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History and the Future of the Hybrid Party Politics in Neoliberal Age: A Case of Pakistan 新自由主义时代混合政党政治的历史与未来:以巴基斯坦为例
Pub Date : 2021-12-26 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.76
Amir Zia Raja, Mudassir Mukhtar, Waseem Ishaque
The causes of rising populism and collapse of the left-right ideological paradigms termed “death of ideology” is important development on election canvas. This trend in recent decades has been described as hybrid party politics. The neo-liberal discourse in hybrid regime shape party politics with free market values, issues of inequality, denial of social justice, and crises of freedom are rampant. Consequently, hybrid party politics perpetuate systemic deprivation and chronic punishment to marginalized sections. The fast penetration of neoliberal and populist elements quickly fused into multi-layered public pedagogy. The common political discourse propounds for quick solutions to seek legitimacy with expanding corporate power constantly. The socioeconomic inequalities consequence of expanding neo-liberal values in all spheres like education and electoral practices have recently started crucially influencing urban socio-political environment that shape populist narratives in electoral arena. Neoliberal-populists leadership promote free market policies that push forward neoliberal populist rhetoric across political parties of different shades. The combination of neo-liberalism and populism thrives on subjects who perceive it solution to their problems. Thus, fast penetrating market-centric subjectivities consider alternative subjectivities outside perimeters of social dignity therefore political inclusiveness becomes subject to connection with power. The educative public pedagogy has been at the base of rising populism unfolding hybrid party politics
民粹主义的兴起和被称为“意识形态的死亡”的左右意识形态范式的崩溃的原因是选举画布上的重要发展。近几十年来,这种趋势被称为混合政党政治。混合政权的新自由主义话语以自由市场价值观塑造政党政治,不平等问题、否认社会正义、自由危机猖獗。因此,混合政党政治使系统性剥夺和对边缘群体的长期惩罚永久化。新自由主义和民粹主义元素的迅速渗透迅速融合成多层次的公共教育学。共同的政治话语在不断扩大企业权力的同时,提出了寻求合法性的快速解决方案。在教育和选举实践等所有领域扩大新自由主义价值观所带来的社会经济不平等,最近开始对城市社会政治环境产生至关重要的影响,这些环境塑造了选举舞台上的民粹主义叙事。新自由主义-民粹主义领导推动自由市场政策,推动不同党派之间的新自由主义民粹主义言论。新自由主义和民粹主义的结合在那些认为它能解决问题的人身上蓬勃发展。因此,快速渗透的以市场为中心的主体性考虑到社会尊严之外的其他主体性,因此政治包容性受制于与权力的联系。▷教育公共教育学是民粹主义兴起的基础
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引用次数: 0
Knowledge of Sufism and the Symbolic Interpretation of Paradise Garden Design Concept 苏菲主义知识与天堂花园设计理念的符号化解读
Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.74
Sonia Nasir Khan, Muhammad Ahsan Bilal
As human beings we stand on the edge of two truths: the existing material world and the Spiritual being world. The knowing heart is the holy place, where these two dimensions meets and combined. In Sufi lessons the mortal heart of human is not an imaginary symbol but an objective organ of perception and intuition that reflect transcendent qualities in the world, for the assistance and help of other people. The Sufis, mystics of Islam, have been mentors of the heart for almost fourteen centuries. Their education and techniques purpose is to stimulate us and help us to wake up and clean the self for Divine love. Sufism is the spiritual dimension of Islam. According to Sufism, there are two aspects of Islam: the outer part, which consists of the Shari‘ah (the rules of Islamic law), and the inner part, so-called tariqah (the spiritual way). Together, these aspects lead one to haqiqah (the Truth). Sufism is another term for tariqah. This paper is an attempt to understand Sufism knowledge (true knowledge) and how this knowledge is related in world and with ChaharBagh (Garden of Paradise) concept, “symbolic interpretation of paradise garden” which is used by the Muslims in architecture. Sufism explains us that it is possible to understand the world beyond our thoughts. Those who dedicate themselves in Sufim exercise and practices eventually discover the state they can see things as real and true as they are or when you worship God as though you can see him.
