Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121113
Benjamin M. Ringel, Henry J. Boesch, Sreevishnu Oruganti, Laura Villafañe, Francesco Panerai
Mechanical erosion of ablative heat shield materials, known as spallation, was investigated in supersonic air and nitrogen plasmas produced by an inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel at aerothermal conditions representative of atmospheric entry. Spalled particles from low-density carbon ablators were tracked using high-speed imaging, enabling time-resolved analysis of spallation events. Tests in nitrogen revealed high temporal variance in particle production over time, while tests in air exhibited steady particle release. Post-test microscopy and spectroscopy identified a disordered nitrogen-functionalized carbon precipitate that forms exclusively in nitrogen plasma. Under extreme conditions, this deposit decreases surface permeability, enabling subsurface pressure buildup that drives unsteady particle release. Spalled particle size was inferred from velocity data obtained via particle tracking, enabling estimation of spallation mass loss. Spallation was estimated to account for upwards of 45% of total mass loss for tests in nitrogen, underscoring its significance in anaerobic entry conditions. Results suggest that deposit formation, material orientation, and environment conditions collectively govern spallation behavior.
{"title":"Unsteady spallation of low-density carbon fiber ablators","authors":"Benjamin M. Ringel, Henry J. Boesch, Sreevishnu Oruganti, Laura Villafañe, Francesco Panerai","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical erosion of ablative heat shield materials, known as spallation, was investigated in supersonic air and nitrogen plasmas produced by an inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel at aerothermal conditions representative of atmospheric entry. Spalled particles from low-density carbon ablators were tracked using high-speed imaging, enabling time-resolved analysis of spallation events. Tests in nitrogen revealed high temporal variance in particle production over time, while tests in air exhibited steady particle release. Post-test microscopy and spectroscopy identified a disordered nitrogen-functionalized carbon precipitate that forms exclusively in nitrogen plasma. Under extreme conditions, this deposit decreases surface permeability, enabling subsurface pressure buildup that drives unsteady particle release. Spalled particle size was inferred from velocity data obtained via particle tracking, enabling estimation of spallation mass loss. Spallation was estimated to account for upwards of 45% of total mass loss for tests in nitrogen, underscoring its significance in anaerobic entry conditions. Results suggest that deposit formation, material orientation, and environment conditions collectively govern spallation behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121113"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121137
Junhuai Xiang , Hongzhan Dai , Liming Zhao , Zhengpeng Yang , Lihan Xu , Zhao He , Yufang Cao , Huili Fu , Li Chen , Dandan Liu , Yongyi Zhang , Zhenzhong Yong , Kunjie Wu , Qingwen Li
Controlling ultrafine ordered pore structures solely by adjusting freezing rates remains challenging in directional freeze-casting, limiting the solar-driven desalination performance of hydrogels prepared by this approach. To address this limitation, this work proposes a strategy involving the reduction of the freezing enthalpy of slurry solutions, thereby lowering nucleation energy and enabling finer ice-crystal formation. Inspired by solvation and hydration phenomena, we introduce a carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel exhibiting vertically oriented, ultrafine microporous architecture precisely modulated through polyelectrolyte-assisted freeze-casting. Comparative investigations reveal that polyanions, specifically polystyrene sulfonate (PSSA), effectively reduce freezing enthalpy and enhance nucleation kinetics compared to polycations, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), resulting in significantly smaller micropores. Structural characterization confirms stronger molecular interactions between PSSA and PVA relative to PEI and PVA, rationalizing the finer, vertically oriented pore structures observed in PSSA-based hydrogel. Consequently, the optimized polyelectrolyte-modified hydrogel achieves a remarkable photothermal water evaporation rate of 4.6 kg m−2 h−1 under standard 1 sun solar irradiation. Additionally, the optimal hydrogel exhibits exceptional performance in purifying both dye-contaminated wastewater and seawater, reaching an outdoor freshwater yield of 8 kg m−2 within confined environments. This work offers a critical method for precisely tuning oriented microporous structures via freeze-casting, significantly advancing interfacial photothermal evaporation technologies.
