Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121350
Yuguang He , Sijia Hao , Yubin Chen , Junpeng Tian , Shuangqiang Shi , Jing Xu , Mengyu Zhou , Cheng Yang
The rapid advancement of wireless communication and radar technologies has intensified the demand for effective electromagnetic protection. While high-performance microwave absorbing materials offer a potential solution, they often face challenges in simultaneously achieving lightweight, broadband, and strong absorption properties, along with issues of high cost and complex fabrication processes. In this study, we address this challenge by employing water-soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a precursor to efficiently produce self-doped polymer-derived porous carbon (PDPC) via a simple template-assisted pyrolysis. The optimized PDPC sample, at an ultralow filler loading of 5 wt%, exhibits outstanding absorption: a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −63.32 dB at 2.99 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.22 GHz, fully covering the Ku-band. At 3.82 mm, its EAB entirely spans the X-band. Radar cross-section (RCS) simulations further demonstrate its practical potential, showing a maximum RCS reduction of 31.36 dB m2 and efficient wide-angle attenuation. This study elucidates the component evolution pathways and electromagnetic wave loss mechanisms of the optimized PDPC samples. This work provides a novel route for fabricating high-performance microwave absorbing materials that are lightweight, low-cost, and scalable in production.
无线通信和雷达技术的飞速发展，加大了对有效电磁防护的需求。虽然高性能微波吸收材料提供了一种潜在的解决方案，但它们往往面临着同时实现轻量化、宽带和强吸收性能的挑战，以及高成本和复杂制造工艺的问题。在这项研究中，我们通过采用水溶性聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）作为前体，通过简单的模板辅助热解有效地生产自掺杂聚合物衍生多孔碳（PDPC）来解决这一挑战。优化后的PDPC样品，在5 wt%的超低填充量下，具有出色的吸收性能：在2.99 mm处，最小反射损耗（RLmin）为- 63.32 dB，有效吸收带宽（EAB）为7.22 GHz，完全覆盖ku波段。在3.82毫米，它的EAB完全跨越x波段。雷达横截面（RCS）仿真进一步证明了它的实用潜力，显示最大RCS降低31.36 dB m2和有效的广角衰减。本研究阐明了优化后的PDPC样品的组分演化途径和电磁波损耗机理。这项工作为制造轻质、低成本、可扩展的高性能微波吸收材料提供了一条新途径。
{"title":"Self-doped polymer-derived hierarchical porous carbon for broadband microwave absorption","authors":"Yuguang He , Sijia Hao , Yubin Chen , Junpeng Tian , Shuangqiang Shi , Jing Xu , Mengyu Zhou , Cheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of wireless communication and radar technologies has intensified the demand for effective electromagnetic protection. While high-performance microwave absorbing materials offer a potential solution, they often face challenges in simultaneously achieving lightweight, broadband, and strong absorption properties, along with issues of high cost and complex fabrication processes. In this study, we address this challenge by employing water-soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a precursor to efficiently produce self-doped polymer-derived porous carbon (PDPC) via a simple template-assisted pyrolysis. The optimized PDPC sample, at an ultralow filler loading of 5 wt%, exhibits outstanding absorption: a minimum reflection loss (<em>RL</em><sub>min</sub>) of −63.32 dB at 2.99 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.22 GHz, fully covering the Ku-band. At 3.82 mm, its EAB entirely spans the X-band. Radar cross-section (RCS) simulations further demonstrate its practical potential, showing a maximum RCS reduction of 31.36 dB m<sup>2</sup> and efficient wide-angle attenuation. This study elucidates the component evolution pathways and electromagnetic wave loss mechanisms of the optimized PDPC samples. This work provides a novel route for fabricating high-performance microwave absorbing materials that are lightweight, low-cost, and scalable in production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121350"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121348
Tianqi Hou , Yan Zhang , Zirui Jia , Di Lan , Guanglei Wu
Designing efficient electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials requires a balance between impedance matching and the synergy of multiple absorption mechanisms. MXene exhibits excellent metallic properties, but its inherent high conductivity and easily stackable structural characteristics limit its EMW absorption performance. Herein, we have developed a method that synergistically combines coaxial electrospinning and the microemulsion method. Under the collaborative design of a hollow porous fiber network and multiple heterogeneous interfaces, a composite CNFs material with internal hollow and outer porous characteristics has been constructed. The custom-made hollow porous MXene/ZrTiO4/CNFs (HMZTC), benefiting from the unique structural design of internal hollow channels and outer porous shells, as well as the construction of multi-level heterogeneous interfaces, can effectively promote the dissipation of EMW. At an ultra-low loading rate of 3 wt%, the minimum reflection loss is −53.12 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 8.08 GHz. This study emphasizes the structural design of lightweight CNFs composites and provides new ideas for the next generation of EMW absorbing materials.
