Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121103
Ke Xu , Junlin Liu , Rui Zhang, Shujuan Tan, Guanbgin Ji
Electromagnetic detection technologies, especially infrared surveillance which utilizes micro-level electromagnetic waves, present formidable battlefield threats by detecting thermal signatures of personnel and equipment, demanding innovative materials that reconcile micro-level electromagnetic wave camouflage. Furthermore, the advanced communication and sensor networks require continuous energy supply. This work develops an asymmetric trilayer MXene/carbon-based composite to achieve synchronized micro-level electromagnetic wave signature management and phase-change energy storage. The functionally graded architecture combines a low-emissivity MXene surface, paraffin-saturated phase-change interlayer, and insulating chitosan aerogel substrate. During simulated equipment operation, the coated regions maintain near-ambient temperatures with differentials up to 26.2 °C versus uncovered areas while providing 179–201 J g−1 latent heat capacity. Preheated composites function as persistent decoys through controlled heat dissipation kinetics. Mechanically robust with 158.96 kPa compressive strength and 79.77 % cyclic retention, the optimized 7 mm-thick structure reduces infrared emissivity by 0.372. This multifunctional platform enables dual-mode thermal deception for next-generation micro-level electromagnetic wave detection defense system.
{"title":"Functionally graded MXene/asymmetric carbon aerogel architectures integrating micron-level electromagnetic signature management with phase-change energy storage","authors":"Ke Xu , Junlin Liu , Rui Zhang, Shujuan Tan, Guanbgin Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic detection technologies, especially infrared surveillance which utilizes micro-level electromagnetic waves, present formidable battlefield threats by detecting thermal signatures of personnel and equipment, demanding innovative materials that reconcile micro-level electromagnetic wave camouflage. Furthermore, the advanced communication and sensor networks require continuous energy supply. This work develops an asymmetric trilayer MXene/carbon-based composite to achieve synchronized micro-level electromagnetic wave signature management and phase-change energy storage. The functionally graded architecture combines a low-emissivity MXene surface, paraffin-saturated phase-change interlayer, and insulating chitosan aerogel substrate. During simulated equipment operation, the coated regions maintain near-ambient temperatures with differentials up to 26.2 °C versus uncovered areas while providing 179–201 J g<sup>−1</sup> latent heat capacity. Preheated composites function as persistent decoys through controlled heat dissipation kinetics. Mechanically robust with 158.96 kPa compressive strength and 79.77 % cyclic retention, the optimized 7 mm-thick structure reduces infrared emissivity by 0.372. This multifunctional platform enables dual-mode thermal deception for next-generation micro-level electromagnetic wave detection defense system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121103"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121105
Zhaoxing Lin , Yingli Wu , Gang Zhao , Honghao Lin , Zhiheng Gu , Tingting Wu , Lihong Xu , Chunhong Zhu , Jian Shi , Xiangfang Peng , Tingjie Chen
Elastic and conductive fibers are critical for next-generation wearable electronics, where achieving simultaneous stretchability, durability, and sensing performance remains a challenge. Here, this study reports a scalable wet-spinning strategy to fabricate high elasticity conductive fibers composed of carbon black and expanded graphite (CB-EG) hybrids within a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. Synergistic interactions among CB, EG, and TPU promote uniform filler dispersion, regulate TPU microphase separation, and stabilize conductive pathways, resulting in enhanced electromechanical properties. The optimized fibers exhibit an electrical conductivity of 0.05 S/m, tensile strength of 728 kPa, and fracture elongation of ∼590 %. When applied as strain sensors, they achieve a GF up to 7645, a rapid response time of 120 ms, and enable precise, real-time monitoring of complex human motions, including gesture recognition during outdoor cycling. Furthermore, the integration of night-luminescent functionality significantly improved cyclist visibility under low-light conditions, thereby contributing to enhanced safety. These results highlight the potential of CB-EG/TPU fibers as multifunctional materials for advanced wearable electronics and smart textiles.