在定向冷冻铸造中，仅通过调节冻结速率来控制超细有序孔隙结构仍然具有挑战性，这限制了由该方法制备的水凝胶的太阳能驱动脱盐性能。为了解决这一限制，本工作提出了一种策略，包括降低浆液溶液的冻结焓，从而降低成核能，使更细的冰晶形成。受溶剂化和水化现象的启发，我们介绍了一种碳纳米管/聚乙烯醇（PVA）水凝胶，它具有垂直定向的超细微孔结构，通过聚电解质辅助冷冻铸造精确调制。对比研究表明，与聚阳离子（如聚乙烯亚胺（PEI））相比，聚阴离子（特别是聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PSSA））可以有效降低冷冻焓并增强成核动力学，从而显著缩小微孔。结构表征证实，相对于PEI和PVA， PSSA和PVA之间的分子相互作用更强，从而使psa基水凝胶中观察到的更细、垂直定向的孔隙结构合理化。因此，优化后的聚电解质修饰水凝胶在标准太阳照射下的光热蒸发速率为4.6 kg m−2 h−1。此外，最佳水凝胶在净化染料污染废水和海水方面表现出优异的性能，在密闭环境下达到8 kg m - 2的室外淡水产量。这项工作为通过冷冻铸造精确调整定向微孔结构提供了一种关键方法，显著推进了界面光热蒸发技术。
{"title":"Polyelectrolyte-regulated freeze-casting enables ultrafine vertically oriented microporous hydrogels for high-efficiency solar desalination","authors":"Junhuai Xiang , Hongzhan Dai , Liming Zhao , Zhengpeng Yang , Lihan Xu , Zhao He , Yufang Cao , Huili Fu , Li Chen , Dandan Liu , Yongyi Zhang , Zhenzhong Yong , Kunjie Wu , Qingwen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Controlling ultrafine ordered pore structures solely by adjusting freezing rates remains challenging in directional freeze-casting, limiting the solar-driven desalination performance of hydrogels prepared by this approach. To address this limitation, this work proposes a strategy involving the reduction of the freezing enthalpy of slurry solutions, thereby lowering nucleation energy and enabling finer ice-crystal formation. Inspired by solvation and hydration phenomena, we introduce a carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel exhibiting vertically oriented, ultrafine microporous architecture precisely modulated through polyelectrolyte-assisted freeze-casting. Comparative investigations reveal that polyanions, specifically polystyrene sulfonate (PSSA), effectively reduce freezing enthalpy and enhance nucleation kinetics compared to polycations, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), resulting in significantly smaller micropores. Structural characterization confirms stronger molecular interactions between PSSA and PVA relative to PEI and PVA, rationalizing the finer, vertically oriented pore structures observed in PSSA-based hydrogel. Consequently, the optimized polyelectrolyte-modified hydrogel achieves a remarkable photothermal water evaporation rate of 4.6 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> under standard 1 sun solar irradiation. Additionally, the optimal hydrogel exhibits exceptional performance in purifying both dye-contaminated wastewater and seawater, reaching an outdoor freshwater yield of 8 kg m<sup>−2</sup> within confined environments. This work offers a critical method for precisely tuning oriented microporous structures via freeze-casting, significantly advancing interfacial photothermal evaporation technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121137"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121125
Yanfeng Li, Linyue Hu, Wenmiao Wang, Pan Luo, Yang Yang, Huacheng Zhu, LiPing Yan, Yanping Zhou
Understanding the microwave dissipation mechanisms in materials is essential for the design of high-performance absorbers. Previous studies in this field have largely relied on a single-order Debye model combined with nonlinear least squares (NLLS) fitting, under the assumption of frequency-independent conductivity. However, this approach presents several limitations, including limited applicability to composite materials, inaccuracies in conductivity estimation, high sensitivity to initial guesses, and challenges in determining relaxation times. To address these issues, a multi-order Debye model that integrates Jonscher's power-law dielectric response, thereby establishing a frequency-dependent relationship for conductivity, is developed as the analytical framework. Subsequently, a distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method with Tikhonov regularization is developed to extract polarization relaxation times, with its parameter optimized based on the materials' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm (GA)-assisted NLLS fitting procedure is implemented for complex permittivity modeling, which facilitates escape from local minima and improves the likelihood of finding global optima. Dielectric analysis of the synthesized VN@N-rGO core-shell nanobelts indicates a significant synergy between the components, enhancing both conductive and polarization losses. The hybridization increases the equivalent dipole relaxation times of N-rGO, thereby aligning them more closely with the period of 2–18 GHz microwaves and thus improving polarization loss. By optimizing the VN/N–rGO ratio and layer structure, an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.7 GHz is achieved at 2.1 mm.
