Pakistan People’s Party has gone through difficult times since 1999. They went through split in the parliamentary party by giving birth to ‘parliamentarians’, lost leadership, attained power and experienced the lowest electoral score in the political history between 1999 and 2018. These two decades have been crucial not only for the Pakistan People’s Party but also for the overall political development in Pakistan. Enforcement of emergency, introduction of ‘enlightened moderation’, war on terror, charter of democracy, eighteenth amendment and above all the slogan of ‘tabdili’ accredit this era for a deeper analysis of the events. Plethora of work has been done on the political, social and economic aspects of this period in the political history of Pakistan. This paper analyses the relationship of political existence with the historical agency to understand the events of political success and failure in the light of historical standards of existence. It defines the historical standards on the basis of sociocultural dynamics of society and on the basis of these standards analyses the performance of Pakistan People’s Party. It argues for the deterministic presence of History as an agent in the social and political development. This paper extends the argument, while answering the question of nature of socio-cultural and historical relevance of a political party, to the understanding of existing material on political development, understanding of socio-cultural transitions and by understanding the emerging socio-cultural realities. It concludes the discussion with linking the performance of Pakistan People’s Party with the historical dimension.
{"title":"Political Existence and Question of Historical Agency: Performance of Pakistan People’s Party in Punjab (1999-2018)","authors":"Muhammad Yasir Ali","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i2.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i2.120","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan People’s Party has gone through difficult times since 1999. They went through split in the parliamentary party by giving birth to ‘parliamentarians’, lost leadership, attained power and experienced the lowest electoral score in the political history between 1999 and 2018. These two decades have been crucial not only for the Pakistan People’s Party but also for the overall political development in Pakistan. Enforcement of emergency, introduction of ‘enlightened moderation’, war on terror, charter of democracy, eighteenth amendment and above all the slogan of ‘tabdili’ accredit this era for a deeper analysis of the events. Plethora of work has been done on the political, social and economic aspects of this period in the political history of Pakistan. This paper analyses the relationship of political existence with the historical agency to understand the events of political success and failure in the light of historical standards of existence. It defines the historical standards on the basis of sociocultural dynamics of society and on the basis of these standards analyses the performance of Pakistan People’s Party. It argues for the deterministic presence of History as an agent in the social and political development. This paper extends the argument, while answering the question of nature of socio-cultural and historical relevance of a political party, to the understanding of existing material on political development, understanding of socio-cultural transitions and by understanding the emerging socio-cultural realities. It concludes the discussion with linking the performance of Pakistan People’s Party with the historical dimension. ","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123006626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maheen Sadaf, Hina Ali, Fatima Farooq, Rashid Ahmad
Article based on one model in which we move around the productivity of agriculture and its determinants in the case study of Pakistan. The output of cultivation is determined through the agricultural land, labor force participation of the population in agri-business, tractors, manure consumption, credit and electrical consumption. The study has hired the ARDL and Granger causality test for the selected interval sequence data from 1972 to 2016. Findings of the study, in which tractor use in the production purposes of the agriculture has more important and show the positive impact on the productivity. Similarly, fertilizer takeoff is more significant with positive signs and labor force participation in agriculture, credit supply; energy consumption, agricultural land and tractors used in agriculture are also positively significant in the long run.
