Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120119
Jongyun Choi , Seonhui Choi , Sei-Min Park , Jung-Chul An , Hai Woong Park , Ji Chul Jung , Inchan Yang
This study aims to develop an environmentally friendly process for recycling ECS dust (dust collected through the Emission Control System), a waste product generated in steel manufacturing, into high-purity graphite for lithium-ion batteries. Although ECS dust is primarily composed of carbon derived from coke, its low purity limits its use as a raw material. To address this limitation, we developed a process that converts ECS dust into high-quality graphite using a sustainable and economically viable approach that avoids harmful chemicals, thereby enhancing industrial applicability. Through the process we developed, we successfully produced high-quality graphite with a high degree of graphitization of 93 %. Additionally, we conducted half-cell and full-cell tests using electrodes with high mass loading that incorporate SiOx, aligning with the current trends in secondary battery technology. Our results demonstrated the recycling potential of ECS dust, anticipating prospective practical applications through experimental designs tailored to industrial processes.
{"title":"Eco-friendly recycling of coke waste: Transforming steel manufacturing waste into high-purity graphite for lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Jongyun Choi , Seonhui Choi , Sei-Min Park , Jung-Chul An , Hai Woong Park , Ji Chul Jung , Inchan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to develop an environmentally friendly process for recycling ECS dust (dust collected through the Emission Control System), a waste product generated in steel manufacturing, into high-purity graphite for lithium-ion batteries. Although ECS dust is primarily composed of carbon derived from coke, its low purity limits its use as a raw material. To address this limitation, we developed a process that converts ECS dust into high-quality graphite using a sustainable and economically viable approach that avoids harmful chemicals, thereby enhancing industrial applicability. Through the process we developed, we successfully produced high-quality graphite with a high degree of graphitization of 93 %. Additionally, we conducted half-cell and full-cell tests using electrodes with high mass loading that incorporate SiO<sub>x</sub>, aligning with the current trends in secondary battery technology. Our results demonstrated the recycling potential of ECS dust, anticipating prospective practical applications through experimental designs tailored to industrial processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120119"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hierarchical porous carbons (HPC) are considered as promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage showing a synergistic effect of different length-scale pores. However, the porous structure with large aperture reduces the density of the material and thus the low volumetric performances, limiting their applications in compact energy storage. Here, we employ a simple surfactant-mediated crosslinking strategy during the phenolic resin sol-gel process to achieve hierarchical but dense porous carbon materials. Increasing the surfactant/resorcinol ratio helps to diminish the particle size of network building units, thus leading to the decrease network-originated nanopores. The screened high-density hierarchical porous carbon (HD-HPC) demonstrates downsized mesopores to 10 nm, apart from the tremendous micropores generated by oxygen-assisted carbonization. When used as cathode materials in zinc-ion hybrid capacitors, HD-HPC has a 3.2 times higher volumetric capacitance, as compared to low-density HPC with larger network pores of around 40 nm. Meanwhile, HD-HPC exhibits an excellent long cycle life of 8000 cycles at 10 A g−1 with negligible capacity loss and the rate performance exceeds commercial microporous carbon YP-50. Considering the low cost and simplicity of the proposed process, this work may provide new avenues for the structural design and practical application of dense yet porous carbon materials towards compact energy storage.
