Punjab was the last province which annexed with British India in 1949.British implemented many reforms in sub-continent, but Canal Colonies were excellent irrigation system introduced by the British, especially in the south west part of the Punjab province. These canal colonies proved very useful for the agriculture sector which boost up the not only the economic condition of the native people of the colonies areas but also increase revenue collection of the British government in India. Canal Colonies changed the arid/ barren land of the southern district of the province into a fertile land. British government also achieved their objectives through canal colonies. Therefore, government allotted the land of the canal colonies in different categories and rewarded some specific classes in native communities of the canal colonies. In canal colonies government reserved huge piece of land for their military objective because Indian Military was necessary for the strong law and order in British India and their strong influence in Middle East and other parts of the world. These canal colonies bring an agriculture revolution in the province which change the socio-economic condition of the people of the native districts. In Multan three major canal colonies were introduced, Sidhnai, Lower Bari Doab and Nili Bar canal colony. In these canal colonies British government also implemented same polices like the previous canal colonies of the province. Therefore, the in Multan district landed elites were loyal and cooperative with government with their wealth and men. These landed elites played important role at political canvas of the province during British rule in Multan.
旁遮普是1949年并入英属印度的最后一个省份。英国在次大陆实施了许多改革，但运河殖民地是英国引进的优秀灌溉系统，特别是在旁遮普省的西南部。这些运河殖民地被证明对农业部门非常有用，不仅促进了殖民地地区土著人民的经济状况，而且增加了英国政府在印度的收入。运河殖民地把该省南部地区干旱贫瘠的土地变成了肥沃的土地。英国政府也通过运河殖民地实现了他们的目标。因此，政府对运河殖民地的土地进行了不同类别的分配，并对运河殖民地土著社区中的一些特定阶层进行了奖励。在运河殖民地，政府为他们的军事目标保留了大片土地，因为印度军队对于英属印度的强大法律和秩序以及他们在中东和世界其他地区的强大影响力是必要的。这些运河殖民地给该省带来了一场农业革命，改变了土著地区人民的社会经济状况。木尔坦引入了三个主要的运河殖民地，Sidhnai, Lower Bari Doab和Nili Bar运河殖民地。在这些运河殖民地，英国政府也实施了与该省以前运河殖民地相同的政策。因此，木尔坦地区的地主精英以他们的财富和人力忠于政府，与政府合作。在英国统治木尔坦期间，这些土地精英在该省的政治舞台上发挥了重要作用。
{"title":"The Dynamics of Canal Colonies; Agricultural Development and Socio-Political Change in British Multan","authors":"Sajjad Akhter, B. Nadeem","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v2i2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v2i2.63","url":null,"abstract":"Punjab was the last province which annexed with British India in 1949.British implemented many reforms in sub-continent, but Canal Colonies were excellent irrigation system introduced by the British, especially in the south west part of the Punjab province. These canal colonies proved very useful for the agriculture sector which boost up the not only the economic condition of the native people of the colonies areas but also increase revenue collection of the British government in India. Canal Colonies changed the arid/ barren land of the southern district of the province into a fertile land. British government also achieved their objectives through canal colonies. Therefore, government allotted the land of the canal colonies in different categories and rewarded some specific classes in native communities of the canal colonies. In canal colonies government reserved huge piece of land for their military objective because Indian Military was necessary for the strong law and order in British India and their strong influence in Middle East and other parts of the world. These canal colonies bring an agriculture revolution in the province which change the socio-economic condition of the people of the native districts. In Multan three major canal colonies were introduced, Sidhnai, Lower Bari Doab and Nili Bar canal colony. In these canal colonies British government also implemented same polices like the previous canal colonies of the province. Therefore, the in Multan district landed elites were loyal and cooperative with government with their wealth and men. These landed elites played important role at political canvas of the province during British rule in Multan.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130391685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historiography considered and important intellectual work since the ancient Greek era. Herodotus is to be called as the father of historiography. Muslim started historiography with the writing of Quran and Hadeith. Among them one is Imam Hakim Neshapuri who is considered the marvelous intellectual and in the field of Historiography Imam Muhammad Hakim Neshapuri consider one of the most relay able Muslim Historians of the 4th century A.H. After the advent of Islam Muslims attracted to the field of historiography and gave Quran great attention to promote historical knowledge. Therefore, historiography became one the popular discipline of knowledge among the Muslims intellectuals in medieval period. Muslim Scholars worked Quran, Hadeith, Fiqah and historiography in all its aspect. Imam Muhammad Hakim Neshapuri is one of the Muslim’s intellectual who worked in the promotion of knowledge. Imam Neshapuri considered one of the authentic Muslims historians of fourth century A.H and all the later historians used his books as reference to the events of this age. This paper is an attempt to explore historical work of Imam Hakim Neshapuri and this paper highlights the life and work of Imam Hakim Neshapuri.