{"title":"Agricultural Inputs and its Productivity in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Maheen Sadaf, Hina Ali, Fatima Farooq, Rashid Ahmad","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.111","url":null,"abstract":"Article based on one model in which we move around the productivity of agriculture and its determinants in the case study of Pakistan. The output of cultivation is determined through the agricultural land, labor force participation of the population in agri-business, tractors, manure consumption, credit and electrical consumption. The study has hired the ARDL and Granger causality test for the selected interval sequence data from 1972 to 2016. Findings of the study, in which tractor use in the production purposes of the agriculture has more important and show the positive impact on the productivity. Similarly, fertilizer takeoff is more significant with positive signs and labor force participation in agriculture, credit supply; energy consumption, agricultural land and tractors used in agriculture are also positively significant in the long run.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124414668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aimed to evaluate the impact of public service messages about Dengue in Punjab, Pakistan. The aim was to measure the perceived effectiveness of public service messages, knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the context of Health Belief Model constructs. The pre-constructed questionnaire was used to collect data from 540 respondents through the survey method. The findings indicated a significant difference in the perceived effectiveness of the PSM between normal and diseased. Among normal people. There was a significant difference in knowledge about Dengue among people belonging to different socioeconomic backgrounds. A positive and significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward dengue was discovered, with a linear regression model indicating a 54.7% positive impact on attitudes. In addition, perceived susceptibility to dengue had a significant impact on dengue prevention measures (p-value>0.05). But the impact of perceived severity on the preventive measures was not noteworthy (p-value =.144 > 0.05). Moreover, the perceived benefits of Dengue had a significant impact on the self-efficacy but Perceived barriers were negatively correlated with self-efficacy, although the correlation was very weak (r = -16). Furthermore, exposure to the media and participation in health-related awareness had a significant impact on knowledge. TV, newspapers, and health clinics/hospitals were rated the most effective and leading sources of Dengue awareness.
{"title":"Analyzing & Evaluating the Effects of Public Service Messages about Dengue in Punjab-Pakistan","authors":"Sayyed Aamir Abbas Rizvi, Shahzad Ali","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.110","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to evaluate the impact of public service messages about Dengue in Punjab, Pakistan. The aim was to measure the perceived effectiveness of public service messages, knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the context of Health Belief Model constructs. The pre-constructed questionnaire was used to collect data from 540 respondents through the survey method. The findings indicated a significant difference in the perceived effectiveness of the PSM between normal and diseased. Among normal people. There was a significant difference in knowledge about Dengue among people belonging to different socioeconomic backgrounds. A positive and significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward dengue was discovered, with a linear regression model indicating a 54.7% positive impact on attitudes. In addition, perceived susceptibility to dengue had a significant impact on dengue prevention measures (p-value>0.05). But the impact of perceived severity on the preventive measures was not noteworthy (p-value =.144 > 0.05). Moreover, the perceived benefits of Dengue had a significant impact on the self-efficacy but Perceived barriers were negatively correlated with self-efficacy, although the correlation was very weak (r = -16). Furthermore, exposure to the media and participation in health-related awareness had a significant impact on knowledge. TV, newspapers, and health clinics/hospitals were rated the most effective and leading sources of Dengue awareness.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124395901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most ancient myths is that the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the abomination of civilization and nature, numerous wars, the number of love stories and legends that carry the world which is the holiest sea are among the places where it is located. Like the other contemporary civilizations i.e. Egypt in west and Indus in east the Mesopotamian civilization is also considered one of the important ancient civilizations of the world Tigris and Euphrates. The civilization remained as center of socio-political activities. Egypt is a safe haven for little to no war?The Egyptians deny that, contrary to a lush interest, the attack will take center stage. Different ethnic groups often experience key combat battles. Thousands of years ago, the two rivers opened to show that people who are interested in the history of fertility are a sign of life on the other side of the rivers. There are two different seas of origin, the center of which is the genus Alma, Assyria, Babylon, Samir, Akkad, and other notable tribes of Egypt. Tigris and Euphrates