{"title":"Hierarchical porous yet dense phenolic resin-based carbons for enhanced volumetric capacitances in zinc-ion hybrid capacitors","authors":"Tong Li, Yongwei Pei, Xinren Zhang, Dengke Liu, Xu Peng, Jiaying Yang, Jiangan Wang, Fei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hierarchical porous carbons (HPC) are considered as promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage showing a synergistic effect of different length-scale pores. However, the porous structure with large aperture reduces the density of the material and thus the low volumetric performances, limiting their applications in compact energy storage. Here, we employ a simple surfactant-mediated crosslinking strategy during the phenolic resin sol-gel process to achieve hierarchical but dense porous carbon materials. Increasing the surfactant/resorcinol ratio helps to diminish the particle size of network building units, thus leading to the decrease network-originated nanopores. The screened high-density hierarchical porous carbon (HD-HPC) demonstrates downsized mesopores to 10 nm, apart from the tremendous micropores generated by oxygen-assisted carbonization. When used as cathode materials in zinc-ion hybrid capacitors, HD-HPC has a 3.2 times higher volumetric capacitance, as compared to low-density HPC with larger network pores of around 40 nm. Meanwhile, HD-HPC exhibits an excellent long cycle life of 8000 cycles at 10 A g<sup>−1</sup> with negligible capacity loss and the rate performance exceeds commercial microporous carbon YP-50. Considering the low cost and simplicity of the proposed process, this work may provide new avenues for the structural design and practical application of dense yet porous carbon materials towards compact energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120107"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120103
Chen Han , Qi Zheng , Kun Xiang , Min Zhang , Mao-Sheng Cao
An in situ self-assembly strategy for core-shell nanostructures in a nanofiber is proposed to tailor the electromagnetic attenuation performance of cobalt-carbon heterogeneous materials. Due to the atomic step induction on the surface of the cobalt nanoparticles and the interaction of the cobalt electron orbitals with the unsaturated sp2 orbitals of the graphitized structure island, self-assembly of the shell initiates by incorporating carbon atoms. With the process of self-assembly, electron transport channels and heterogeneous interfaces can be tailored to synergistically modulate the conductivity and polarization relaxation. Combining the dual modulating effect, impedance matching and electromagnetic attenuation performance can be dominated. As a result, an optimal reflection loss (RL) of −50.3 dB and shielding effectiveness (SE) of 32.4 dB are obtained, demonstrating the versatility and adjustability of the nanofiber. This work provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between crystal engineering and electromagnetic properties of the core-shell nanomaterials.
{"title":"Self-assembly of one-dimensional cobalt-carbon to turn dielectric properties for electromagnetic attenuation","authors":"Chen Han , Qi Zheng , Kun Xiang , Min Zhang , Mao-Sheng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An in situ self-assembly strategy for core-shell nanostructures in a nanofiber is proposed to tailor the electromagnetic attenuation performance of cobalt-carbon heterogeneous materials. Due to the atomic step induction on the surface of the cobalt nanoparticles and the interaction of the cobalt electron orbitals with the unsaturated <em>sp</em><sup>2</sup> orbitals of the graphitized structure island, self-assembly of the shell initiates by incorporating carbon atoms. With the process of self-assembly, electron transport channels and heterogeneous interfaces can be tailored to synergistically modulate the conductivity and polarization relaxation. Combining the dual modulating effect, impedance matching and electromagnetic attenuation performance can be dominated. As a result, an optimal reflection loss (RL) of −50.3 dB and shielding effectiveness (SE) of 32.4 dB are obtained, demonstrating the versatility and adjustability of the nanofiber. This work provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between crystal engineering and electromagnetic properties of the core-shell nanomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120103"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120108
Daria Belotcerkovtceva , Gopal Datt , Henry Nameirakpam , Aisuluu Aitkulova , Nattakarn Suntornwipat , Saman Majdi , Jan Isberg , M. Venkata Kamalakar
The high current-carrying capacity of graphene is essential for its use as an interconnect in electronic and spintronic circuits. At the same time, knowing the breakdown limits and mechanism under high fields can enable new device design strategies. In this work, we push the current carrying capacity of the scalable form of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene employing a high-thermal conducting single crystalline diamond substrate. Our experiments on CVD graphene reveal extremely high current densities > 109 A/cm2 in graphene on the diamond with both ohmic (low-resistive) and tunneling (high-resistive) contacts. Measurements on ferromagnetic (TiOx/Co) and metallic (Ti/Au) contacts demonstrate current densities of ∼1.16 × 109 A/cm2 and ∼1.7 × 109 A/cm2, respectively. The tunnel (high-resistive) contacts exhibit a shunting of graphene under high currents via the bottom graphitized diamond, resulting in dielectric breakdown and via alternative conducting paths. Electrical measurements show a distinct threshold for conducting paths of graphitized diamond, in tune accordance with Middleton-Wingreen's theory. Our results of high current densities achieved in CVD graphene, with distinct dependence on ohmic and tunneling, contact resistance, and the observed breakdown mechanism, provide new insights for enabling high-current all carbon circuits.