{"title":"Knowledge-aided automated analysis of dielectric loss mechanism on core-shell VN@N-rGO nanobelts with broadband microwave absorption performance","authors":"Yanfeng Li, Linyue Hu, Wenmiao Wang, Pan Luo, Yang Yang, Huacheng Zhu, LiPing Yan, Yanping Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the microwave dissipation mechanisms in materials is essential for the design of high-performance absorbers. Previous studies in this field have largely relied on a single-order Debye model combined with nonlinear least squares (NLLS) fitting, under the assumption of frequency-independent conductivity. However, this approach presents several limitations, including limited applicability to composite materials, inaccuracies in conductivity estimation, high sensitivity to initial guesses, and challenges in determining relaxation times. To address these issues, a multi-order Debye model that integrates Jonscher's power-law dielectric response, thereby establishing a frequency-dependent relationship for conductivity, is developed as the analytical framework. Subsequently, a distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method with Tikhonov regularization is developed to extract polarization relaxation times, with its parameter optimized based on the materials' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm (GA)-assisted NLLS fitting procedure is implemented for complex permittivity modeling, which facilitates escape from local minima and improves the likelihood of finding global optima. Dielectric analysis of the synthesized VN@N-rGO core-shell nanobelts indicates a significant synergy between the components, enhancing both conductive and polarization losses. The hybridization increases the equivalent dipole relaxation times of N-rGO, thereby aligning them more closely with the period of 2–18 GHz microwaves and thus improving polarization loss. By optimizing the VN/N–rGO ratio and layer structure, an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.7 GHz is achieved at 2.1 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121125"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121139
Achraf Berni , Abdelghani Ghanam , Juan José García-Guzmán , José María Palacios-Santander , Aziz Amine , Laura Cubillana-Aguilera , Fouad Ghamouss
The rational design of bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of operating efficiently under both acidic and alkaline conditions remains a critical challenge for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) technologies. Herein, we report a novel, rapid, and scalable dual-laser approach for the in-situ synthesis of MoS2 nanostructures embedded within three-dimensional (3D) laser-induced graphene (LIG) frameworks for efficient HER electrocatalysis. Leveraging the complementary and synergistic capabilities of CO2 (10.6 μm) and blue near-UV (450 nm) lasers, this method enables maskless, binder-free, and chemical-free fabrication of LIG/MoS2 hybrid electrocatalysts under ambient conditions. The CO2 laser induces rapid graphitization of polyimide sheets into a highly 3D porous and conductive graphene-like structure. The UV laser facilitates localized and gentle energy-efficient crystallization of MoS2 catalyst from Mo/S precursors, yielding a uniform, well-integrated, and cross-linked 3D nanoarray architecture. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations confirmed the synergistic effect of the dual-laser process. The optimal hybrid catalysts LIGUV–MoS2UV and LIGCO2–MoS2UV, exhibited outstanding HER electrocatalytic activity, achieving low overpotentials of 242 and 233 mV in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H2SO4, respectively, at 10 mA cm−2, along with excellent durability and reaction kinetics. This study introduces a novel, sustainable and industry-compatible platform for designing advanced multifunctional HER catalysts, advancing clean energy applications.