{"title":"Scalable wet-spinning of multifunctional carbon black-expanded graphite/thermoplastic polyurethane fibers for high-sensitivity wearable sensing and visibility","authors":"Zhaoxing Lin , Yingli Wu , Gang Zhao , Honghao Lin , Zhiheng Gu , Tingting Wu , Lihong Xu , Chunhong Zhu , Jian Shi , Xiangfang Peng , Tingjie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elastic and conductive fibers are critical for next-generation wearable electronics, where achieving simultaneous stretchability, durability, and sensing performance remains a challenge. Here, this study reports a scalable wet-spinning strategy to fabricate high elasticity conductive fibers composed of carbon black and expanded graphite (CB-EG) hybrids within a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. Synergistic interactions among CB, EG, and TPU promote uniform filler dispersion, regulate TPU microphase separation, and stabilize conductive pathways, resulting in enhanced electromechanical properties. The optimized fibers exhibit an electrical conductivity of 0.05 S/m, tensile strength of 728 kPa, and fracture elongation of ∼590 %. When applied as strain sensors, they achieve a GF up to 7645, a rapid response time of 120 ms, and enable precise, real-time monitoring of complex human motions, including gesture recognition during outdoor cycling. Furthermore, the integration of night-luminescent functionality significantly improved cyclist visibility under low-light conditions, thereby contributing to enhanced safety. These results highlight the potential of CB-EG/TPU fibers as multifunctional materials for advanced wearable electronics and smart textiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121105"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121064
Jianrui Yao , Zhipeng Sun , Cheng Ma , Jitong Wang , Yinxu Zhang , Wenming Qiao
The increasing popularity of electronic devices is placing higher demands on thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. polyamidoic acid (PAA), mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), and graphene nanosheets (GNs) were effectively combined through directional freezing to form the three-dimensional porous material PMGN. Then, through flexible encapsulation and backfilling with PDMS, a composite material PDMS/PMGN with excellent thermal conductivity of 15.45 W/(m⋅K) and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 94.13 dB was obtained. PDMS/PMGN successfully combines multiple carbon-based fillers in a synergistic manner, forming a highly efficient monolithic structure with great mechanical properties and thermal stability, which is suitable for high-frequency electronic devices, aerospace applications, and smart wearable devices.
{"title":"A three-dimensional porous thermal interface material composed of multiple carbon-based fillers with outstanding thermal conductivity and electromagnetic shielding properties","authors":"Jianrui Yao , Zhipeng Sun , Cheng Ma , Jitong Wang , Yinxu Zhang , Wenming Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing popularity of electronic devices is placing higher demands on thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. polyamidoic acid (PAA), mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), and graphene nanosheets (GNs) were effectively combined through directional freezing to form the three-dimensional porous material PMGN. Then, through flexible encapsulation and backfilling with PDMS, a composite material PDMS/PMGN with excellent thermal conductivity of 15.45 W/(m⋅K) and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 94.13 dB was obtained. PDMS/PMGN successfully combines multiple carbon-based fillers in a synergistic manner, forming a highly efficient monolithic structure with great mechanical properties and thermal stability, which is suitable for high-frequency electronic devices, aerospace applications, and smart wearable devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121064"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121106
Yuhan Guo , Zhenxia Wang , Limin Tao , Hao Cai , Weiyu Cao
The requirement for structural materials with function of electromagnetic wave absorbing is to have excellent mechanical property, impedance matching and attenuation ability simultaneously. Since outstanding electromagnetic wave absorbing property is originated from the synergistic effects of multiple absorbing modes, a strategy of introducing ZnO with excellent dielectricity on the surface of carbon fiber with high mechanical performance and low density was proposed for obtaining electromagnetic wave absorbing composites in this study. ZnO with nanowire and nanosheet morphology was vertically grown on the surface of carbon fibers by the two-step solvothermal method. Benefit from great dielectric properties and improved impedance matching, the high performance absorbing materials were prepared. Both CF/ZnO composites with nanowire (CF@ZnO-NW) and nanosheet (CF@ZnO-NS) morphology have excellent and manageable electromagnetic wave absorption properties. At low filling ratio of only 5 %, CF@ZnO-NW exhibited significant electromagnetic wave absorption properties with an RLmin of −60.61 dB at a thickness of 2.4 mm while the RLmin was −54.95 dB for CF@ZnO-NS at 2.0 mm and 10 % filling rate. It is expected to contribute an effective route for the construction of carbon fiber based composites with better electromagnetic wave absorbing performance by morphological controlment of modification layer.