{"title":"Extreme current density and breakdown mechanism in graphene on diamond substrate","authors":"Daria Belotcerkovtceva , Gopal Datt , Henry Nameirakpam , Aisuluu Aitkulova , Nattakarn Suntornwipat , Saman Majdi , Jan Isberg , M. Venkata Kamalakar","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high current-carrying capacity of graphene is essential for its use as an interconnect in electronic and spintronic circuits. At the same time, knowing the breakdown limits and mechanism under high fields can enable new device design strategies. In this work, we push the current carrying capacity of the scalable form of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene employing a high-thermal conducting single crystalline diamond substrate. Our experiments on CVD graphene reveal extremely high current densities > 10<sup>9</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> in graphene on the diamond with both ohmic (low-resistive) and tunneling (high-resistive) contacts. Measurements on ferromagnetic (TiO<sub>x</sub>/Co) and metallic (Ti/Au) contacts demonstrate current densities of ∼1.16 × 10<sup>9</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> and ∼1.7 × 10<sup>9</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The tunnel (high-resistive) contacts exhibit a shunting of graphene under high currents via the bottom graphitized diamond, resulting in dielectric breakdown and via alternative conducting paths. Electrical measurements show a distinct threshold for conducting paths of graphitized diamond, in tune accordance with Middleton-Wingreen's theory. Our results of high current densities achieved in CVD graphene, with distinct dependence on ohmic and tunneling, contact resistance, and the observed breakdown mechanism, provide new insights for enabling high-current all carbon circuits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 120108"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120109
Pengfei Wu , Rongxing Liu , Wenbo Li , Wei Zhang , Jiarui Wei , Qihang Zhou , Tie Wei , Arash Kardani , Zedong Lin , Yao Xiao , Mabao Liu
The inadequate bonding at the interface between graphene and the Cu matrix has significantly impeded the advancement of graphene-reinforced Cu matrix composites. In this study, Ti was introduced between the three-dimensional graphene network (GN) and the Cu matrix, which effectively strengthened the interfacial bonding by in-situ formation of CuxTiy compounds and TiC with both the Cu matrix and GN. Compared with the GN/Cu composites, the maximum strength and interface separation strain of the GN-TiC-CuxTiy/Cu (GT/Cu) composites are enhanced by 40 % and 275 %, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the strengthening mechanism of the GT/Cu composites. The results show that, the formation of Ti–C bonds, mechanical interlocking, and strong chemisorption significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion and stress transfer between GN and the matrix, delaying the nucleation and propagation of cracks. On the other hand, the metallic bonds formed between the CuxTiy layer and the Cu matrix further promote the stress transfer between the matrix and the reinforcement, and alleviate the stress concentration in the reinforcement part. In addition, the strengthened interface with dislocation blocking effectively enhances the load-bearing capacity of the Cu matrix. This study provides a new approach for the development of high-strength Cu matrix composites.