{"title":"Heterointerface engineering of carbon nanofibers with hollow porous structure for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption","authors":"Tianqi Hou , Yan Zhang , Zirui Jia , Di Lan , Guanglei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing efficient electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials requires a balance between impedance matching and the synergy of multiple absorption mechanisms. MXene exhibits excellent metallic properties, but its inherent high conductivity and easily stackable structural characteristics limit its EMW absorption performance. Herein, we have developed a method that synergistically combines coaxial electrospinning and the microemulsion method. Under the collaborative design of a hollow porous fiber network and multiple heterogeneous interfaces, a composite CNFs material with internal hollow and outer porous characteristics has been constructed. The custom-made hollow porous MXene/ZrTiO<sub>4</sub>/CNFs (HMZTC), benefiting from the unique structural design of internal hollow channels and outer porous shells, as well as the construction of multi-level heterogeneous interfaces, can effectively promote the dissipation of EMW. At an ultra-low loading rate of 3 wt%, the minimum reflection loss is −53.12 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 8.08 GHz. This study emphasizes the structural design of lightweight CNFs composites and provides new ideas for the next generation of EMW absorbing materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121348"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121351
Chun Wang , Juntao Du , Tianjin Li , Zexuan Zou , Jiale He , Kun Cao , Yiyao Zhang , Kedong Song
Pre-oxidation is the most common method for preparing hard carbon anodes through pitch modification. However, the molecular-level design of pitch structures capable of achieving high-degree oxygen cross-linking remains inadequate. In this study, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was used as a molecular cross-linking agent. Through the condensation reaction between its aldehyde groups and active sites in pitch (phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ring side chains), multiple small-molecular-weight aromatic hydrocarbons in pitch were connected via C–O, C–C, or C(O)–O bonds. This design constructed a three-dimensional network structure of modified pitch, enabling more efficient and thorough oxidative cross-linking. A large amount of C(O)–O groups generated during pre-oxidation inhibits the melting and rearrangement of pitch molecules, forming pitch-derived hard carbon with large interlayer spacing, high disorder, and abundant closed-pore structures. CLMP15-HC with 15% cross-linking agent exhibits a reversible capacity of 338.44 mAh/g at 30 mA/g and an ICE of 85.38%, both higher than those of MP-HC without a cross-linking agent (217.28 mAh/g, 77.90%). Based on the positive correlation between the structure of hard carbon and its sodium storage performance, oxygen-containing functional groups play a key role in constructing a suitable structure for sodium storage. Benefiting from the cross-linking-induced disorder and closed-pore structure, CLMP15-HC exhibits fast sodium storage kinetics and charge transfer efficiency, demonstrating outstanding rate performance (reversible capacity of 207 mAh/g at 3 A/g). The molecular cross-linking strategy proposed in this study for regulating pitch-derived hard carbon structure provides a new insight for designing appropriate pre-oxidation structures of pitch.