{"title":"Electromagnetic wave absorbing composites with low filling ratio characteristic routed via introducing ZnO with different morphology on the surface of carbon fiber","authors":"Yuhan Guo , Zhenxia Wang , Limin Tao , Hao Cai , Weiyu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The requirement for structural materials with function of electromagnetic wave absorbing is to have excellent mechanical property, impedance matching and attenuation ability simultaneously. Since outstanding electromagnetic wave absorbing property is originated from the synergistic effects of multiple absorbing modes, a strategy of introducing ZnO with excellent dielectricity on the surface of carbon fiber with high mechanical performance and low density was proposed for obtaining electromagnetic wave absorbing composites in this study. ZnO with nanowire and nanosheet morphology was vertically grown on the surface of carbon fibers by the two-step solvothermal method. Benefit from great dielectric properties and improved impedance matching, the high performance absorbing materials were prepared. Both CF/ZnO composites with nanowire (CF@ZnO-NW) and nanosheet (CF@ZnO-NS) morphology have excellent and manageable electromagnetic wave absorption properties. At low filling ratio of only 5 %, CF@ZnO-NW exhibited significant electromagnetic wave absorption properties with an RL<sub>min</sub> of −60.61 dB at a thickness of 2.4 mm while the RL<sub>min</sub> was −54.95 dB for CF@ZnO-NS at 2.0 mm and 10 % filling rate. It is expected to contribute an effective route for the construction of carbon fiber based composites with better electromagnetic wave absorbing performance by morphological controlment of modification layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121106"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the decreased mechanical properties of carbon nanotube cementitious composites (CNTCCs) have been widely attributed to CNT agglomeration, many studies implied that better dispersion does not always lead to higher strength. The identification of the weak phase in CNTCCs has been a big challenge, impeding a deeper understanding of the interactions between CNTs and cement paste. This study employed dilute paste experiments to amplify, separate, and characterize the weak phase in CNTCCs, specifically, an entangled, hemi-rigid network of the hydration products and CNTs. This newly-found microstructure in CNTCC naturally holds the ability to explain the rheology changes and refining effects caused by CNT. The deposition process of various particles was examined using X-CT and UV–Vis, and detailed phase analyses were conducted on the sediments. These methods described how the CNT-hydrate entanglement affected the density and phase distribution of the cement matrix. Finally, the impact of CNT-hydrate entanglement on mechanical-related properties was validated through SEM, compressive tests, and powder MIP. Destroying and rebuilding the interactions among hydration products made the impact of a very-high CNT content shift from enhancement to weakening. And how the CNT-hydrate entanglement misled the judgment from conventional MIP was illustrated. This study found that the essence of the decrease is attributed to the C–(A)–S–H gel appearing to lose its function of binding particles together; therefore, this mechanism is termed gelation failure.