{"title":"Interface optimization by introducing Ti for strengthening graphene network/copper composites: New insight from MD simulations","authors":"Pengfei Wu , Rongxing Liu , Wenbo Li , Wei Zhang , Jiarui Wei , Qihang Zhou , Tie Wei , Arash Kardani , Zedong Lin , Yao Xiao , Mabao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inadequate bonding at the interface between graphene and the Cu matrix has significantly impeded the advancement of graphene-reinforced Cu matrix composites. In this study, Ti was introduced between the three-dimensional graphene network (GN) and the Cu matrix, which effectively strengthened the interfacial bonding by in-situ formation of Cu<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>y</sub> compounds and TiC with both the Cu matrix and GN. Compared with the GN/Cu composites, the maximum strength and interface separation strain of the GN-TiC-Cu<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>y</sub>/Cu (GT/Cu) composites are enhanced by 40 % and 275 %, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the strengthening mechanism of the GT/Cu composites. The results show that, the formation of Ti–C bonds, mechanical interlocking, and strong chemisorption significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion and stress transfer between GN and the matrix, delaying the nucleation and propagation of cracks. On the other hand, the metallic bonds formed between the Cu<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>y</sub> layer and the Cu matrix further promote the stress transfer between the matrix and the reinforcement, and alleviate the stress concentration in the reinforcement part. In addition, the strengthened interface with dislocation blocking effectively enhances the load-bearing capacity of the Cu matrix. This study provides a new approach for the development of high-strength Cu matrix composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120109"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120106
Wan-Jing Yu , Jing Wang , Fan Liu , Yuxuan Cao , Bochuan Deng , Jian Li , Hong Xie , Jiafeng Zhang , Hui Tong , Chaoping Liang
Lithium-metal is seen as a perfect anode for upcoming rechargeable batteries. However, unchecked formation of lithium-dendrites poses a risk of puncturing the separator, potentially leading to thermal runaway. Additionally, lithium-metal anodes experience significant volume changes during cycling, a consequence of their “host-free” nature. To tackle these challenges, we have designed a sulfur/nitrogen co-doped graphene-based carbon-skeleton interlaced with multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (S/N-rGO/MWCNTs), serving as a self-supporting 3D current-collector for lithium-metal anodes. The S/N doping significantly enhances the lithiophilic properties of the graphene-based carbon materials, thereby promoting the even distribution of lithium-metal deposition, which is verified by density functional theory computational analysis and microscopy observation. As-obtained graphene-based skeleton material can inhibit the growth of lithium-dendrites by modulating local current density over the electrode. Consequently, the S/N-rGO/MWCNTs have demonstrated remarkable charge/discharge performance featuring elevated Coulombic efficiency of 96.8 % at 1 mA cm−2 for 1 mAh cm−2 and 94.9 % at 3 mA cm−2 for 1 mAh cm−2 over 500 cycles, respectively. The symmetrical batteries showcased a remarkable cycling life of approximately 1200 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2 with minimal polarization (∼12 mV). This innovative S/N-rGO/MWCNT current-collector with enhanced performance marks a notable progress in lithium-metal anode technology.
{"title":"Self-supporting heteroatomic S/N co-doped carbon scaffold for robust lithium metal anodes","authors":"Wan-Jing Yu , Jing Wang , Fan Liu , Yuxuan Cao , Bochuan Deng , Jian Li , Hong Xie , Jiafeng Zhang , Hui Tong , Chaoping Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-metal is seen as a perfect anode for upcoming rechargeable batteries. However, unchecked formation of lithium-dendrites poses a risk of puncturing the separator, potentially leading to thermal runaway. Additionally, lithium-metal anodes experience significant volume changes during cycling, a consequence of their “host-free” nature. To tackle these challenges, we have designed a sulfur/nitrogen co-doped graphene-based carbon-skeleton interlaced with multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (S/N-rGO/MWCNTs), serving as a self-supporting 3D current-collector for lithium-metal anodes. The S/N doping significantly enhances the lithiophilic properties of the graphene-based carbon materials, thereby promoting the even distribution of lithium-metal deposition, which is verified by density functional theory computational analysis and microscopy observation. As-obtained graphene-based skeleton material can inhibit the growth of lithium-dendrites by modulating local current density over the electrode. Consequently, the S/N-rGO/MWCNTs have demonstrated remarkable charge/discharge performance featuring elevated Coulombic efficiency of 96.8 % at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> and 94.9 % at 3 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> for 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> over 500 cycles, respectively. The symmetrical batteries showcased a remarkable cycling life of approximately 1200 h at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> with minimal polarization (∼12 mV). This innovative S/N-rGO/MWCNT current-collector with enhanced performance marks a notable progress in lithium-metal anode technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120106"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120080
Eunseo Jeon, Haneum Kim, Yeeun Song, Doojin Lee
This study explores silicon (Si) as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity, but its significant volume expansion during lithiation causes mechanical degradation and capacity loss. While nano-sized Si particles help reduce this expansion, they are prone to aggregation and increased side reactions. To address these issues, we incorporated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to enhance electrical conductivity and provide mechanical reinforcement. SWCNTs form a wrapping effect around Si particles, alleviating volume expansion and maintaining electrode integrity. By optimizing the combination of nano- and micro-sized Si particles, we achieved high capacity and improved cycling stability. A microrheological model was used to predict the rheological behavior of Si-SWCNT anode slurries, and enhanced surface adhesion on the electrode was observed, driven by increased capillary pressure and surface tension forces.