{"title":"Two-step directional cross-linking of pitch driving microcrystal reconstruction of hard carbon for high-rate sodium storage","authors":"Chun Wang , Juntao Du , Tianjin Li , Zexuan Zou , Jiale He , Kun Cao , Yiyao Zhang , Kedong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-oxidation is the most common method for preparing hard carbon anodes through pitch modification. However, the molecular-level design of pitch structures capable of achieving high-degree oxygen cross-linking remains inadequate. In this study, <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzaldehyde was used as a molecular cross-linking agent. Through the condensation reaction between its aldehyde groups and active sites in pitch (phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ring side chains), multiple small-molecular-weight aromatic hydrocarbons in pitch were connected via C–O, C–C, or C(O)–O bonds. This design constructed a three-dimensional network structure of modified pitch, enabling more efficient and thorough oxidative cross-linking. A large amount of C(O)–O groups generated during pre-oxidation inhibits the melting and rearrangement of pitch molecules, forming pitch-derived hard carbon with large interlayer spacing, high disorder, and abundant closed-pore structures. CLMP15-HC with 15% cross-linking agent exhibits a reversible capacity of 338.44 mAh/g at 30 mA/g and an ICE of 85.38%, both higher than those of MP-HC without a cross-linking agent (217.28 mAh/g, 77.90%). Based on the positive correlation between the structure of hard carbon and its sodium storage performance, oxygen-containing functional groups play a key role in constructing a suitable structure for sodium storage. Benefiting from the cross-linking-induced disorder and closed-pore structure, CLMP15-HC exhibits fast sodium storage kinetics and charge transfer efficiency, demonstrating outstanding rate performance (reversible capacity of 207 mAh/g at 3 A/g). The molecular cross-linking strategy proposed in this study for regulating pitch-derived hard carbon structure provides a new insight for designing appropriate pre-oxidation structures of pitch.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121351"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121326
Xiaogu Huang , Wenjie Cong , Yu Chen , Bin Quan
Electromagnetic wave absorbing and shielding materials are crucial for addressing complex electromagnetic environments. However, achieving controllable switching of these functions within a single material system remains challenging. This work proposes a synergistic strategy, "precursor cross-linking degree regulation and gradient carbonization," to achieve a directional transition from electromagnetic wave absorption to shielding in melamine-formaldehyde resin/carbon fiber composites. Research indicates that the cross-linking degree of the precursor determines the topological structure of the hard carbon network after carbonization. In contrast, the carbonization temperature drives the evolution of the conductive network from a discrete "defect/interface polarization-dominated" mode to a continuous "graphitization conduction-dominated" mode. At 600 °C, the material exhibits excellent wave absorption performance (with a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of up to 4.56 GHz at 1.5 mm). When the temperature reaches 800 °C, the material transforms into an efficient electromagnetic shield, with CAM900 exhibiting a shielding effectiveness greater than 60 dB in the Ku band (12.36–18.00 GHz). By elucidating the structure–property relationships among chemical structure, microstructure, conductive network, and electromagnetic response, this work offers new insights and a theoretical foundation for designing electromagnetic protection materials.