虽然碳纳米管胶凝复合材料（CNTCCs）的力学性能下降被广泛归因于碳纳米管团聚，但许多研究表明，良好的分散并不一定意味着更高的强度。碳纳米管中弱相的识别一直是一个巨大的挑战，阻碍了对碳纳米管与水泥浆之间相互作用的更深入理解。本研究采用稀浆实验来放大、分离和表征CNTCCs中的弱相，特别是水化产物和碳纳米管的纠缠半刚性网络。这一新发现的碳纳米管微观结构自然能够解释碳纳米管引起的流变变化和精炼效应。利用X-CT和UV-Vis检测了各种颗粒的沉积过程，并对沉积物进行了详细的物相分析。这些方法描述了碳纳米管水合物纠缠如何影响水泥基体的密度和相分布。最后，通过扫描电镜、压缩测试和粉末MIP验证了碳纳米管水合物纠缠对机械相关性能的影响。破坏和重建水化产物之间的相互作用使得碳纳米管含量很高时的影响从增强变为减弱。并说明了碳纳米管水合物纠缠如何误导了传统MIP的判断。本研究发现，减少的本质是由于C - (A) - s - h凝胶似乎失去了将颗粒结合在一起的功能；因此，这种机制被称为胶凝失效。
{"title":"Gelation failure mechanism of carbon nanotube cementitious composites","authors":"Haoxin Lai, Qinghua Li, Guan Quan, Xiaoran Wang, Facheng Song, Yu Peng, Chaokun Hong, Shilang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the decreased mechanical properties of carbon nanotube cementitious composites (CNTCCs) have been widely attributed to CNT agglomeration, many studies implied that better dispersion does not always lead to higher strength. The identification of the weak phase in CNTCCs has been a big challenge, impeding a deeper understanding of the interactions between CNTs and cement paste. This study employed dilute paste experiments to amplify, separate, and characterize the weak phase in CNTCCs, specifically, an entangled, hemi-rigid network of the hydration products and CNTs. This newly-found microstructure in CNTCC naturally holds the ability to explain the rheology changes and refining effects caused by CNT. The deposition process of various particles was examined using X-CT and UV–Vis, and detailed phase analyses were conducted on the sediments. These methods described how the CNT-hydrate entanglement affected the density and phase distribution of the cement matrix. Finally, the impact of CNT-hydrate entanglement on mechanical-related properties was validated through SEM, compressive tests, and powder MIP. Destroying and rebuilding the interactions among hydration products made the impact of a very-high CNT content shift from enhancement to weakening. And how the CNT-hydrate entanglement misled the judgment from conventional MIP was illustrated. This study found that the essence of the decrease is attributed to the C–(A)–S–H gel appearing to lose its function of binding particles together; therefore, this mechanism is termed gelation failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121104"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121098
Wei Chuang Lee , Lebin Yu , Zhanxin Jiang , Ziqi Hu , Ari Paavo Seitsonen , René Monnier , Bernard Delley , Matthias Muntwiler , Shangfeng Yang , Thomas Greber
In endohedral fullerenes otherwise unstable atomic clusters can be stabilized. Here we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of the dimetallic endohedral fullerene CeTi@C80, a molecular system encapsulating nominally trivalent cations of Ce and Ti within a C80 carbon cage. Using low temperature magnetometry and temperature-dependent X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at the Ce M-edge, we explore the magnetism and the orientation of the Ce–Ti endohedral unit. The magnetization measurements indicate “tender” single-molecule magnetism with small hysteresis and a 3.3 magnetic moment. The measured XA spectra of drop-cast molecules can be simulated with a ligand field of a didipole that consists of a C–Ti and an opposite Ce–C dipole. They confirm trivalent Ce with a =5/2 ground state and random distribution of the Ce–Ti axes. Temperature-dependent XAS below room temperature shows minimal spectral change, indicating a thermally robust ground-state. These findings establish CeTi@C80 as a stable electric and magnetic didipole single molecule magnet.