{"title":"An Analytical Study of the Mesopotamian Civilization","authors":"Iqra Ashraf, Attiya Khanum, Sohail Akhtar","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.112","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most ancient myths is that the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the abomination of civilization and nature, numerous wars, the number of love stories and legends that carry the world which is the holiest sea are among the places where it is located. Like the other contemporary civilizations i.e. Egypt in west and Indus in east the Mesopotamian civilization is also considered one of the important ancient civilizations of the world Tigris and Euphrates. The civilization remained as center of socio-political activities. Egypt is a safe haven for little to no war?The Egyptians deny that, contrary to a lush interest, the attack will take center stage. Different ethnic groups often experience key combat battles. Thousands of years ago, the two rivers opened to show that people who are interested in the history of fertility are a sign of life on the other side of the rivers. There are two different seas of origin, the center of which is the genus Alma, Assyria, Babylon, Samir, Akkad, and other notable tribes of Egypt. Tigris and Euphrates","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129655574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akhtar Gul, Muhammad Ghulam Shabeer, Rija Ahmad Abbasi, Abdul Wahab Khan
Poverty exists without any face; it is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Poverty and famines existed before human civilization and culture. Human culture existed 0.07 million years ago, and civilization began 6000 years ago. In a modern civilized society, ‘first famine in human history occurred in 1708 B.C. From 1708 BC to 1878 AD, 350 famines occurred in various spheres of the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica listed 31 main famines from prehistoric to the 1960s. The sub-continent has also faced eleven severe famines from 1769-70 to 1943, and about 40.9 million people have died due to these famines. Similarly, more than 2 billion people live below the poverty line. Besides, China left 800 million people due to ‘Open Door Policy’. Now she is changing the world's shape through BRI. Africa is a complex and perplexing region of the world. Because, Africa is facing all the root problems of the world, i.e., poverty, massive unemployment and income inequality, mono-culture political economy, border disputes, intra-state wars, and ethnic and lingual clashes. In the land of Africa, the first famine was recorded 2273 years ago in Ethiopia’. About 2,582 languages[i] and 1,382 dialects are found on the African continent. From 1945 to 1999, humanity faced 25 interstate wars, most of which occurred in Africa. Therefore, 127 civil wars happened among 73 states in the same era, and 16.2 million people died. The Export and Import Bank of China will spend 1US$ trillion on the African continent in 2025. [i] Language which is speaking in Africa, Arabic (170 million) English (130 million), Swahili (100), French (115), Berber (50), Hausa (50), Portuguese (20) and Spanish (10) (Spolsky, 2018)
{"title":"Africa’s Poverty and Famines: Developmental Projects of China on Africa","authors":"Akhtar Gul, Muhammad Ghulam Shabeer, Rija Ahmad Abbasi, Abdul Wahab Khan","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty exists without any face; it is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Poverty and famines existed before human civilization and culture. Human culture existed 0.07 million years ago, and civilization began 6000 years ago. In a modern civilized society, ‘first famine in human history occurred in 1708 B.C. From 1708 BC to 1878 AD, 350 famines occurred in various spheres of the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica listed 31 main famines from prehistoric to the 1960s. The sub-continent has also faced eleven severe famines from 1769-70 to 1943, and about 40.9 million people have died due to these famines. Similarly, more than 2 billion people live below the poverty line. Besides, China left 800 million people due to ‘Open Door Policy’. Now she is changing the world's shape through BRI. Africa is a complex and perplexing region of the world. Because, Africa is facing all the root problems of the world, i.e., poverty, massive unemployment and income inequality, mono-culture political economy, border disputes, intra-state wars, and ethnic and lingual clashes. In the land of Africa, the first famine was recorded 2273 years ago in Ethiopia’. About 2,582 languages[i] and 1,382 dialects are found on the African continent. From 1945 to 1999, humanity faced 25 interstate wars, most of which occurred in Africa. Therefore, 127 civil wars happened among 73 states in the same era, and 16.2 million people died. The Export and Import Bank of China will spend 1US$ trillion on the African continent in 2025. \u0000[i] Language which is speaking in Africa, Arabic (170 million) English (130 million), Swahili (100), French (115), Berber (50), Hausa (50), Portuguese (20) and Spanish (10) (Spolsky, 2018)","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123305314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research aims to investigate impact of sexual harassment on working women at workplace in Multan city. Working women not only have to face official problems as well as facing domestic matters also. Women constitute an important component of the labor force in Pakistan. But at the workplace, they have to face a problem of harassment during their job. This piece of work centered on the primary source of data gathered by author. Data has been collected from (N=150 respondents) from Multan city categorized in the following manners: 50 women were from education department (from Baha Uddin Zakariya University and women university) 30 women doctors were from Nishtar hospital, 20 Nurses from Nishtar hospital, 30 women from different banks and 20 women employees (sale representatives) from different cellular-organizations. The subjects of study were nominated by random sampling method and the age of respondents was 21-60 years. Data was collected through a semi-structural random sampling method through a questionnaire. In this article for collecting information from respondents both qualitative and quantitative data have been used and has been scrutinized through SPSS version-21(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) in simple form of frequency and percentage. The study concludes that harassment is a ground reality and working women face different problems at their workplaces in Multan city. So here is a need for government, educational department and civil society to introduce such policies which are in favor of working women, individual transport systems, women complaint centers must be established in every city of Pakistan.