{"title":"Conductive network reconstruction driven by carbonization: Enabling the transition of hard carbon from electromagnetic wave absorption to shielding","authors":"Xiaogu Huang , Wenjie Cong , Yu Chen , Bin Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic wave absorbing and shielding materials are crucial for addressing complex electromagnetic environments. However, achieving controllable switching of these functions within a single material system remains challenging. This work proposes a synergistic strategy, \"precursor cross-linking degree regulation and gradient carbonization,\" to achieve a directional transition from electromagnetic wave absorption to shielding in melamine-formaldehyde resin/carbon fiber composites. Research indicates that the cross-linking degree of the precursor determines the topological structure of the hard carbon network after carbonization. In contrast, the carbonization temperature drives the evolution of the conductive network from a discrete \"defect/interface polarization-dominated\" mode to a continuous \"graphitization conduction-dominated\" mode. At 600 °C, the material exhibits excellent wave absorption performance (with a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of up to 4.56 GHz at 1.5 mm). When the temperature reaches 800 °C, the material transforms into an efficient electromagnetic shield, with CAM900 exhibiting a shielding effectiveness greater than 60 dB in the Ku band (12.36–18.00 GHz). By elucidating the structure–property relationships among chemical structure, microstructure, conductive network, and electromagnetic response, this work offers new insights and a theoretical foundation for designing electromagnetic protection materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121326"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121357
Zirui Jia , Zhiqiang Guo , Hui Ma , Di Lan , Guanglei Wu
Clarifying how polymetallic cation doping regulates polarization mechanisms is a key scientific challenge in the design of high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. Herein, a Sb3+/Mo6+ co-doping strategy is proposed to elucidate the cooperative effects of multi-cation interactions on vacancy formation, interfacial charge redistribution, and impedance matching. ZnCo-MOF-derived ZnS/Sb2S3/Co2Mo3O8@C heterostructures were constructed via hydrothermal doping followed by gas-phase sulfidation. Structural analyses reveal that Sb3+ induces lattice distortion and vacancy defects to strengthen dipole polarization, while high-valence Mo6+ promotes charge trapping and interfacial polarization. Density functional theory calculations confirm strong electronic coupling and built-in electric fields at heterogeneous interfaces, facilitating polarization relaxation. Benefiting from synergistic vacancy engineering and interfacial polarization, the optimized sample exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −43.82 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.04 GHz. This work establishes a clear structure-polarization-absorption relationship in polymetallic cation-doped systems and provides a mechanistic guideline for rational EMW absorber design.
{"title":"Polymetallic cation doping induced vacancy engineering for synergistically enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption","authors":"Zirui Jia , Zhiqiang Guo , Hui Ma , Di Lan , Guanglei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying how polymetallic cation doping regulates polarization mechanisms is a key scientific challenge in the design of high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. Herein, a Sb<sup>3+</sup>/Mo<sup>6+</sup> co-doping strategy is proposed to elucidate the cooperative effects of multi-cation interactions on vacancy formation, interfacial charge redistribution, and impedance matching. ZnCo-MOF-derived ZnS/Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/Co<sub>2</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>@C heterostructures were constructed via hydrothermal doping followed by gas-phase sulfidation. Structural analyses reveal that Sb<sup>3+</sup> induces lattice distortion and vacancy defects to strengthen dipole polarization, while high-valence Mo<sup>6+</sup> promotes charge trapping and interfacial polarization. Density functional theory calculations confirm strong electronic coupling and built-in electric fields at heterogeneous interfaces, facilitating polarization relaxation. Benefiting from synergistic vacancy engineering and interfacial polarization, the optimized sample exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −43.82 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.04 GHz. This work establishes a clear structure-polarization-absorption relationship in polymetallic cation-doped systems and provides a mechanistic guideline for rational EMW absorber design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121357"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121356
Dougal G. McCulloch , Alan G. Salek , Brenton A. Cook , Thomas B. Shiell , Bianca Haberl , Reinhard Boehler , David R. McKenzie , Jodie E. Bradby
Understanding the phase diagram of carbon is challenging due to large energy barriers between phases and the presence of extensive metastability fields. We examine the phase composition and microstructure in the poorly understood region of the pressure-temperature diagram from the vicinity of the graphite-diamond-liquid triple point up to pressures of ∼35 GPa using flash laser heating of glassy carbon. Consistent with previous studies of the carbon phase diagram, above the triple point pressure (at ∼11 GPa) and temperatures below ∼2000 K, the graphite to diamond transformation was inhibited. Above this temperature and above the triple point pressure, a graphite/diamond nanocomposite was observed, arising from a partial transformation to diamond via solid state diffusion processes. As the pressure increased further to above ∼16 GPa, phase pure nanodiamonds were formed with crystal sizes down to ∼1 nm, depending on the temperature. At higher temperatures above the triple point pressure, clear evidence for melting was observed, resulting in the formation of larger diamond crystals, up to 0.5 μm in diameter consistent with growth from a liquid. Below the triple point pressure, glassy carbon gradually graphitizes up to the melting point of ∼5000 K, while above this temperature larger crystals with pillar-like morphology grow from the liquid phase. Our work demonstrates that the complex phase behaviour of carbon leads to a wide variety of microstructures in the vicinity of the graphite-diamond-liquid triple point including nanocomposites with crystallite sizes down to the nanoscale.