{"title":"CeTi@C80: A tender single molecule magnet with electric and magnetic didipoles investigated with magnetometry and x-ray absorption spectroscopy","authors":"Wei Chuang Lee , Lebin Yu , Zhanxin Jiang , Ziqi Hu , Ari Paavo Seitsonen , René Monnier , Bernard Delley , Matthias Muntwiler , Shangfeng Yang , Thomas Greber","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In endohedral fullerenes otherwise unstable atomic clusters can be stabilized. Here we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of the dimetallic endohedral fullerene CeTi@C<sub>80</sub>, a molecular system encapsulating nominally trivalent cations of Ce and Ti within a C<sub>80</sub> carbon cage. Using low temperature magnetometry and temperature-dependent X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at the Ce M<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-edge, we explore the magnetism and the orientation of the Ce–Ti endohedral unit. The magnetization measurements indicate “tender” single-molecule magnetism with small hysteresis and a 3.3 <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> magnetic moment. The measured XA spectra of drop-cast molecules can be simulated with a ligand field of a didipole that consists of a C–Ti and an opposite Ce–C dipole. They confirm trivalent Ce with a <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>=5/2 ground state and random distribution of the Ce–Ti axes. Temperature-dependent XAS below room temperature shows minimal spectral change, indicating a thermally robust ground-state. These findings establish CeTi@C<sub>80</sub> as a stable electric and magnetic didipole single molecule magnet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121098"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121096
Woojae Jeong , Dong Jun Kang , Junho Lee , Hwayoung Ko , Tae Hee Han , Jaeuk Sung
Current carbon fiber manufacturing relies heavily on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursors, which suffer from energy-intensive processing and limited carbon yields (∼50 %). Here, we demonstrated a solution-processable poly(benzophenone) (PBP) precursor system that bypasses oxidative stabilization while achieving exceptional carbonization yields of 74 % at 1000 °C. The rigid-rod aromatic structure of PBP provides thermodynamic favorability toward graphitic transformation, while benzophenone linkages enable solubility in aprotic solvents for continuous wet-spinning. Strategic incorporation of few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) at 0.25–1.0 wt % creates a templated carbonization pathway through non-covalent π-π interactions between aromatic polymer chains and nanotube sidewalls. This FWCNT-guided structural evolution enhances graphitic ordering (ID/IG ratio changed from 0.89 to 0.71), promotes anisotropic carbon domain growth, and delivers concurrent improvements in mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Optimized PBP precursor with 1 wt % FWCNT (P-CNT-1.00) derived carbon fibers achieved tensile strength of 397 MPa, Young's modulus of 93 GPa, electrical conductivity of 207 S cm−1, and thermal conductivity of 19.5 W m−1 K−1, which represents a 1.3, 3.4, 1.7, and 4.8-fold improvements over pristine PBP, respectively. This molecularly engineered approach demonstrates the feasibility of solvent processable aromatic polymer as a practical carbon fiber precursor that not only shows higher carbonization yield and energy efficiency, but also can be further enhanced via FWCNT incorporation.
目前的碳纤维制造严重依赖聚丙烯腈（PAN）前体，这种前体受到能源密集型加工和碳产量有限（约50%）的影响。在这里，我们展示了一种可溶液加工的聚二苯甲酮（PBP）前体体系，该体系绕过氧化稳定，同时在1000°C下实现了74%的异常碳化收率。PBP的刚性棒芳香结构为石墨转化提供了热力学优势，而二苯甲酮键使其在非质子溶剂中具有溶解性，可以进行连续湿纺丝。0.25-1.0 wt %的低壁碳纳米管（FWCNTs）通过芳香聚合物链和纳米管侧壁之间的非共价π-π相互作用，形成了模板化的碳化途径。这种由fwcnt引导的结构演化增强了石墨的有序性（ID/IG比值从0.89变为0.71），促进了碳畴的各向异性生长，并同时改善了机械、电学和热性能。优化后的PBP前驱体含有1 wt %的FWCNT （P-CNT-1.00）衍生碳纤维，抗拉强度为397 MPa，杨氏模量为93 GPa，电导率为207 S cm−1，导热系数为19.5 W m−1 K−1，分别比原始PBP提高了1.3倍，3.4倍，1.7倍和4.8倍。这种分子工程方法证明了溶剂可加工芳香族聚合物作为碳纤维前驱体的可行性，不仅具有较高的炭化率和能源效率，而且通过加入FWCNT可以进一步提高炭化效率。