{"title":"Rheological modeling and optimization of Si-SWCNT anode slurry coatings for enhanced capacity and stability in lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Eunseo Jeon, Haneum Kim, Yeeun Song, Doojin Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores silicon (Si) as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity, but its significant volume expansion during lithiation causes mechanical degradation and capacity loss. While nano-sized Si particles help reduce this expansion, they are prone to aggregation and increased side reactions. To address these issues, we incorporated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to enhance electrical conductivity and provide mechanical reinforcement. SWCNTs form a wrapping effect around Si particles, alleviating volume expansion and maintaining electrode integrity. By optimizing the combination of nano- and micro-sized Si particles, we achieved high capacity and improved cycling stability. A microrheological model was used to predict the rheological behavior of Si-SWCNT anode slurries, and enhanced surface adhesion on the electrode was observed, driven by increased capillary pressure and surface tension forces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120080"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120104
Hao Yu , Jiajia Dai , Chi Zhang , Liquan Jiang , Weilin Xu
Twisting can enhance the interaction forces between fibers in bundles, improving the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites. This study employs the thermosetting method to fabricate pre-twisted carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The effects of twist on resin impregnation were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by measuring the contact angle and analyzing thermogravimetric data. The torsional strength and modulus of CFRP were measured using a customized torsion testing apparatus to study its torsional behavior. Additionally, finite element analysis was conducted to examine the mechanical characteristics of varying twist levels (0–300 T/m) under the combined effects of tension and torsion, elucidating the reinforcement mechanism of twisting in fiber-reinforced composites. The results indicate that pre-twisted CFRP exhibits distinctly different behavioral characteristics during anti- and clockwise torsion. The composite with 100 T/m twist exhibits the highest clockwise torsional strength (1608 MPa), which is twice that of untwisted CFRP; The 300 T/m CFRP achieves an anticlockwise torsional angle of 18,000° (three times that of untwisted CFRP) and exhibits unique stability over a broad range. The experimental results and theoretical models presented in this study offer valuable guidance for enhancing the mechanical properties of twisted carbon fiber composites under torsional loading conditions.