{"title":"The phase diagram of carbon investigated by flash laser heating of glassy carbon","authors":"Dougal G. McCulloch , Alan G. Salek , Brenton A. Cook , Thomas B. Shiell , Bianca Haberl , Reinhard Boehler , David R. McKenzie , Jodie E. Bradby","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the phase diagram of carbon is challenging due to large energy barriers between phases and the presence of extensive metastability fields. We examine the phase composition and microstructure in the poorly understood region of the pressure-temperature diagram from the vicinity of the graphite-diamond-liquid triple point up to pressures of ∼35 GPa using flash laser heating of glassy carbon. Consistent with previous studies of the carbon phase diagram, above the triple point pressure (at ∼11 GPa) and temperatures below ∼2000 K, the graphite to diamond transformation was inhibited. Above this temperature and above the triple point pressure, a graphite/diamond nanocomposite was observed, arising from a partial transformation to diamond via solid state diffusion processes. As the pressure increased further to above ∼16 GPa, phase pure nanodiamonds were formed with crystal sizes down to ∼1 nm, depending on the temperature. At higher temperatures above the triple point pressure, clear evidence for melting was observed, resulting in the formation of larger diamond crystals, up to 0.5 μm in diameter consistent with growth from a liquid. Below the triple point pressure, glassy carbon gradually graphitizes up to the melting point of ∼5000 K, while above this temperature larger crystals with pillar-like morphology grow from the liquid phase. Our work demonstrates that the complex phase behaviour of carbon leads to a wide variety of microstructures in the vicinity of the graphite-diamond-liquid triple point including nanocomposites with crystallite sizes down to the nanoscale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121356"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121309
Jaewon Jang , Eunchae Oh , Ye Eun Kim , Yanggeun Ju , Sung Bong Kang , See Hoon Lee , Cheol-Min Yang , Young-Hoon Kim , Junghoon Yang , Jungpil Kim
This study develops a tandem process for the direct conversion of CO2 into SWCNTs via sequential CO2 methanation and CH4 pyrolysis. The process integrates Step 1 (CO2→CH4 over 30 wt % Ni/SiO2) and Step 2 (CH4→CNTs over 1 wt % Fe-0.1 wt % Mo/MgO), by systematically varying the reaction temperature (T = 300–400 °C) and H2/CO2 ratio (4–8) in Step 1 to investigate their influence on CNT growth in Step 2. At low Step 1 temperatures (≤300 °C), CH4 formation was limited by low CO2 conversion, resulting no CNTs. At elevated Step 1 temperatures, the CO2 methanation pathway shifted from the formate to the CO route, leading to increased formation of CH4 and CO. This enhanced the CNT yield up to 79.1 wt % but reduced crystallinity and wall selectivity due to excessive carbon feedstock. Increasing H2/CO2 ratio led to residual H2, which disrupted CH4 pyrolysis equilibrium in Step 2, further degrading CNT crystallinity and yield. In particular, three types of CNT growth zones were identified: No CNTs zone (T < 300 °C), DWCNTs zone (T > 360 °C and H2/CO2 > 6), and SWCNTs zone (T ≤ 360 °C and H2/CO2 ≤ 6), revealing a reaction-property relationship governed by Step 1 reaction conditions. Building on these findings, a life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of the tandem process. The process exhibited a global warming potential of 10.58 kg CO2-eq lower than conventional CNT synthesis methods, with further reductions anticipated under renewable electricity input. These results demonstrate a sustainable and scalable route for producing high-value carbon materials directly from CO2.