自古希腊时代以来，史学被认为是重要的智力工作。希罗多德被称为史学之父。穆斯林以《古兰经》和《圣训》的写作开创了史学。其中之一是伊玛目Hakim Neshapuri他被认为是了不起的知识分子，在历史编纂领域，伊玛目Muhammad Hakim Neshapuri被认为是公元4世纪最具影响力的穆斯林历史学家之一，伊斯兰教出现后，穆斯林被吸引到历史编纂领域，并对古兰经给予了极大的关注，以促进历史知识。因此，史学成为中世纪穆斯林知识分子的热门学科之一。穆斯林学者研究《古兰经》、《圣训》、《非卡经》和史学的各个方面。伊玛目穆罕默德·哈基姆·内沙普里是一位致力于促进知识发展的穆斯林知识分子。伊玛目奈沙普里被认为是公元四世纪真正的穆斯林历史学家之一，所有后来的历史学家都用他的书来参考这个时代的事件。本文试图探讨伊玛目哈基姆·内沙普里的历史工作，重点介绍伊玛目哈基姆·内沙普里的生平和工作。
{"title":"A Critical Study of the Historiography of Imam Abu Abdullah Muhammad Al-Hakim Neshapuri","authors":"Sohail Akhtar","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v2i2.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v2i2.64","url":null,"abstract":"Historiography considered and important intellectual work since the ancient Greek era. Herodotus is to be called as the father of historiography. Muslim started historiography with the writing of Quran and Hadeith. Among them one is Imam Hakim Neshapuri who is considered the marvelous intellectual and in the field of Historiography Imam Muhammad Hakim Neshapuri consider one of the most relay able Muslim Historians of the 4th century A.H. After the advent of Islam Muslims attracted to the field of historiography and gave Quran great attention to promote historical knowledge. Therefore, historiography became one the popular discipline of knowledge among the Muslims intellectuals in medieval period. Muslim Scholars worked Quran, Hadeith, Fiqah and historiography in all its aspect. Imam Muhammad Hakim Neshapuri is one of the Muslim’s intellectual who worked in the promotion of knowledge. Imam Neshapuri considered one of the authentic Muslims historians of fourth century A.H and all the later historians used his books as reference to the events of this age. This paper is an attempt to explore historical work of Imam Hakim Neshapuri and this paper highlights the life and work of Imam Hakim Neshapuri. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129998458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 8th century desert palace Khirbat al Mafjar remains (in present day Jordan) is a matchless specimen of Umayyad luxurious lifestyle and their perception for art. The palace is amalgamation of variety of decoration type like carved and moulded stucco, stone relief and birds and figure sculpture and also frescos paintings. It is famous for its well-preserved floor mosaics. Although credited to caliph Hisham (r. AD 724– 743) but his successor and also his nephew named as Al Walid II probably built this palace (r. AD 743– 44) . However after five years Al-Walid’s died and, the palace was smashed due to an earthquake. This article discusses the building designed structure and the ornamentation and decoration varieties used in the architecture. Though this palace is famous for its mosaics but this paper covers its main parts of architecture and all types of varieties. It’s an explorative study collected from historical data, literature and excavation reports and in the end it concludes that this palace is unique not only for its varieties but also the symbolic meanings of elements in the decoration. These symbols have some logic or reason of representing in the palace that explains the power and authority of the owner. In other words not just depiction of luxurious lifestyle but the aesthetics and symbolic both designs are the parts of this Umayyad era building.