{"title":"Pre-twisted carbon fibers reinforced polymer composites and the unique clockwise and counterclockwise torsion behaviors","authors":"Hao Yu , Jiajia Dai , Chi Zhang , Liquan Jiang , Weilin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Twisting can enhance the interaction forces between fibers in bundles, improving the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites. This study employs the thermosetting method to fabricate pre-twisted carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The effects of twist on resin impregnation were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by measuring the contact angle and analyzing thermogravimetric data. The torsional strength and modulus of CFRP were measured using a customized torsion testing apparatus to study its torsional behavior. Additionally, finite element analysis was conducted to examine the mechanical characteristics of varying twist levels (0–300 T/m) under the combined effects of tension and torsion, elucidating the reinforcement mechanism of twisting in fiber-reinforced composites. The results indicate that pre-twisted CFRP exhibits distinctly different behavioral characteristics during anti- and clockwise torsion. The composite with 100 T/m twist exhibits the highest clockwise torsional strength (1608 MPa), which is twice that of untwisted CFRP; The 300 T/m CFRP achieves an anticlockwise torsional angle of 18,000° (three times that of untwisted CFRP) and exhibits unique stability over a broad range. The experimental results and theoretical models presented in this study offer valuable guidance for enhancing the mechanical properties of twisted carbon fiber composites under torsional loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120104"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multifunctional pressure sensing aerogels are essential for flexible wearable devices, and the microstructure directly affects the macroscopic properties of the aerogels. To obtain the graphene aerogel with a multilayer cross-linked pore structure, the aerogel skeleton was constructed using the foam template method and the compression annealing graphene aerogel (CAGA) was further fabricated via the compression annealing process. Finally, the thermoplastic polyurethane composite graphene aerogel (TPU/CAGA) was successfully obtained, endowing it with excellent comprehensive properties. The TPU/CAGA exhibited high electrical conductivity of 26.4 S/m and exceptional super-elasticity. The pressure sensor based on TPU/CAGA demonstrated high sensitivity (12.5 kPa⁻1), making it suitable for the detection of human physiological signals. Excitingly, the sensor array based on TPU/CAGA can perceive the direction and magnitude of the dynamic force in combination with the time dimension, and can present significantly different resistance signals for forces with different moving trajectories, realizing the recognition of writing traces. Additionally, its outstanding Joule heating performance and electromagnetic shielding property meet the requirements for multifunctional applications in cold outdoor environments. This study proposes a simple and intriguing strategy for pressure-sensing aerogel with significant application potential in the field of wearable devices.
{"title":"Super-elastic and multifunctional graphene aerogels with multilayer cross-linked pore structure for dynamic force sensing arrays","authors":"Wenting Zhang, Shilin Liu, Xiaoyu Liang, Jingzong He, Yonggen Lu, Qilin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multifunctional pressure sensing aerogels are essential for flexible wearable devices, and the microstructure directly affects the macroscopic properties of the aerogels. To obtain the graphene aerogel with a multilayer cross-linked pore structure, the aerogel skeleton was constructed using the foam template method and the compression annealing graphene aerogel (CAGA) was further fabricated via the compression annealing process. Finally, the thermoplastic polyurethane composite graphene aerogel (TPU/CAGA) was successfully obtained, endowing it with excellent comprehensive properties. The TPU/CAGA exhibited high electrical conductivity of 26.4 S/m and exceptional super-elasticity. The pressure sensor based on TPU/CAGA demonstrated high sensitivity (12.5 kPa⁻<sup>1</sup>), making it suitable for the detection of human physiological signals. Excitingly, the sensor array based on TPU/CAGA can perceive the direction and magnitude of the dynamic force in combination with the time dimension, and can present significantly different resistance signals for forces with different moving trajectories, realizing the recognition of writing traces. Additionally, its outstanding Joule heating performance and electromagnetic shielding property meet the requirements for multifunctional applications in cold outdoor environments. This study proposes a simple and intriguing strategy for pressure-sensing aerogel with significant application potential in the field of wearable devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 120105"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120082
Bharat Nayak, Bhanu Vardhan Reddy Kuncharam
This study investigates the development of three-dimensional (3D) Self-Assembled Graphene (SAG) and its potential as a filler material in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for efficient CO₂ separation. SAG was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal treatment of graphene oxide (GO). Additionally, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized via chemical reduction of GO and tested alongside SAG and GO as filler materials in cellulose acetate (CA) based MMMs. Structural and gas separation properties of SAG, rGO, and GO-based MMMs were compared to identify the superior material for CO₂ separation applications. Model biogas 40 % CO2 and 60 % CH4 is used for gas permeation testing. Characterization techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were employed to evaluate the structural and thermal properties of the fillers and membranes. Gas permeation studies revealed that MMMs containing SAG exhibited superior CO₂ separation performance compared to rGO and GO-based membranes. The 1 % SAG/CA MMMs showed highest CO2 permeability of 50.96 Barrers which is approximately 364 % higher than pure CA membrane, 178 % higher than GO based MMMs, and 133 % higher than rGO based MMMs.
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