{"title":"Unveiling the role of CO2 methanation toward single-walled carbon nanotubes synthesis through systematic optimization within a tandem process","authors":"Jaewon Jang , Eunchae Oh , Ye Eun Kim , Yanggeun Ju , Sung Bong Kang , See Hoon Lee , Cheol-Min Yang , Young-Hoon Kim , Junghoon Yang , Jungpil Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a tandem process for the direct conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> into SWCNTs via sequential CO<sub>2</sub> methanation and CH<sub>4</sub> pyrolysis. The process integrates Step 1 (CO<sub>2</sub>→CH<sub>4</sub> over 30 wt % Ni/SiO<sub>2</sub>) and Step 2 (CH<sub>4</sub>→CNTs over 1 wt % Fe-0.1 wt % Mo/MgO), by systematically varying the reaction temperature (T = 300–400 °C) and H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (4–8) in Step 1 to investigate their influence on CNT growth in Step 2. At low Step 1 temperatures (≤300 °C), CH<sub>4</sub> formation was limited by low CO<sub>2</sub> conversion, resulting no CNTs. At elevated Step 1 temperatures, the CO<sub>2</sub> methanation pathway shifted from the formate to the CO route, leading to increased formation of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO. This enhanced the CNT yield up to 79.1 wt % but reduced crystallinity and wall selectivity due to excessive carbon feedstock. Increasing H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio led to residual H<sub>2</sub>, which disrupted CH<sub>4</sub> pyrolysis equilibrium in Step 2, further degrading CNT crystallinity and yield. In particular, three types of CNT growth zones were identified: No CNTs zone (T < 300 °C), DWCNTs zone (T > 360 °C and H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> > 6), and SWCNTs zone (T ≤ 360 °C and H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ≤ 6), revealing a reaction-property relationship governed by Step 1 reaction conditions. Building on these findings, a life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of the tandem process. The process exhibited a global warming potential of 10.58 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq lower than conventional CNT synthesis methods, with further reductions anticipated under renewable electricity input. These results demonstrate a sustainable and scalable route for producing high-value carbon materials directly from CO<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121309"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-19DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6223(26)00154-5
{"title":"Outside Front Cover - Journal name, Cover image, Volume issue details, ISSN, Cover Date, Elsevier Logo and Society Logo if required","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0008-6223(26)00154-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0008-6223(26)00154-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121380"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121363
Minjuan Chen , Qin Liu , Xiaodong Li , Xingru Yan , Deyi Zhang , Meiping Li , Xiaofang Li , Changshui Huang
The precise synthesis of graphdiyne (GDY) with controlled nano-architecture is of great importance for unlocking their full functional potential, yet it remains a formidable challenge due to uncontrolled cross-coupling and poor morphology uniformity. Herein, we present a microemulsion-mediated method to synthesize GDY hollow nanospheres (GDY-HNSs) and nanoflowers (GDY-NFs). The microemulsion is used as a micro-reactor for confined growth. By precisely modulating the monomer concentration inside the microemulsion, GDY-HNSs with controllable shell thickness could be accurately tailored, offering a novel pathway for synthesizing ultrathin few-layered GDY nanostructures. By adjusting the stirring rate during synthesis, the precipitation kinetics of GDY within the microspheres can be regulated, hereby GDY NFs with ultrahigh surface area and tunable dimensions are obtained. Those three-dimensional nanoarchitecture of the GDY provides abundant binding and active sites, endowing them with promising potential for applications in catalysis, water purification, and energy storage.
