的同情,获得更大的政治自治和经济利益。不幸的是,国大党认为他们的身份斗争扰乱了印度的世俗观,并将这一社会问题纳入了公共政治的概念框架,并将其与锡克教传统结合起来。这种情况是由国会通过将宗教与政治混合在一起而政治策划的,它采取了果断的行动,遵循了分而治之的政策,并从中获得了选举利益。针对锡克教同胞的军事行动和操纵行动使社会激进化,造成社会动荡,并敦促锡克教徒要求独立国家。本文强调了锡克教徒为承认他们的独立身份和对哈利斯坦的要求而进行的政治斗争。批判性分析的历史研究是基于定性方法,利用二手资料。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the US Interests in Central Asia 上海合作组织对美国在中亚利益的影响
Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.124
Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Kashif, Mudassar Jahangir, Muhammad Saqib
The US is increasingly interested in Central Asia. Yet it remains an imperiled area because that confronts numerous routine issues arising from global power and the hard enthusiasm of terrorist groups in trying to overthrow domestic authoritarian governments. Today, the interests of the USA are below contest in three defined ways. Firstly, Russia and China have established a matched movement to expel the USA’s deliberate attendance from Central Asia. Secondly, the USA has organized “color revolutions” with the title of democratic reforms to throw out those governments from a power whose interests are allied with China and Russia in the region. In the wake of the Ukraine-Russia war, Regional powers are also joining/ backing the SCO, which is the third major challenge for the US. Therefore, the USA faces concurrent and several military, political, economic, and ideological challenges to its interests. For a decade, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has also emerged in the worldwide arena as a substitute method for consensus-building in central Asia. So far, this geopolitical discussion neglects the massive effect of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on its main region.
美国对中亚的兴趣日益浓厚。然而,它仍然是一个危险的地区,因为它面临着全球力量和恐怖组织试图推翻国内独裁政府的强烈热情所带来的许多常规问题。今天,美国的利益在三个方面是不容争辩的。首先,俄罗斯和中国已经建立了一个匹配的运动,将美国从中亚驱逐出去。其次,美国以民主改革的名义组织了“颜色革命”,以推翻那些与中国和俄罗斯在该地区利益结盟的政府。在乌克兰和俄罗斯战争之后,地区大国也加入/支持上海合作组织,这是对美国的第三个主要挑战。因此,美国的利益面临着军事、政治、经济和意识形态方面的多重挑战。十年来,上海合作组织也作为中亚协商一致的替代方式出现在国际舞台上。到目前为止,这种地缘政治讨论忽略了上海合作组织对其主要地区的巨大影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Politics of Electables in Baluchistan: Concerning the Emergence of the Baluchistan Awami Party (BAP) 俾路支省的选举政治:关于俾路支省人民党的出现
Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v3i2.121
Sajjad Akhter, Abdul Waheed, Qamar Abid
In this study, the researcher highlights the issues of governance and the politics of electables in Baluchistan. Over the last ten years, the culture of party-switching politics in the province has developed due to electables and their way of politics. The population of the province is mostly comprised of rural areas, and in these areas the influence of the tribal chiefs is strong and their bank of the vote in rural areas of the province. In this study, the researcher also explores the political engineering in Baluchistan because, to remain in power, political leaders compromise their political ideology and form relations with the establishment. The Baluchistan Awami party was introduced a month before the general election of 2018, and it emerged as a majority party in the province. The research was exploratory and cross-sectional, as ell as collecting secondary data.
在这项研究中,研究人员强调了俾路支省的治理和选举政治问题。在过去的10年里,由于选举人和他们的政治方式,在省内形成了“换党政治文化”。该省的人口主要由农村地区组成,在这些地区,部落酋长的影响力很强,他们在该省农村地区的选票库。在本研究中,研究者还探讨了俾路支省的政治工程,因为为了保持权力,政治领导人妥协了他们的政治意识形态,并与建制派建立了关系。俾路支省人民党在2018年大选前一个月成立,成为该省的多数党。该研究是探索性和横断面的,并收集了二手数据。
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