合理设计能够在酸性和碱性条件下高效运行的双功能电催化剂是析氢反应（HER）技术面临的关键挑战。在此，我们报告了一种新颖，快速，可扩展的双激光方法，用于原位合成嵌入三维（3D）激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）框架中的MoS2纳米结构，以实现高效的HER电催化。利用CO2 （10.6 μm）和蓝色近紫外（450 nm）激光器的互补和协同能力，该方法可以在环境条件下无掩膜、无粘结剂和无化学物质制备LIG/MoS2杂化电催化剂。CO2激光诱导聚酰亚胺片快速石墨化成高度三维多孔和导电的类石墨烯结构。紫外激光促进Mo/S前驱体的MoS2催化剂的局部和温和的节能结晶，产生均匀，良好集成和交联的3D纳米阵列结构。结构、形态和电化学表征证实了双激光工艺的协同效应。最佳混合催化剂LIGUV-MoS2UV和LIGCO2-MoS2UV表现出优异的HER电催化活性，在10 mA cm−2条件下，在1 M KOH和0.5 M H2SO4条件下分别达到242和233 mV的低过电位，并且具有良好的耐久性和反应动力学。本研究介绍了一种新颖的、可持续的、工业兼容的平台，用于设计先进的多功能HER催化剂，推进清洁能源的应用。
{"title":"Direct and scalable dual-laser writing of 3D graphene–MoS2 architectures for high-efficiency pH-universal hydrogen electrocatalysis","authors":"Achraf Berni , Abdelghani Ghanam , Juan José García-Guzmán , José María Palacios-Santander , Aziz Amine , Laura Cubillana-Aguilera , Fouad Ghamouss","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rational design of bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of operating efficiently under both acidic and alkaline conditions remains a critical challenge for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) technologies. Herein, we report a novel, rapid, and scalable dual-laser approach for the in-situ synthesis of MoS<sub>2</sub> nanostructures embedded within three-dimensional (3D) laser-induced graphene (LIG) frameworks for efficient HER electrocatalysis. Leveraging the complementary and synergistic capabilities of CO<sub>2</sub> (10.6 μm) and blue near-UV (450 nm) lasers, this method enables maskless, binder-free, and chemical-free fabrication of LIG/MoS<sub>2</sub> hybrid electrocatalysts under ambient conditions. The CO<sub>2</sub> laser induces rapid graphitization of polyimide sheets into a highly 3D porous and conductive graphene-like structure. The UV laser facilitates localized and gentle energy-efficient crystallization of MoS<sub>2</sub> catalyst from Mo/S precursors, yielding a uniform, well-integrated, and cross-linked 3D nanoarray architecture. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations confirmed the synergistic effect of the dual-laser process. The optimal hybrid catalysts LIG<sub>UV</sub>–MoS<sub>2UV</sub> and LIG<sub>CO2</sub>–MoS<sub>2UV</sub>, exhibited outstanding HER electrocatalytic activity, achieving low overpotentials of 242 and 233 mV in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, respectively, at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, along with excellent durability and reaction kinetics. This study introduces a novel, sustainable and industry-compatible platform for designing advanced multifunctional HER catalysts, advancing clean energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121139"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121129
Lingjun Zeng , Yu Zhang , Lan Xie , Bai Xue , Qiang Zheng
High-efficient absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with both ultra-high total EMI shielding effectiveness (SET > 100 dB) and absorption coefficient (A>0.95) as ideal “green” shielding materials are imminently demanded yet scarcely reported for minimizing secondary EMI radiation pollution. Herein, pyrolytic carbon nanotube (CNT)@FeCo/CNT/silver-coated tetra-needle-like zinc oxide whisker/poly (l-lactic acid) (CNT@FeCo-700/CNT/T-ZnO@Ag/PLA) composite foams were successfully fabricated based on a conductivity-gradient modular design. The rational layout of the gradient conductive network structures of CNT@FeCo-700/PLA, CNT/PLA, and T-ZnO@Ag/PLA layers enables the “strong absorption-weak absorption-reflection-reabsorption” shielding mechanism. The optimized foam features an ultra-high average EMI SET of 104.02 dB, including an absorption SE (SEA) of 103.95 dB and a reflection SE (SER) of only 0.07 dB. Notably, its average absorption coefficient (A) reaches 0.984 (the maximum value of 0.998), surpassing most of the EMI shielding composites reported to date. By learning the experimental datasets of EMI SET and A at different frequency, Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNN) exhibits excellent prediction accuracy on unseen samples, with average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of only 1.251 and 0.014 for EMI SET and A, and average errors of less than 2.82 % and 1.52 % for EMI SET and A, respectively, suggesting that it is highly applicable for this work and can effectively reduce the experimental costs. This work offers an innovative strategy for fabricating high-efficient absorption-dominant EMI shielding materials and reduce experimental consumption.