{"title":"Microemulsion-mediated synthesis of graphdiyne with hollow nanosphere and nanoflower architecture","authors":"Minjuan Chen , Qin Liu , Xiaodong Li , Xingru Yan , Deyi Zhang , Meiping Li , Xiaofang Li , Changshui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The precise synthesis of graphdiyne (GDY) with controlled nano-architecture is of great importance for unlocking their full functional potential, yet it remains a formidable challenge due to uncontrolled cross-coupling and poor morphology uniformity. Herein, we present a microemulsion-mediated method to synthesize GDY hollow nanospheres (GDY-HNSs) and nanoflowers (GDY-NFs). The microemulsion is used as a micro-reactor for confined growth. By precisely modulating the monomer concentration inside the microemulsion, GDY-HNSs with controllable shell thickness could be accurately tailored, offering a novel pathway for synthesizing ultrathin few-layered GDY nanostructures. By adjusting the stirring rate during synthesis, the precipitation kinetics of GDY within the microspheres can be regulated, hereby GDY NFs with ultrahigh surface area and tunable dimensions are obtained. Those three-dimensional nanoarchitecture of the GDY provides abundant binding and active sites, endowing them with promising potential for applications in catalysis, water purification, and energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121363"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-05Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121322
Yuming Feng , Zhen Su , Shuo Zhao , Jianyang Li , Hongying Yang , Huiwen Ren , Yanan Ding , Jialu Li , Xiaolei Chen , PingAn Hu
The direct synthesis of large-scale high-quality graphene on insulating substrates for transfer-free applications remains challenging. Herein, we report a binary-carbon-source plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) strategy that utilizes solid-state poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and gaseous methane as carbon resource to achieve external-metal-catalyst-free growth of graphene on commercial alumina fiber fabric (AFF). At 1050 °C, PMMA activated in the plasma region, together with methane, produced a continuous and conformal graphene "skin" on every fiber of the AFF. The resulting graphene-integrated AFF (GAFF) shows a good electrical conductivity (2–600 Ω sq−1) and remarkable electrothermal behavior with a fast-thermal response (heating within 5 s), large-area uniform Joule heating (temperature variation within ±5 %), and steady performance across a broad temperature span (−150 to 350 °C). Using these advantages, we constructed an electrothermal device capable of efficient, rapid anti-icing and de-icing even in demanding environments. Not only does GAFF exhibit outstanding lightweight properties and flexibility, but it also boasts a tensile strength exceeding 400 MPa. Notably, this flexible composite film shows a low ice adhesion strength of 23.77 ± 1.5 kPa, with complete deicing achievable within 40 s under an electrical power density of 0.479 W/cm2. It underscores the material's promising uses in electrothermal anti-icing/de-icing, particularly in aerospace and wind energy sectors.
{"title":"Flexible graphene-integrated alumina fabric for energy-efficient and rapid electrothermal deicing","authors":"Yuming Feng , Zhen Su , Shuo Zhao , Jianyang Li , Hongying Yang , Huiwen Ren , Yanan Ding , Jialu Li , Xiaolei Chen , PingAn Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The direct synthesis of large-scale high-quality graphene on insulating substrates for transfer-free applications remains challenging. Herein, we report a binary-carbon-source plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) strategy that utilizes solid-state poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and gaseous methane as carbon resource to achieve external-metal-catalyst-free growth of graphene on commercial alumina fiber fabric (AFF). At 1050 °C, PMMA activated in the plasma region, together with methane, produced a continuous and conformal graphene \"skin\" on every fiber of the AFF. The resulting graphene-integrated AFF (GAFF) shows a good electrical conductivity (2–600 Ω sq<sup>−1</sup>) and remarkable electrothermal behavior with a fast-thermal response (heating within 5 s), large-area uniform Joule heating (temperature variation within ±5 %), and steady performance across a broad temperature span (−150 to 350 °C). Using these advantages, we constructed an electrothermal device capable of efficient, rapid anti-icing and de-icing even in demanding environments. Not only does GAFF exhibit outstanding lightweight properties and flexibility, but it also boasts a tensile strength exceeding 400 MPa. Notably, this flexible composite film shows a low ice adhesion strength of 23.77 ± 1.5 kPa, with complete deicing achievable within 40 s under an electrical power density of 0.479 W/cm<sup>2</sup>. It underscores the material's promising uses in electrothermal anti-icing/de-icing, particularly in aerospace and wind energy sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 121322"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号