作为人类,我们站在两个真理的边缘:现存的物质世界和精神世界。知道的心是神圣的地方,在那里这两个维度相遇并结合。在苏菲的课程中,人类的心不是一个想象的符号,而是一个客观的感知和直觉器官,反映了世界上超越的品质,为了帮助和帮助其他人。苏菲派,伊斯兰教的神秘主义者,在近14个世纪以来一直是心灵的导师。他们的教育和技巧的目的是刺激我们,帮助我们为神圣的爱而觉醒和净化自我。苏菲主义是伊斯兰教的精神层面。根据苏菲派的观点,伊斯兰教有两个方面:外部部分,由伊斯兰教法(Shari 'ah)(伊斯兰教法的规则)组成;内部部分,所谓的tariqah(精神之道)。这些方面结合在一起,将人引向哈奇卡(真理)。苏菲主义是tariqah的另一种说法。本文试图理解苏菲主义的知识(真正的知识),以及这种知识在世界上是如何与穆斯林在建筑中使用的“天堂花园的象征性解释”概念(ChaharBagh)(天堂花园)联系起来的。苏菲主义告诉我们,有可能超越我们的思想去理解世界。那些献身于苏菲练习和实践的人最终会发现他们能看到事物的真实状态,或者当你崇拜上帝时,就好像你能看到他一样。
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引用次数: 0
Iran’s Strategic Approach towards the Israel-Hezbollah Conflict 伊朗对以色列-真主党冲突的战略方针
Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.73
Muhammad Shamshad, Farooq Arshad
The Middle East, a Muslim majority region in the Asian continent, has remained a centre for territorial and extraterritorial powers to secure their strategic interests significantly to access oil reserves in the region. Israel and the United States are two examples respectively. In the wake of securing strategic interests, these states tried to interfere the polity of the Muslim states that infuriated most of the Muslim leaders to such an extent that they had to go for aggressive measures to negate the influence of these interest-seekers. Iran has been leading the Muslim states in the region and has strived hard for integrating Muslim leadership. During this process of regional integration, a special focus has been paid to deal Israel-an important strategic ally of the US in the region and permanent threat for the neighbouring Muslim states. The current circumstances, causes and effects are the product of Arab-Israel wars and most of these have been cashed in by Iran for the security of its interests in the region. Iran has facilitated the Muslim states, particularly Lebanon, to counter the Israeli strategies. It has erected Hezbollah-the party of God- in Lebanon whose effective presence has always restricted Israel from advancing to the region. Since its inception in 1985, Iranian backed Hezbollah has opposed the Israeli motives in the Middle East. Ideological similarities between Iran and Hezbollah have never allowed Israel to manipulate the region. Hezbollah has been in a war-like situation with Israel and has fought a couple of wars which have not only guaranteed a guard for Hezbollah’s campaign against Israel but also have paved the way for Iran to maintain hegemony in the region. This research has been conducted with a primary objective to analyse the Israel-Hezbollah conflict and the strategic approach of Iran towards the particular conflict.    