{"title":"FWCNT-templated carbon fibers from a high carbonization yield, solution-processable p-phenylene","authors":"Woojae Jeong , Dong Jun Kang , Junho Lee , Hwayoung Ko , Tae Hee Han , Jaeuk Sung","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current carbon fiber manufacturing relies heavily on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursors, which suffer from energy-intensive processing and limited carbon yields (∼50 %). Here, we demonstrated a solution-processable poly(benzophenone) (PBP) precursor system that bypasses oxidative stabilization while achieving exceptional carbonization yields of 74 % at 1000 °C. The rigid-rod aromatic structure of PBP provides thermodynamic favorability toward graphitic transformation, while benzophenone linkages enable solubility in aprotic solvents for continuous wet-spinning. Strategic incorporation of few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) at 0.25–1.0 wt % creates a templated carbonization pathway through non-covalent π-π interactions between aromatic polymer chains and nanotube sidewalls. This FWCNT-guided structural evolution enhances graphitic ordering (<em>I</em><sub>D</sub>/<em>I</em><sub>G</sub> ratio changed from 0.89 to 0.71), promotes anisotropic carbon domain growth, and delivers concurrent improvements in mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Optimized PBP precursor with 1 wt % FWCNT (P-CNT-1.00) derived carbon fibers achieved tensile strength of 397 MPa, Young's modulus of 93 GPa, electrical conductivity of 207 S cm<sup>−1</sup>, and thermal conductivity of 19.5 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, which represents a 1.3, 3.4, 1.7, and 4.8-fold improvements over pristine PBP, respectively. This molecularly engineered approach demonstrates the feasibility of solvent processable aromatic polymer as a practical carbon fiber precursor that not only shows higher carbonization yield and energy efficiency, but also can be further enhanced <em>via</em> FWCNT incorporation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121096"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121086
Caiqin Gao , Yuru Wang , Yandong Wang , Kang Xu , Lu Chen , Yi Zhang , Xianchun Chen , Yuan Chen , Jinhong Yu , Yanqing Wang
The growing complexity and miniaturization of electronic devices have heightened the need for lightweight, flexible, and high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. However, developing flexible carbon-based aerogels remains a significant challenge. This study introduces a bioinspired dynamic interface chemistry regulation strategy, utilizing a bidirectional freeze-casting and thermal etching approach to fabricate cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/graphene oxide (GO) aerogels. During thermal etching, PHA decomposes to release crotonic acid, which in situ reduces GO, forming an interface rich in sp2 carbon domains, defects, and polar functional groups (C–O, CO). This synergistic interface enhances conduction and polarization loss, enabling exceptional EMW absorption with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −54.72 dB at a thickness of 1.86 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.75 GHz. Specifically, it also exhibits excellent flexibility under subzero and ambient conditions (−20 °C–25 °C). Owing to excellent elasticity, the aerogels show fast response pressure sensing (capable of encoding Morse code), making them promising for integration into wearable electronics. Furthermore, the materials achieve highly stable Joule heating (15 s–65 °C at 10V), infrared stealth, effective hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 123°), and flame retardancy. This work provides a novel approach for designing flexible carbon-based aerogels for next-generation wearable electronic applications.