{"title":"Sexual Harassment at Workplace and its Impact on Working Women in Multan City (Pakistan)","authors":"S. Gul","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.108","url":null,"abstract":"The research aims to investigate impact of sexual harassment on working women at workplace in Multan city. Working women not only have to face official problems as well as facing domestic matters also. Women constitute an important component of the labor force in Pakistan. But at the workplace, they have to face a problem of harassment during their job. This piece of work centered on the primary source of data gathered by author. Data has been collected from (N=150 respondents) from Multan city categorized in the following manners: 50 women were from education department (from Baha Uddin Zakariya University and women university) 30 women doctors were from Nishtar hospital, 20 Nurses from Nishtar hospital, 30 women from different banks and 20 women employees (sale representatives) from different cellular-organizations. The subjects of study were nominated by random sampling method and the age of respondents was 21-60 years. Data was collected through a semi-structural random sampling method through a questionnaire. In this article for collecting information from respondents both qualitative and quantitative data have been used and has been scrutinized through SPSS version-21(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) in simple form of frequency and percentage. The study concludes that harassment is a ground reality and working women face different problems at their workplaces in Multan city. So here is a need for government, educational department and civil society to introduce such policies which are in favor of working women, individual transport systems, women complaint centers must be established in every city of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115751124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the British invasion of India in the sixteenth century the Dutch East India Company developed markets in many cities and towns under their control. In 1765, the company's influence had grown to such an extent that the United Kingdom had actually controlled the largest part of the country. In the beginning, English was the only subject for local community through the work of Christian missionaries, and that there was no formal order for the introduction of the language of the masses of the people. However, in the mid-seventeenth, the English language became the language of government, and many of the elite classes of the Indian people asked for instruction in the English language as a tool for social progress. In 1857, universities were opened in Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai. English was still considered as the language of government, the social elite and the national after independence, it was assumed that the English language would have to be gradually being replaced by the sphere of the state.[i] However, it was not clear that as to which language it should be replaced. In the beginning the Hindi language was the most spoken language, this seemed like the obvious choice, but the opinions were divided for different languages. In a country with a population of over 900 million people and more than a thousand languages, it was difficult to choose a national language but the native speakers of that languages will automatically gain access to a high social status, and it was easier to get power and influence. It had been expressed that English was not the native language , there was Hindi as official language in India and the English was just like Bengali, Gujrati and urdu language. Gandhi was also in favour of Hindi language and wanted to have a special status of English language for individuals. [ii] [i] Aziz k.k, M.A., The Development and reconstruction of university Education in Pakistan, London, 1951, P.26. [ii] Qureshi I.H.,Inaugural Address at the Educational Convention, 1959, Lahore, P.37.