中东是亚洲大陆上穆斯林占多数的地区,一直是领土和域外大国确保其战略利益的中心,主要是获取该地区的石油储备。以色列和美国分别是两个例子。在确保战略利益之后,这些国家试图干涉穆斯林国家的政治,这激怒了大多数穆斯林领导人,以至于他们不得不采取激进措施来消除这些利益寻求者的影响。伊朗一直领导着该地区的穆斯林国家,并为整合穆斯林领导层而努力。在这一区域一体化进程中,以色列作为美国在该地区的重要战略盟友和对周边穆斯林国家的永久威胁,受到了特别的关注。目前的情况、原因和后果是阿以战争的产物,其中大部分是伊朗为了其在该地区利益的安全而兑现的。伊朗帮助穆斯林国家,尤其是黎巴嫩,对抗以色列的战略。它在黎巴嫩建立了真主党——上帝的政党,它的实际存在一直限制着以色列向该地区进军。自1985年成立以来,伊朗支持的真主党一直反对以色列在中东的动机。伊朗和真主党在意识形态上的相似性使以色列无法操纵该地区。真主党一直与以色列处于战争状态,并打了几场战争,不仅保证了真主党对以色列的行动,而且为伊朗在该地区维持霸权铺平了道路。这项研究的主要目的是分析以色列-真主党冲突和伊朗对特定冲突的战略方针。
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引用次数: 0
Metamorphosis of Aesthetic Visual Culture, an Aftermath of War 战后审美视觉文化的蜕变
Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.71
Mamoona Khan
Creative brains are kept only by sensitive creatures, and the most empathetic are of those associated with visual arts fields, affected even by a minor stir in their surroundings, which is reflected in their creative endeavours. They sub consciously interpret their time. Unpleasantness of war or situations analogous to war have always left a negative mark on their aesthetic interpretations.  History is replete with such examples. But the most stunningly heinous transgressions were exercised by modern mechanisms of war that violated ethics par human perception. The era shattered beliefs of man on humanitarian values. It also caused transformation in the field of aesthetics which is beyond human comprehension. The metamorphosis was so rapid that it brought aesthetics and beauty at antithetical stages, which led the French artist Paul Duchamp to display a urinal as a piece of sculpture in an art exhibition. Hence, weirdness replaced beauty; logical delineations substituted the abstruse, and crafty ousted the artistic, still protected under the umbrella of art. It is labelled as modern, subjective or abstract but not viewed as a repercussion of war trauma. The paper will be exploratory research to probe reasons behind the apparently unreasoned transformations delineated through art. Modern art specimens of post-war era along with those resulted from a few chaotic situations will be analysed to draw conclusions. It will be based on deductive methods of reasoning to scrutinise history, psychology and the field of art in order to comprehend the impact and reactions of war trauma on sensitive souls of artists that led them to transform the entire visual field of aesthetics. 
只有敏感的生物才能拥有创造性的大脑,而最具同理心的是那些与视觉艺术领域有关的人,即使周围环境的轻微波动也会影响他们,这反映在他们的创造性努力中。他们下意识地解读自己的时间。战争的不愉快或类似战争的情况总是在他们的审美解释上留下消极的印记。历史上这样的例子比比皆是。但最令人震惊的十恶不赦的罪行是由现代战争机制实施的,违反了人类的道德观念。这个时代粉碎了人们对人道主义价值的信念。它还引起了美学领域的变革,这是人类无法理解的。这种变化是如此之快,以至于它带来了美学和美的对立阶段,法国艺术家保罗·杜尚(Paul Duchamp)在艺术展览中以雕塑的形式展示了一个小便池。因此,怪异取代了美;逻辑描述取代了深奥,狡猾取代了艺术,但仍然受到艺术的保护。它被贴上现代、主观或抽象的标签,但不被视为战争创伤的影响。本文将是一项探索性的研究,探讨通过艺术描绘的看似不合理的转变背后的原因。通过分析战后的现代艺术标本,以及一些混乱的情况下产生的标本,得出结论。它将基于演绎推理的方法来审视历史、心理学和艺术领域,以理解战争创伤对艺术家敏感灵魂的影响和反应,从而使他们改变整个美学视野。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Frequent Testing on Students’ Test Anxiety at University Level 频繁考试对大学生考试焦虑的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.69
Bushra Haleem, Muhammad Saeed
This study was designed to find out the effect of frequent Testing on students’ test anxiety scores in research method course at university level. The study was expected to predict the worry and emotional factor scores of test anxiety on frequent testing. A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design was used in this study. Two intact groups were selected from department of science education, University of the Punjab, Lahore. The researcher has adopted the test anxiety Inventory by Spielberger (1980) to find out the students’ test anxiety. The reliability was analyzed through the pilot testing of the instrument. The interventional group was manipulated by frequent testing. The control group was assessed by conventional method. Both groups were compared on test anxiety scores. After analyzing the data, it was observed that both groups experience the same test anxiety in regard to worry and emotional factor. Frequent testing did not effect the test anxiety of students in research method course. Stakeholders and evaluators will benefit from the information gathered on how to lessen test anxiety in order to improve the teaching-learning process in classroom. To strengthen the teaching and learning process in classrooms, it is necessary to increase confidence in prospective teachers.