{"title":"Superelastic carbon aerogels with micro-arch lamellar reinforcement for efficient microwave absorption and multifunctionality","authors":"Caiqin Gao , Yuru Wang , Yandong Wang , Kang Xu , Lu Chen , Yi Zhang , Xianchun Chen , Yuan Chen , Jinhong Yu , Yanqing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing complexity and miniaturization of electronic devices have heightened the need for lightweight, flexible, and high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. However, developing flexible carbon-based aerogels remains a significant challenge. This study introduces a bioinspired dynamic interface chemistry regulation strategy, utilizing a bidirectional freeze-casting and thermal etching approach to fabricate cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/graphene oxide (GO) aerogels. During thermal etching, PHA decomposes to release crotonic acid, which in situ reduces GO, forming an interface rich in sp<sup>2</sup> carbon domains, defects, and polar functional groups (C–O, C<img>O). This synergistic interface enhances conduction and polarization loss, enabling exceptional EMW absorption with a minimum reflection loss (RL<sub>min</sub>) of −54.72 dB at a thickness of 1.86 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.75 GHz. Specifically, it also exhibits excellent flexibility under subzero and ambient conditions (−20 °C–25 °C). Owing to excellent elasticity, the aerogels show fast response pressure sensing (capable of encoding Morse code), making them promising for integration into wearable electronics. Furthermore, the materials achieve highly stable Joule heating (15 s–65 °C at 10V), infrared stealth, effective hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 123°), and flame retardancy. This work provides a novel approach for designing flexible carbon-based aerogels for next-generation wearable electronic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121086"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121095
Raquel C.F.G. Lopes , Cláudia K.B. de Vasconcelos , Pollyanna R. dos Santos , Philipe A.P. Silva , Myriano H. Oliveira Jr. , Vinicius Caliman , Glaura G. Silva
Overcoming the salinity barrier remains a fundamental challenge in the deployment of carbon-based nanomaterials for applications in high ionic strength environments, such as water treatment, desalination and enhanced oil recovery. Herein, we report the covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) to produce a novel GO–PEI hybrid nanomaterial capable of forming stable aqueous dispersions in saline solutions. The functionalization was achieved under mild conditions, yielding a hybrid with approximately 53 ± 2.5 wt% PEI, estimated from the thermogravimetric residues of GO, PEI, and GO–PEI using a linear mixing model, which shows enhanced thermal stability and a significantly altered surface chemistry. This estimation assumes linear additivity of residues, which may be affected by crosslinking or differing char formation between components. Therefore, the obtained value should be considered an approximation. Furthermore, the colloidal stability was greatly enhanced as observed through a thorough evaluation across different salt types, concentrations (50–500 ppm), and ionic strengths (0.0–3.0), revealing that GO–PEI dispersions exhibited high colloidal stability up to 21 days even at ionic strengths as high as 3.0, outperforming pristine GO. The positive surface charge and steric hindrance provided by the PEI chains were key to preventing aggregation, even under harsh conditions. This work introduces a straightforward strategy to extend the applicability of GO in highly saline media, offering significant potential for technological and environmental applications where nanomaterial dispersion stability is crucial.
{"title":"Breaking the salinity barrier: Hybrid graphene oxide – polyethylenimine dispersions in high ionic strength aqueous media","authors":"Raquel C.F.G. Lopes , Cláudia K.B. de Vasconcelos , Pollyanna R. dos Santos , Philipe A.P. Silva , Myriano H. Oliveira Jr. , Vinicius Caliman , Glaura G. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overcoming the salinity barrier remains a fundamental challenge in the deployment of carbon-based nanomaterials for applications in high ionic strength environments, such as water treatment, desalination and enhanced oil recovery. Herein, we report the covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) to produce a novel GO–PEI hybrid nanomaterial capable of forming stable aqueous dispersions in saline solutions. The functionalization was achieved under mild conditions, yielding a hybrid with approximately 53 ± 2.5 wt% PEI, estimated from the thermogravimetric residues of GO, PEI, and GO–PEI using a linear mixing model, which shows enhanced thermal stability and a significantly altered surface chemistry. This estimation assumes linear additivity of residues, which may be affected by crosslinking or differing char formation between components. Therefore, the obtained value should be considered an approximation. Furthermore, the colloidal stability was greatly enhanced as observed through a thorough evaluation across different salt types, concentrations (50–500 ppm), and ionic strengths (0.0–3.0), revealing