{"title":"Promotion of English Language Under British Rule in Punjab (1849-1947)","authors":"Muhammad Safdar Sasrana, Turab Ul Hassan Sargana","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.105","url":null,"abstract":"During the British invasion of India in the sixteenth century the Dutch East India Company developed markets in many cities and towns under their control. In 1765, the company's influence had grown to such an extent that the United Kingdom had actually controlled the largest part of the country. In the beginning, English was the only subject for local community through the work of Christian missionaries, and that there was no formal order for the introduction of the language of the masses of the people. However, in the mid-seventeenth, the English language became the language of government, and many of the elite classes of the Indian people asked for instruction in the English language as a tool for social progress. In 1857, universities were opened in Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai. English was still considered as the language of government, the social elite and the national after independence, it was assumed that the English language would have to be gradually being replaced by the sphere of the state.[i] However, it was not clear that as to which language it should be replaced. In the beginning the Hindi language was the most spoken language, this seemed like the obvious choice, but the opinions were divided for different languages. In a country with a population of over 900 million people and more than a thousand languages, it was difficult to choose a national language but the native speakers of that languages will automatically gain access to a high social status, and it was easier to get power and influence. It had been expressed that English was not the native language , there was Hindi as official language in India and the English was just like Bengali, Gujrati and urdu language. Gandhi was also in favour of Hindi language and wanted to have a special status of English language for individuals. [ii] \u0000 \u0000[i] Aziz k.k, M.A., The Development and reconstruction of university Education in Pakistan, London, 1951, P.26. \u0000[ii] Qureshi I.H.,Inaugural Address at the Educational Convention, 1959, Lahore, P.37.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"348 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122762591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh, Muhammad Zahir Faridi, Muhammad Imran
This comparative study has examined the truism of manifestos of political parties and pecuniary allocation of resources in their regimes in some common governance indicators for 2008-2021. The partisan theory predicts the macroeconomic policies consonance with political doctrine and mitigated the budget policy rules for the promulgation of their conceptions. This comparative study has analyzed overall different governments' total revenues; total expenditure and governance expenditures and provides guidelines for economic agents and votaries for making their future expectations during upcoming times. The logical framework of the study tri-angulated; used van Dijk’s PDA (Political Discourse Analytical) model by utilizing the method of Wodak (2001) and comparative budget analysis (Wildavesky, 1986). The results show that partisan resource allocations have a marginally significant effect on development expenditure (Public Services Development Programs and other PSDP) allocation in the federal budget on governance indicators in Pakistan. Some indicators like accountability and corruption, law and order and information and telecommunication show some partisan marginal effect but nothing different in resource allocation about e-governance, police and civil reforms. The PTI government has devoted more allocation to law and order and information and telecommunications rather than national accountability and corruption.
这项比较研究考察了 2008-2021 年各政党宣言的真理性及其政权在一些共同治理指标方面的财政资源分配情况。党派理论预测了与政治理论相一致的宏观经济政策，并减弱了颁布其理念的预算政策规则。这项比较研究对不同政府的总收入、总支出和治理支出进行了总体分析，为经济行为主体和选民在未来时期做出未来预期提供了指导。本研究的逻辑框架采用了三角剖分法；利用 Wodak（2001 年）的方法和比较预算分析法（Wildavesky，1986 年），使用了 van Dijk 的 PDA（政治话语分析）模型。结果表明，党派资源分配对巴基斯坦联邦预算中的发展支出（公共服务发展计划和其他公共服务发展计划）分配对治理指标的影响微乎其微。一些指标，如问责与腐败、法律与秩序、信息与电信，显示出一些党派的边际效应，但在电子政务、警察和民事改革的资源分配方面没有什么不同。巴基斯坦人民党政府在法律、秩序、信息和电信方面的拨款多于在国家问责和腐败方面的拨款。
{"title":"A Comparative Historical Analysis of Declaration and Resource Allocation to Governance Indicators by Political Parties in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh, Muhammad Zahir Faridi, Muhammad Imran","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.104","url":null,"abstract":"This comparative study has examined the truism of manifestos of political parties and pecuniary allocation of resources in their regimes in some common governance indicators for 2008-2021. The partisan theory predicts the macroeconomic policies consonance with political doctrine and mitigated the budget policy rules for the promulgation of their conceptions. This comparative study has analyzed overall different governments' total revenues; total expenditure and governance expenditures and provides guidelines for economic agents and votaries for making their future expectations during upcoming times. The logical framework of the study tri-angulated; used van Dijk’s PDA (Political Discourse Analytical) model by utilizing the method of Wodak (2001) and comparative budget analysis (Wildavesky, 1986). The results show that partisan resource allocations have a marginally significant effect on development expenditure (Public Services Development Programs and other PSDP) allocation in the federal budget on governance indicators in Pakistan. Some indicators like accountability and corruption, law and order and information and telecommunication show some partisan marginal effect but nothing different in resource allocation about e-governance, police and civil reforms. The PTI government has devoted more allocation to law and order and information and telecommunications rather than national accountability and corruption.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132452091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today's era, It is inevitable to think about the fast pace of growth without women's contribution. Studying the connection between women's economic empowerment and economic development is the focus of this article. Women who are self-reliant, respect women, are able to make decisions and have a sense of their own worth are some of the things that are of interest. They also have better health care facilities for women and children, better awareness of their rights, gender equity, women's participation and involvement in job performance. The questionnaire is used for data collection from university faculty and administrative staff of 9 districts of Punjab province. Results of empirical analysis approved all hypotheses revealing that women's empowerment has a significant impact on the development of an economy. Outcomes of this study are beneficial for the Government in designing the policies related to females.