{"title":"Asymmetric multistage composite foams for high-efficient absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference shielding exploited with aid of machine learning","authors":"Lingjun Zeng , Yu Zhang , Lan Xie , Bai Xue , Qiang Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-efficient absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with both ultra-high total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE<sub>T</sub> > 100 dB) and absorption coefficient (A>0.95) as ideal “green” shielding materials are imminently demanded yet scarcely reported for minimizing secondary EMI radiation pollution. Herein, pyrolytic carbon nanotube (CNT)@FeCo/CNT/silver-coated tetra-needle-like zinc oxide whisker/poly (<span>l</span>-lactic acid) (CNT@FeCo-700/CNT/T-ZnO@Ag/PLA) composite foams were successfully fabricated based on a conductivity-gradient modular design. The rational layout of the gradient conductive network structures of CNT@FeCo-700/PLA, CNT/PLA, and T-ZnO@Ag/PLA layers enables the “strong absorption-weak absorption-reflection-reabsorption” shielding mechanism. The optimized foam features an ultra-high average EMI SE<sub>T</sub> of 104.02 dB, including an absorption SE (SE<sub>A</sub>) of 103.95 dB and a reflection SE (SE<sub>R</sub>) of only 0.07 dB. Notably, its average absorption coefficient (A) reaches 0.984 (the maximum value of 0.998), surpassing most of the EMI shielding composites reported to date. By learning the experimental datasets of EMI SE<sub>T</sub> and A at different frequency, Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNN) exhibits excellent prediction accuracy on unseen samples, with average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of only 1.251 and 0.014 for EMI SE<sub>T</sub> and A, and average errors of less than 2.82 % and 1.52 % for EMI SE<sub>T</sub> and A, respectively, suggesting that it is highly applicable for this work and can effectively reduce the experimental costs. This work offers an innovative strategy for fabricating high-efficient absorption-dominant EMI shielding materials and reduce experimental consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121129"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121130
Ruobing Cao, Xiaoning Zhao, Yiman Lu, Ya Lin, Zhongqiang Wang, Ye Tao, Haiyang Xu, Yichun Liu
The design of electromagnetic absorbing fabric is generating growing interest in wearable electronics. This work develops a robust and superhydrophobic fabric with polymeric MXene/FeSiAl (MFSA)-wrapped Ag yarns through grafting and electrospinning. Such a distinctive geometric structure of the yarns facilitates multiple electromagnetic wave attenuation, endowing the fabric with good microwave absorption (MA) performance. The fabric exhibits the minimum reflection loss of −52.52 dB at 2 mm thickness and effective absorption bandwidth of 6.13 GHz at 2.65 mm thickness with low MFSA loading (5 wt%). In addition, the fabric also exhibits good mechanical stability and self-cleaning ability under repeated stretching or washing. This work provides a MA fabric material for potential wearable electronics and stealth applications.