that GO–PEI dispersions exhibited high colloidal stability up to 21 days even at ionic strengths as high as 3.0, outperforming pristine GO. The positive surface charge and steric hindrance provided by the PEI chains were key to preventing aggregation, even under harsh conditions. This work introduces a straightforward strategy to extend the applicability of GO in highly saline media, offering significant potential for technological and environmental applications where nanomaterial dispersion stability is crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121095"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoporous carbon-nitride covalent organic frameworks (CN-COFs) represent an emerging class of nanomaterials with tunable architectures and scalable synthesis routes. Recent advances introduced four novel CN-COFs nanosheets, featuring hybrid benzene/s-triazine cores. Using these advances as a foundation, we designed four CN-COFs with identical structures but slightly different chemistry. We evaluated structural stability, electronic/optical properties, mechanical strength, and thermal transport using a hybrid approach combining density functional theory (DFT) and machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). Complex stable atomic configurations, along with thermal and mechanical properties, were efficiently identified using MLIPs, while electronic and optical properties were accurately analyzed through single-step DFT calculations. Structurally, four frameworks exhibit Kagome lattice symmetry, hosting unique electronic features like flat and Dirac bands, while corrugated configurations induce modified band structures. These semiconductors display band gaps ranging from 2.73 to 3.72 eV, allowing strong photon absorption across the UV–visible spectrum and aligning well with water redox potentials, making them promising for optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications. Despite their highly porous nature, CN-COFs demonstrate impressive mechanical resilience, sustaining strain levels up to around 0.3 and tensile strengths exceeding 10 GPa, significantly surpassing conventional polymers. Crucially, we demonstrate that fine-tuning the chemistry of the linkages allows for the occurrence of significan out-of-plane corrugations, resulting in ultralow lattice thermal conductivity, which is particularly attractive for thermoelectric and thermal insulating applications. Our comprehensive findings confirm the stability, mechanical robustness, ultralow thermal conductivity and appealing semiconducting nature of CN-COFs, highlighting their application prospects in flexible, high-performance optoelectronics and energy storage and conversion systems.
{"title":"Machine learning-assisted first-principles study of structural, electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of novel s-triazine-based organic framework monolayers","authors":"Bohayra Mortazavi , Fazel Shojaei , Masoud Shahrokhi , Xiaoying Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoporous carbon-nitride covalent organic frameworks (CN-COFs) represent an emerging class of nanomaterials with tunable architectures and scalable synthesis routes. Recent advances introduced four novel CN-COFs nanosheets, featuring hybrid benzene/s-triazine cores. Using these advances as a foundation, we designed four CN-COFs with identical structures but slightly different chemistry. We evaluated structural stability, electronic/optical properties, mechanical strength, and thermal transport using a hybrid approach combining density functional theory (DFT) and machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). Complex stable atomic configurations, along with thermal and mechanical properties, were efficiently identified using MLIPs, while electronic and optical properties were accurately analyzed through single-step DFT calculations. Structurally, four frameworks exhibit Kagome lattice symmetry, hosting unique electronic features like flat and Dirac bands, while corrugated configurations induce modified band structures. These semiconductors display band gaps ranging from 2.73 to 3.72 eV, allowing strong photon absorption across the UV–visible spectrum and aligning well with water redox potentials, making them promising for optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications. Despite their highly porous nature, CN-COFs demonstrate impressive mechanical resilience, sustaining strain levels up to around 0.3 and tensile strengths exceeding 10 GPa, significantly surpassing conventional polymers. Crucially, we demonstrate that fine-tuning the chemistry of the linkages allows for the occurrence of significan out-of-plane corrugations, resulting in ultralow lattice thermal conductivity, which is particularly attractive for thermoelectric and thermal insulating applications. Our comprehensive findings confirm the stability, mechanical robustness, ultralow thermal conductivity and appealing semiconducting nature of CN-COFs, highlighting their application prospects in flexible, high-performance optoelectronics and energy storage and conversion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121092"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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