本研究旨在探讨频繁考试对大学水平研究法课程学生考试焦虑分数的影响。该研究旨在预测频繁考试中考试焦虑的担忧和情绪因素得分。本研究采用准实验前测后测对照组设计。从拉合尔旁遮普省大学科学教育系选出两个完整的小组。研究者采用了Spielberger(1980)的考试焦虑量表来了解学生的考试焦虑。通过中试,对仪器的可靠性进行了分析。干预组通过频繁检测进行操纵。对照组采用常规方法评估。两组都比较了考试焦虑得分。在对数据进行分析后,我们发现两组在担忧和情绪因素方面都经历了相同的考试焦虑。频繁考试对研究法课程学生的考试焦虑没有影响。利益相关者和评估者将从收集到的如何减轻考试焦虑的信息中受益,从而改善课堂教学过程。为了加强课堂教学过程,有必要提高对未来教师的信心。
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引用次数: 1
Challenges and Issues of Female Primary Education: A Case Study of Rajanpur, Pakistan 女性初等教育的挑战与问题:以巴基斯坦拉詹普尔为例
Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.70
Zahid Zulfiqar, Kamran Ishfaq, Sajid Pervez
The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary education; to determine the role of families/parents in female primary education and to examine the lack of school facilities that creates hindrance in the school enrolment of the children. The study population of the study was all parents whose children were primary school age by using the interview schedule. The researcher used the stratified simple random sampling and selected the 300 respondents for the study. The researcher used the SPSS software and did the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The findings of the study show that majority 155 (51.7) percent of the respondents were uneducated; majority 85(23.3) percent of the respondents whose monthly income was <6000; majority 95 (31.7) percent of the respondents were laborers; culture is significantly and positively correlated with parental and school facilities with p-values .011 and .000 respectively; furthermore, the parental attitude was significantly and positively correlated with school facilities with p-value .000. The results of ANOVA showed that the levels of cultural, parental, and school facilities among different academic qualifications of the household. The findings show that there is a significant difference in the levels of cultural, parental, and school facilities among different academic qualifications of the household with p-values .000, .000, and .000 respectively. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of cultural, parental, and school facilities among different monthly income levels of the household with p-values .000; .000, and .000 respectively. The study recommended that government may have to pay attention in the studied area; construct new schools, give scholarships to needy students and start awareness seminars at the local level.