8世纪的沙漠宫殿Khirbat al Mafjar(在今天的约旦)是倭马亚人奢华生活方式和他们对艺术的感知的无与伦比的标本。宫殿是各种装饰类型的融合，如雕刻和模塑灰泥，石浮雕，鸟类和人物雕塑，还有壁画。它以保存完好的地板马赛克而闻名。虽然被认为是哈里发希沙姆(公元724年- 743年)，但他的继任者和他的侄子阿尔瓦利德二世可能建造了这座宫殿(公元743年- 44年)。然而，五年后，瓦利德去世了，宫殿因地震而被毁。本文讨论了建筑的设计结构以及建筑中使用的装饰和装饰品种。虽然这座宫殿以其马赛克而闻名，但本文涵盖了其建筑的主要部分和所有类型的品种。这是一项从历史资料、文献和发掘报告中收集的探索性研究，最后得出的结论是，这座宫殿的独特之处不仅在于它的多样性，还在于装饰元素的象征意义。这些符号在宫殿中有一定的逻辑或理由，说明了主人的权力和权威。换句话说，不仅描绘了奢华的生活方式，而且美学和象征性的设计都是这座倭马亚时代建筑的一部分。
{"title":"The Architecture and Decoration Varieties of Khirbat al Mafjar","authors":"S. Khan, Iqra Ashraf","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The 8th century desert palace Khirbat al Mafjar remains (in present day Jordan) is a matchless specimen of Umayyad luxurious lifestyle and their perception for art. The palace is amalgamation of variety of decoration type like carved and moulded stucco, stone relief and birds and figure sculpture and also frescos paintings. It is famous for its well-preserved floor mosaics. Although credited to caliph Hisham (r. AD 724– 743) but his successor and also his nephew named as Al Walid II probably built this palace (r. AD 743– 44) . However after five years Al-Walid’s died and, the palace was smashed due to an earthquake. This article discusses the building designed structure and the ornamentation and decoration varieties used in the architecture. Though this palace is famous for its mosaics but this paper covers its main parts of architecture and all types of varieties. It’s an explorative study collected from historical data, literature and excavation reports and in the end it concludes that this palace is unique not only for its varieties but also the symbolic meanings of elements in the decoration. These symbols have some logic or reason of representing in the palace that explains the power and authority of the owner. In other words not just depiction of luxurious lifestyle but the aesthetics and symbolic both designs are the parts of this Umayyad era building.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115646043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the study of the problems faced by transgenders, in regards of their guarded rights being transgressed,both from the familial and socio-cultural context. This study is amid, to explore socio-cultural behavior of individuals who surround a trans either from his/her family or society. Questions have already emerged about sociological problems and cultural adjustment as a human being and its related casual factor related to a transgender. It is one of the emerging issues of our society that directly influences the identity of those people who are facing gender disapproval from their surroundings. This research work tried to discover the factors that influence the discrimination faced generally and particularly by trans. The article reveals the social and cultural norms that stigmatize socio-cultural exclusion of trans human beings from the society and how continuous banishment from society makes their life more tough after being rejected from their home/family. The present study analyzed the continuous deprivation of trans people rights from family to community having no secure rights of education, health and professional life conducting interviews from a group of trans residing in segregated areas of Multan, Pakistan. The findings also revealed the consequences of banishment, throws their life away from mainstream of a life a normal human being must have. The data in this paper has been collected by using qualitative research technique with participant observation and in-depth interviews.