{"title":"Robust and superhydrophobic fabric with polymeric MXene/FeSiAl-wrapped Ag yarns for broadband electromagnetic absorption","authors":"Ruobing Cao, Xiaoning Zhao, Yiman Lu, Ya Lin, Zhongqiang Wang, Ye Tao, Haiyang Xu, Yichun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design of electromagnetic absorbing fabric is generating growing interest in wearable electronics. This work develops a robust and superhydrophobic fabric with polymeric MXene/FeSiAl (MFSA)-wrapped Ag yarns through grafting and electrospinning. Such a distinctive geometric structure of the yarns facilitates multiple electromagnetic wave attenuation, endowing the fabric with good microwave absorption (MA) performance. The fabric exhibits the minimum reflection loss of −52.52 dB at 2 mm thickness and effective absorption bandwidth of 6.13 GHz at 2.65 mm thickness with low MFSA loading (5 wt%). In addition, the fabric also exhibits good mechanical stability and self-cleaning ability under repeated stretching or washing. This work provides a MA fabric material for potential wearable electronics and stealth applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121130"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121126
Weihua Gu , Xin Tan , Zhentao Luo , Ziming Chen , Chuancheng Sun , Ailin Xia
With the rapid development of multi-frequency electromagnetic detection technology, developing microwave absorbing materials compatible with infrared stealth has become a key research focus. This paper details the fabrication of cobalt-nickel salts/chitosan derived 3D porous CoxNiy/carbon aerogels (CA-CoxNiy), achieved via freeze-drying and high-temperature calcination. The superb radar stealth performance exhibits the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −62.09 dB within the C-band and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 4.05 GHz at only 1.65 mm. This excellent property can be ascribed to the 0D magnetic particles loaded on 3D porous continuous skeletons with abundant interfaces, which can promote multiple internal reflections, conduction loss, interfacial polarization, and impedance matching. Through computer simulation technology, the radar cross section under different electromagnetic wave incidence directions is studied, and the interaction law between electric field distribution, power loss density and electromagnetic wave energy loss is also analyzed. Furthermore, CA-Co5Ni5 showcases low infrared emissivity, measuring merely 0.785 in the 3–5 μm band and 0.729 in the 8–14 μm band, significantly reducing thermal radiation and enhancing thermal insulation capability. This investigation offers a valuable new perspective for the development of high-performance materials that are compatible with microwave absorption and infrared stealth, which are vital for aerospace and military protection applications.
{"title":"Environmentally-friendly CoxNiy/carbon hybrid aerogels with dielectric and magnetic coupling network for highly efficient radar/infrared compatibility","authors":"Weihua Gu , Xin Tan , Zhentao Luo , Ziming Chen , Chuancheng Sun , Ailin Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of multi-frequency electromagnetic detection technology, developing microwave absorbing materials compatible with infrared stealth has become a key research focus. This paper details the fabrication of cobalt-nickel salts/chitosan derived 3D porous Co<sub>x</sub>Ni<sub>y</sub>/carbon aerogels (CA-Co<sub>x</sub>Ni<sub>y</sub>), achieved via freeze-drying and high-temperature calcination. The superb radar stealth performance exhibits the minimum reflection loss (RL<sub>min</sub>) of −62.09 dB within the C-band and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 4.05 GHz at only 1.65 mm. This excellent property can be ascribed to the 0D magnetic particles loaded on 3D porous continuous skeletons with abundant interfaces, which can promote multiple internal reflections, conduction loss, interfacial polarization, and impedance matching. Through computer simulation technology, the radar cross section under different electromagnetic wave incidence directions is studied, and the interaction law between electric field distribution, power loss density and electromagnetic wave energy loss is also analyzed. Furthermore, CA-Co<sub>5</sub>Ni<sub>5</sub> showcases low infrared emissivity, measuring merely 0.785 in the 3–5 μm band and 0.729 in the 8–14 μm band, significantly reducing thermal radiation and enhancing thermal insulation capability. This investigation offers a valuable new perspective for the development of high-performance materials that are compatible with microwave absorption and infrared stealth, which are vital for aerospace and military protection applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121126"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121136
Marko Piljević , Markus Ostermann , Edoardo Marquis , Sabine Schwarz , Michael Stöger-Pollach , Oleksiy Gogotsi , Markus Valtiner , Manel Rodríguez Ripoll , Carsten Gachot , Pierluigi Bilotto
The development of sustainable solid lubricants is critical for reducing energy losses and material wear in advanced mechanical systems. Two-dimensional materials such as MXenes are attractive for solid lubrication due to their weak interlayer bonding, enabling low-friction sliding. However, conventional MXene synthesis relies on hazardous chemicals like hydrofluoric acid, raising environmental and safety concerns that limit scalability.