这项研究试图审查造成妇女初等教育问题的社会文化因素;确定家庭/父母在女性初等教育中的作用,并审查缺乏学校设施对儿童入学造成障碍的情况。本研究的研究对象为所有子女为小学学龄儿童的家长。研究者采用分层简单随机抽样的方法,选取了300名调查对象进行研究。研究者使用SPSS软件进行描述性和推断性统计分析。调查结果显示,155(51.7%)的受访者没有受过教育;月收入低于6000元的受访者占85% (23.3%);95%(31.7%)的回答者是劳动者;文化与家长和学校设施显著正相关,p值分别为0.011和0.000;此外,家长态度与学校设施显著正相关,p值为0.000。方差分析结果显示,不同学历家庭的文化水平、父母水平和学校设施水平存在差异。研究结果显示,不同学历的家庭在文化、父母和学校设施水平上存在显著差异,p值分别为0.00000、0.00000和0.00000。研究发现,不同月收入水平的家庭在文化、父母和学校设施水平上存在显著差异,p值为0.000;分别是。000和。000。该研究建议政府可能需要关注研究领域;建造新学校,向贫困学生提供奖学金,并在地方一级开办认识研讨会。
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引用次数: 0
An Analysis of Historical and Political Evolution of Kashmir State 克什米尔邦的历史和政治演变分析
Pub Date : 2021-12-12 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.68
A. Shaikh, Safdar Ali
The innocent people of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) continuously struggled for the protection of their lives. In most of the areas which are under the administrative control of Indian Military, the survival of Kashmiris is becoming more challenging due to the imposed social, political and economic sanctions posed by the Indian government. The first part of this paper examines the historical legacy of Kashmir and the middle of the paper attempts to highlight how the people are demanding their rights as well as freedom from the Indian troops. Even thou, the international media has highlighted and unveiled the true picture of Indian brutality and the open murder of Kashmiri public. But, unfortunately the world community is still salient and watching the cruel actions taken by the Indian forces in the valley. Overall, this paper attempts to highlight the analytical approach about the history, status, equity and struggle of freedom of the Kashmiris.
查谟和克什米尔(J&K)的无辜人民一直在为保护自己的生命而斗争。在印度军队行政控制下的大多数地区,由于印度政府施加的社会、政治和经济制裁,克什米尔人的生存变得更加具有挑战性。本文的第一部分考察了克什米尔的历史遗产,论文的中间部分试图强调人们如何要求他们的权利以及从印度军队中获得自由。尽管如此,国际媒体仍然强调和揭露了印度暴行和公开杀害克什米尔民众的真实情况。但是,不幸的是,国际社会仍然关注着印度军队在山谷采取的残酷行动。总体而言,本文试图突出对克什米尔人的历史、地位、公平和自由斗争的分析方法。
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引用次数: 0
Indus Water Treaty: Challenges and Prospects 印度河水条约:挑战与前景
Pub Date : 2021-12-12 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.67
Shoket Ali, Amir Ahmed Khuhro
The growing water scarcity in India and Pakistan and emerging climatic and environmental changes to the Indus basin rivers system are causing a great stress on smoothing working of Indus water treaty 1960. Pakistan Being a lower riparian, facing the issue as to how to reinterpret the Indus Waters Treaty without giving up its water rights. The paper discusses that following the inbuilt constraints of a lower riparian, Pakistan need to adopt a multi-pronged strategy following water rationale to secure its water rights within the scope of the treaty. For this; effective implementation and enhancement of Article VI, VII, constructive diplomatic and political strategy,efficient water uses and sustainable water resource management in Indus-Pakistan.