{"title":"A Sociological Study of Transgression of Basic Guarded Rights of Transgenders & Hurdles in Finding their Gender Identity in Socio-Cultural Context ( A Case Study of Segregated Localities of Multan)","authors":"H. Aslam","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the study of the problems faced by transgenders, in regards of their guarded rights being transgressed,both from the familial and socio-cultural context. This study is amid, to explore socio-cultural behavior of individuals who surround a trans either from his/her family or society. Questions have already emerged about sociological problems and cultural adjustment as a human being and its related casual factor related to a transgender. It is one of the emerging issues of our society that directly influences the identity of those people who are facing gender disapproval from their surroundings. This research work tried to discover the factors that influence the discrimination faced generally and particularly by trans. The article reveals the social and cultural norms that stigmatize socio-cultural exclusion of trans human beings from the society and how continuous banishment from society makes their life more tough after being rejected from their home/family. The present study analyzed the continuous deprivation of trans people rights from family to community having no secure rights of education, health and professional life conducting interviews from a group of trans residing in segregated areas of Multan, Pakistan. The findings also revealed the consequences of banishment, throws their life away from mainstream of a life a normal human being must have. The data in this paper has been collected by using qualitative research technique with participant observation and in-depth interviews.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134465404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current research was centered on the scholarly issues and social barriers faced by female students to get affirmation in higher education. The study expected to discover the difficulties, which the respondents needed to face to conquer the social impediments in getting advanced education. The review concentrated on huge number of social obstructions and difficulties, budgetary issues and scholastic issues that female needed to confront. Quantitative research approach was utilized to uncover the experience of respondents which they encountered while getting affirmation in college. The research was being conducted in District Zhob, Baluchistan Province, since it was encompassed by for the most part country Areas. Population of the present review comprised of the female understudies contemplating in different instructive organizations. The discoveries demonstrate that different variables in charge of social prohibition of young ladies from education area in Pakistan incorporate preservationist state of mind of family and inclination to kid's training. Not with standing this, female understudies likewise tended to face impression of their families about co-education as social and religious variables to advanced education in Pakistan. The focus acknowledged with this class was "saw fears and dangers to family respect". As the individuals from conservative society, families had for the most part negative demeanor for females towards advanced education.
{"title":"A Descriptive Analysis of Barriers Faced by Females in Acquiring Higher Education; A Study of District Zhob, Baluchistan in Pakistan","authors":"Hina Aslam (CA), Saima Muneer, Aisha Khan","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"The current research was centered on the scholarly issues and social barriers faced by female students to get affirmation in higher education. The study expected to discover the difficulties, which the respondents needed to face to conquer the social impediments in getting advanced education. The review concentrated on huge number of social obstructions and difficulties, budgetary issues and scholastic issues that female needed to confront. Quantitative research approach was utilized to uncover the experience of respondents which they encountered while getting affirmation in college. The research was being conducted in District Zhob, Baluchistan Province, since it was encompassed by for the most part country Areas. Population of the present review comprised of the female understudies contemplating in different instructive organizations. The discoveries demonstrate that different variables in charge of social prohibition of young ladies from education area in Pakistan incorporate preservationist state of mind of family and inclination to kid's training. Not with standing this, female understudies likewise tended to face impression of their families about co-education as social and religious variables to advanced education in Pakistan. The focus acknowledged with this class was \"saw fears and dangers to family respect\". As the individuals from conservative society, families had for the most part negative demeanor for females towards advanced education.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133040282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Becoming a primary school teacher is a challenging assignment thatrequired skills and knowledge that are necessary to impact student performance. One tactic used to support primary school teachers is to assign experienced members of their profession astheir mentors. Mentor playsa significantrole inimproving teachers'professional developmentin their teaching profession.Intend outcomes of this paper wereto investigate the effectiveness of the procedures for the mentoring which are directed and organized by the regional teacher educatorsand to see its influence on the performance and dutiesof Teachers of primary school levels (PSTs) in Punjab.The extensive research study was descriptive.This study adopted the quantitative research method and utilized two research toolsquestionnaire and mentoring visit form.Outcomes of the studyexposed that the majority of the participants have a positive approach towardsan existingmentoring program. This study also provides evidence thatdue to the mentoring activities professional development of participants is enhanced. Major suggestions for the study were that mentorsshould be well trained and change their perspective towards contestants.