Here, we report the first use of bubble-assisted electrochemically synthesized MXenes (EC-MXene) as environmentally friendly solid lubricants. EC-MXene exhibit oxygen-rich surface terminations and significantly reduced fluorine content compared to traditional MXenes. When coated on AISI 52100 steel and tested against Si3N4, Al2O3, and steel counterbodies, EC-MXene deliver excellent tribological performance, particularly against Si3N4, achieving a low and stable coefficient of friction (COF 0.25).
Surface analyses using SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, TEM (SAED and EELS), and low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) reveal a robust tribofilm and dynamic replenishment mechanism that sustains lubrication by redistributing MXene flakes from pile-up zones to the sliding interface. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations confirm strong interfacial adhesion of EC-MXene to ceramic surfaces, supporting the observed tribological behavior. Load-dependent studies further highlight the role of adhesion and tribofilm ordering in maintaining performance.
These findings position EC-MXene as a sustainable alternative to classical MXenes, combining comparable tribological properties with safer synthesis routes. Their characteristics establish EC-MXene as a benchmark for sustainable two-dimensional solid lubricants with broad potential in advanced mechanical and biotribological applications.
{"title":"Electrochemically synthesized MXenes as sustainable solid lubricants: Mechanistic insights into tribofilm formation and interfacial dynamics","authors":"Marko Piljević , Markus Ostermann , Edoardo Marquis , Sabine Schwarz , Michael Stöger-Pollach , Oleksiy Gogotsi , Markus Valtiner , Manel Rodríguez Ripoll , Carsten Gachot , Pierluigi Bilotto","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of sustainable solid lubricants is critical for reducing energy losses and material wear in advanced mechanical systems. Two-dimensional materials such as MXenes are attractive for solid lubrication due to their weak interlayer bonding, enabling low-friction sliding. However, conventional MXene synthesis relies on hazardous chemicals like hydrofluoric acid, raising environmental and safety concerns that limit scalability.</div><div>Here, we report the first use of bubble-assisted electrochemically synthesized MXenes (EC-MXene) as environmentally friendly solid lubricants. EC-MXene exhibit oxygen-rich surface terminations and significantly reduced fluorine content compared to traditional MXenes. When coated on AISI 52100 steel and tested against Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and steel counterbodies, EC-MXene deliver excellent tribological performance, particularly against Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, achieving a low and stable coefficient of friction (COF <span><math><mo><</mo></math></span> 0.25).</div><div>Surface analyses using SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, TEM (SAED and EELS), and low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) reveal a robust tribofilm and dynamic replenishment mechanism that sustains lubrication by redistributing MXene flakes from pile-up zones to the sliding interface. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations confirm strong interfacial adhesion of EC-MXene to ceramic surfaces, supporting the observed tribological behavior. Load-dependent studies further highlight the role of adhesion and tribofilm ordering in maintaining performance.</div><div>These findings position EC-MXene as a sustainable alternative to classical MXenes, combining comparable tribological properties with safer synthesis routes. Their characteristics establish EC-MXene as a benchmark for sustainable two-dimensional solid lubricants with broad potential in advanced mechanical and biotribological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121136"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121116
Yifan Qin , Jilian Xu , Zhilong Cao , Yang Bao , Zhewen Liang , Jiaxu Yan , Pengtao Jing , Da Zhan , Lei Liu , Dezhen Shen , Hai Xu
C60-based hybrid heterostructures with 2D materials such as MoS2 offer promising optoelectronic properties, but their performance is strongly influenced by molecular orientation at the interface. While theoretical studies suggest a preferred hexagonal alignment of C60 on MoS2 and favorable charge transfer, experimental evidence remains limited. Here, we use atomic resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy (STM/STS) technique to investigate C60 on monolayer MoS2. Our results reveal a periodic superstructure with heptamer formations and distinct orbital delocalization within central molecules. These findings highlight the critical role of interfacial ordering in tuning electronic coupling, providing insight for the design of high-performance organic–inorganic devices.