印度和巴基斯坦日益严重的水资源短缺以及印度河流域河流系统出现的气候和环境变化对1960年印度河水条约的顺利实施造成了巨大的压力。作为下游国家,巴基斯坦面临着如何在不放弃水权的情况下重新解释《印度河水域条约》的问题。本文讨论了由于下游河流的内在限制,巴基斯坦需要根据水的基本原理采取多管齐下的战略,以确保其在条约范围内的水权。对于这个;有效执行和加强第六条、第七条、建设性的外交和政治战略、有效的水资源利用和可持续的水资源管理。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria 帝国话语对核心和外围主体性变化的影响——以英属印度和英属尼日利亚为例
Pub Date : 2021-12-11 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.66
Rafida Nawaz, Syed Hussain Murtaza
Eurocentric imperialism incorporated the non-European geographical region in the economic and political milieu of Europe and made the world a global whole. To Mitchel Foucault, the process started with endo-colonization of European people and advent of rational governance exercises experimented first in European states and later exported to non-western regions. The study aims to analyze the different outcomes of European governmentality in European core and non-European periphery and changing subjectivities and cognitions in non-European world with ruptures accompanied by European modernity. The theoretical frame and conceptual toolkit of Archaeology/Genealogy, Governmentality, Power/knowledge etc. are borrowed from Michel Foucault the postmodern historian of ideas. For analytical purpose, the concept of Archeological historicity is linked with World System approach as employed by Lenin and Immanuel Wallerstein. The analytical scheme is to describe events in longue durée from sixteenth century; record shifts in the core Europe, and parallel shifts in peripheral colonial/postcolonial world, to understand the material and discursive conditions of existence. The finding of research is that events and processes lead to different outcomes in core and periphery. A two-level comparison is made: the comparison of European Core with two peripheral regions, i.e., British India and British Nigeria and comparison of two peripheral regions incorporated in the world system as reservoirs of raw material and market
以欧洲为中心的帝国主义将非欧洲地理区域纳入欧洲的经济和政治环境,使世界成为一个全球整体。对米切尔·福柯来说,这个过程始于欧洲人的内殖民化,理性治理实践的出现首先在欧洲国家试验,后来出口到非西方地区。本研究旨在分析欧洲治理在欧洲核心和非欧洲外围的不同结果,以及在非欧洲世界中主体性和认知的变化,以及伴随着欧洲现代性的断裂。考古学/宗谱学、治理学、权力/知识等的理论框架和概念工具箱都借鉴自后现代思想史学家米歇尔·福柯。为了分析的目的,考古学历史性的概念与列宁和伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦所使用的世界体系方法联系在一起。分析方案是描述16世纪以来发生的事件;记录核心欧洲的变迁,以及边缘殖民/后殖民世界的平行变迁,以了解存在的物质和话语条件。研究发现,事件和过程在核心和外围导致不同的结果。将欧洲核心与英属印度和英属尼日利亚这两个外围地区进行了两级比较,并将作为原材料储备和市场的两个外围地区纳入世界体系进行了比较
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引用次数: 0
Cultural Diversity: Aesthetic Analysis of Persian and Kashmiri Paisley Ornaments 文化多样性:波斯和克什米尔佩斯利纹饰的美学分析
Pub Date : 2021-12-10 DOI: 10.52700/pjh.v2i2.61
Fatima Zahra, Seyedeh Samaneh Fatemi
The article focuses on the origins and evolution of the Indo-Persian decoration "Paisley," as well as the use of this flowery linear pattern on textiles such as shawls, table wraps, and carpets. Paisley has gone through many stages in its evolution, including the Iranian art period and the Indo-Subcontinent phase (Mughal era). The intrinsic nature of the decoration is shown via a comparative research technique that defines Indo-Persian motif features. This article looked at the primary ornamental elements of the paisley pattern, which are floral and geometrical in nature, and how they are used in Iran and Kashmir. Finally, this article discusses how, because of Paisley's growing and blooming character, it is often a prominent ornament in the most important works of enrichment and plays an accentuation role in the decoration of textile surfaces. Paisley, a masterpiece, is especially linked to techniques for conveying the aesthetic brilliance of the pattern used in many cultures.
本文重点介绍了印度-波斯纹饰“佩斯利”的起源和演变,以及这种华丽的线性图案在披肩、桌布和地毯等纺织品上的使用。佩斯利图案的演变经历了许多阶段,包括伊朗艺术时期和印度次大陆阶段(莫卧儿时代)。通过比较研究技术,定义了印度-波斯图案的特征,展示了装饰的内在本质。这篇文章研究了佩斯利图案的主要装饰元素,这些元素本质上是花卉和几何的,以及它们如何在伊朗和克什米尔使用。最后,本文论述了由于佩斯利图案的生长和盛开的特点,它在最重要的丰富作品中往往是一个突出的点缀,在纺织品表面的装饰中起着突出的作用。佩斯利图案是一件杰作,它与在许多文化中使用的表达图案的美学光辉的技术联系在一起。
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引用次数: 1
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PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY
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