{"title":"Mentoring As Component of Continuous Professional Development Program: A Case Study of Multan District","authors":"Amna Saleem","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Becoming a primary school teacher is a challenging assignment thatrequired skills and knowledge that are necessary to impact student performance. One tactic used to support primary school teachers is to assign experienced members of their profession astheir mentors. Mentor playsa significantrole inimproving teachers'professional developmentin their teaching profession.Intend outcomes of this paper wereto investigate the effectiveness of the procedures for the mentoring which are directed and organized by the regional teacher educatorsand to see its influence on the performance and dutiesof Teachers of primary school levels (PSTs) in Punjab.The extensive research study was descriptive.This study adopted the quantitative research method and utilized two research toolsquestionnaire and mentoring visit form.Outcomes of the studyexposed that the majority of the participants have a positive approach towardsan existingmentoring program. This study also provides evidence thatdue to the mentoring activities professional development of participants is enhanced. Major suggestions for the study were that mentorsshould be well trained and change their perspective towards contestants.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134021635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Ottoman empire was established in the last decades of the 13th century by the efforts of a Turkish Osman-I and continued till early 20th century. His father Ertugral Ghazi migrated from Mangolia towards Middle Eastern regions and worked as employ of the Saljuks. The Saljuks built a powerful Muslim empire in Central and Southwest Asia decades before, after the defeat of the Byzantine Empire. However, after its decline Ottoman Turks established the Empire, which was a typical combination of Western and Eastern multi-cultural societies and their traditions. According to the historians and many writers, it was an Islamic state, but in fact, it based on the secularism and non-Islamic traditions. The Ottomans used religion-Islam to make integrity in the conquered areas of the Islamic world and the western regions, because they felt that the religion could play a vital role in the establishment of strong empire. In the early sixteenth century, the Ottoman ruler got the title of caliph and became the custodians of Hermain-ul-Sharefain because the caliph ideally played a role as a spiritual and political leader of the Muslim world. So, it remained under the influence of Islamism, but after many decades the secularization of the empire reemerged and it transformed into a secular/modern empire. The proposed paper focuses on the emerging elements of the secularism in the empire after its establishment. The research study is based on the theoretical and analytical approaches of research to investigate that it was substantially a religious state or used religion Islam as the instrument to get the stability and favour of the Muslim world.
{"title":"Political and Administrative Secularization of the Ottoman Empire","authors":"Safdar Ali","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"The Ottoman empire was established in the last decades of the 13th century by the efforts of a Turkish Osman-I and continued till early 20th century. His father Ertugral Ghazi migrated from Mangolia towards Middle Eastern regions and worked as employ of the Saljuks. The Saljuks built a powerful Muslim empire in Central and Southwest Asia decades before, after the defeat of the Byzantine Empire. However, after its decline Ottoman Turks established the Empire, which was a typical combination of Western and Eastern multi-cultural societies and their traditions. According to the historians and many writers, it was an Islamic state, but in fact, it based on the secularism and non-Islamic traditions. The Ottomans used religion-Islam to make integrity in the conquered areas of the Islamic world and the western regions, because they felt that the religion could play a vital role in the establishment of strong empire. In the early sixteenth century, the Ottoman ruler got the title of caliph and became the custodians of Hermain-ul-Sharefain because the caliph ideally played a role as a spiritual and political leader of the Muslim world. So, it remained under the influence of Islamism, but after many decades the secularization of the empire reemerged and it transformed into a secular/modern empire. The proposed paper focuses on the emerging elements of the secularism in the empire after its establishment. The research study is based on the theoretical and analytical approaches of research to investigate that it was substantially a religious state or used religion Islam as the instrument to get the stability and favour of the Muslim world.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114471668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under the Sikh period, several reforms were introduced in Multan to collect revenue for the Sikh State and Military. They improved land revenue, built many wells and perpetual canals under the governorship of Sawan Mal and his son Mulraj. This study focuses on Land Revenue, irrigation, and agrarian system that was prevailing in Multan during the period of Sawan Mal (1821-44). The reason behind the selection of this era and area is that the revenue system adopted by him has unique significance because he not only provided the right direction for future policies but also gave peace and calm to the native people. At that time, Multan was an important unit of Punjab where policies were formulated at a higher level and translated into action throughout Punjab. It has been tried to break new ground, challenging the viewpoint of previous writers about the local history in the first half of the nineteenth century.