{"title":"Atomic-scale insights into orientational ordering and electronic coupling in C60/MoS2 heterostructures","authors":"Yifan Qin , Jilian Xu , Zhilong Cao , Yang Bao , Zhewen Liang , Jiaxu Yan , Pengtao Jing , Da Zhan , Lei Liu , Dezhen Shen , Hai Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>C<sub>60</sub>-based hybrid heterostructures with 2D materials such as MoS<sub>2</sub> offer promising optoelectronic properties, but their performance is strongly influenced by molecular orientation at the interface. While theoretical studies suggest a preferred hexagonal alignment of C<sub>60</sub> on MoS<sub>2</sub> and favorable charge transfer, experimental evidence remains limited. Here, we use atomic resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy (STM/STS) technique to investigate C<sub>60</sub> on monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub>. Our results reveal a periodic superstructure with heptamer formations and distinct orbital delocalization within central molecules. These findings highlight the critical role of interfacial ordering in tuning electronic coupling, providing insight for the design of high-performance organic–inorganic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121116"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121124
Ying Xia , Peng Cheng , Jie Fei , Wenshan Wang , Jifeng Yan , Zimu Hu , Lehua Qi
In mechanical systems, friction and wear are ubiquitous phenomena that not only cause energy loss but also serve as key factors in mechanical failures. However, commonly used lubricant additives generally suffer from issues such as insufficient stability and susceptibility to oxidation. This study developed a co-precipitation method to grow zinc oxide nanoparticles on the surface of carbon spheres in situ, thereby preparing carbon sphere/zinc oxide (CS/ZnO) composite materials. The prepared CS/ZnO composite nanoparticles were used as a novel lubricant additive, significantly improving the anti-friction and anti-wear properties of the reference oil. When 0.5 wt% CS/ZnO was added, the lubricant demonstrated a significant reduction in the friction coefficient and wear rate by 38.4 % and 45.5 %, respectively, compared to the Ref-oil under a load of 100 N. The excellent friction performance is attributed to the friction film formed on the friction surface through mechanical deposition and friction chemical reactions during the friction process, as well as the filling, repair, rolling bearing, and polishing effects of CS/ZnO.
{"title":"Enhanced tribological performance of environmentally friendly lubricants with CS/ZnO composite nanoparticles additives","authors":"Ying Xia , Peng Cheng , Jie Fei , Wenshan Wang , Jifeng Yan , Zimu Hu , Lehua Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In mechanical systems, friction and wear are ubiquitous phenomena that not only cause energy loss but also serve as key factors in mechanical failures. However, commonly used lubricant additives generally suffer from issues such as insufficient stability and susceptibility to oxidation. This study developed a co-precipitation method to grow zinc oxide nanoparticles on the surface of carbon spheres in situ, thereby preparing carbon sphere/zinc oxide (CS/ZnO) composite materials. The prepared CS/ZnO composite nanoparticles were used as a novel lubricant additive, significantly improving the anti-friction and anti-wear properties of the reference oil. When 0.5 wt% CS/ZnO was added, the lubricant demonstrated a significant reduction in the friction coefficient and wear rate by 38.4 % and 45.5 %, respectively, compared to the Ref-oil under a load of 100 N. The excellent friction performance is attributed to the friction film formed on the friction surface through mechanical deposition and friction chemical reactions during the friction process, as well as the filling, repair, rolling bearing, and polishing effects of CS/ZnO.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":262,"journal":{"name":"Carbon","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 121124"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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