{"title":"South Punjab's Economic Development in the Perspective of Women's Empowerment","authors":"Faiza Arshad, Shahnawaz Malik","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.101","url":null,"abstract":"In today's era, It is inevitable to think about the fast pace of growth without women's contribution. Studying the connection between women's economic empowerment and economic development is the focus of this article. Women who are self-reliant, respect women, are able to make decisions and have a sense of their own worth are some of the things that are of interest. They also have better health care facilities for women and children, better awareness of their rights, gender equity, women's participation and involvement in job performance. The questionnaire is used for data collection from university faculty and administrative staff of 9 districts of Punjab province. Results of empirical analysis approved all hypotheses revealing that women's empowerment has a significant impact on the development of an economy. Outcomes of this study are beneficial for the Government in designing the policies related to females.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122318161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nabila Asghar, Muhammad Asif Amjad, Hafeez ur Rehman
Poverty is the most important problem for every society and political leadership. The political leaders failed to seek solution to the poverty in society. Poverty also encompasses poor health and individual cannot cover basic needs such as food, housing, and clothes. The present study is focused on historical perspective of poverty in Pakistan. The reasons for rising poverty in Pakistan are discussed and important factors are enumerated that could dent poverty. On the basis of the systematic literature review of past studies, the key policy variables are highlighted to reduce poverty. The concept of poverty reduction is multi-dimensional phenomenon which requires macroeconomic management as well as poverty targeted programs. Among the macro-economic management, the sustainable inclusive growth with special focus in reducing income inequality is highly important for addressing poverty in Pakistan. The micro financing for small enterprises and skill enhancement of the marginalized people have the ability to reduce poverty in Pakistan. The policy mix based on efficient management of macroeconomic indicators coupled with targeted poverty reduction strategies are helpful in addressing poverty in Pakistan.
{"title":"Historical Perspective of Poverty in Pakistan: Identifying Key Determinants / Strategies","authors":"Nabila Asghar, Muhammad Asif Amjad, Hafeez ur Rehman","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v3i1.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.103","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty is the most important problem for every society and political leadership. The political leaders failed to seek solution to the poverty in society. Poverty also encompasses poor health and individual cannot cover basic needs such as food, housing, and clothes. The present study is focused on historical perspective of poverty in Pakistan. The reasons for rising poverty in Pakistan are discussed and important factors are enumerated that could dent poverty. On the basis of the systematic literature review of past studies, the key policy variables are highlighted to reduce poverty. The concept of poverty reduction is multi-dimensional phenomenon which requires macroeconomic management as well as poverty targeted programs. Among the macro-economic management, the sustainable inclusive growth with special focus in reducing income inequality is highly important for addressing poverty in Pakistan. The micro financing for small enterprises and skill enhancement of the marginalized people have the ability to reduce poverty in Pakistan. The policy mix based on efficient management of macroeconomic indicators coupled with targeted poverty reduction strategies are helpful in addressing poverty in Pakistan. ","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121338952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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