{"title":"Diwan Sawan Mal’s Administrative System in Multan Province 1821-1844","authors":"A. Gilani, Ahmad Ali, S. Khalid, M. Afzal","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Under the Sikh period, several reforms were introduced in Multan to collect revenue for the Sikh State and Military. They improved land revenue, built many wells and perpetual canals under the governorship of Sawan Mal and his son Mulraj. This study focuses on Land Revenue, irrigation, and agrarian system that was prevailing in Multan during the period of Sawan Mal (1821-44). The reason behind the selection of this era and area is that the revenue system adopted by him has unique significance because he not only provided the right direction for future policies but also gave peace and calm to the native people. At that time, Multan was an important unit of Punjab where policies were formulated at a higher level and translated into action throughout Punjab. It has been tried to break new ground, challenging the viewpoint of previous writers about the local history in the first half of the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125404966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper discusses the problematic of security studies in relation to theory building in international relations.It aims to highlight apertures in the dominant explanations of security studies, and further provides an indication about mending these lacunas. To this end, dominant theories of international relations: Realism, Liberalism, and their progenies have been critically analyzed, and their problematics have been discussed in detail. Through critical analysis of dominant explanations in international relations theory, this paper helps to identify the gaps in the conceptual, methodological, and practical domains of security studies.
{"title":"An Introduction to the Problematic of Security: Theory- Building in International Relations","authors":"Asmah Akbar, Khawaja Alqama","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the problematic of security studies in relation to theory building in international relations.It aims to highlight apertures in the dominant explanations of security studies, and further provides an indication about mending these lacunas. To this end, dominant theories of international relations: Realism, Liberalism, and their progenies have been critically analyzed, and their problematics have been discussed in detail. Through critical analysis of dominant explanations in international relations theory, this paper helps to identify the gaps in the conceptual, methodological, and practical domains of security studies.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131414542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper a discovery of the philosophy of educational systems from an Ancient Indian perspective. A limited number of articles have been written from a standpoint of philosophical, historical, and the Ancient perspective when resultantly, this article not only aims to fill in the gaps in literature, but also aspires to provide an insight on educational philosophy from the Ancient Indian perspective. In the Indian context, the origin of education can be traced from the Vedic literatures such as the Valmiki Ramayana, the Mahabharata (includes the Bhagavad-Gita) and the Puranas. The foundation of this paper revolves around hermeneutics, which are a qualitative research methodology involving the studying, understanding and interpretation of ancient text. With the help of the aforementioned methodology, authors disclose some ancient lessons on today’s educational system. The aim of this paper is to knowing the Educational System of Ancient India. In the ancient times, two education systems i.e. Vedic and Buddhist were developed by them and their sole purposeswere self-control, propagation of purity, development of character, personality development, social awareness and preservation of the culture for youth.
{"title":"A conceptual and philosophical approach towards educational system from an Ancient Indian perspective","authors":"Iqra Ashraf, Asma Naz","doi":"10.52700/pjh.v1i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v1i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a discovery of the philosophy of educational systems from an Ancient Indian perspective. A limited number of articles have been written from a standpoint of philosophical, historical, and the Ancient perspective when resultantly, this article not only aims to fill in the gaps in literature, but also aspires to provide an insight on educational philosophy from the Ancient Indian perspective. In the Indian context, the origin of education can be traced from the Vedic literatures such as the Valmiki Ramayana, the Mahabharata (includes the Bhagavad-Gita) and the Puranas. The foundation of this paper revolves around hermeneutics, which are a qualitative research methodology involving the studying, understanding and interpretation of ancient text. With the help of the aforementioned methodology, authors disclose some ancient lessons on today’s educational system. The aim of this paper is to knowing the Educational System of Ancient India. In the ancient times, two education systems i.e. Vedic and Buddhist were developed by them and their sole purposeswere self-control, propagation of purity, development of character, personality development, social awareness and preservation of the culture for youth.","PeriodicalId":261451,"journal":{"name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129394521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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