Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296022
M. Forzati
At bit rates of the order of 40 Gb/s, on-off keying (OOK) transmission becomes severely impaired by non-linear effects, especially Intra-channel Four-Wave Mixing (IFWM). This paper reviews phase modulation techniques for the suppression of IFWM: in the Alternate-Phase Return-to-Zero (APRZ) and Pairwise APRZ (PAPRZ), the phase of the optical signal alternates between neighbouring bits or pairs of bits. APRZ and PAPRZ achieve increased non-linear tolerance by causing different IFWM contributions to interfere destructively, when proper phase-alternation amplitude is applied. In another technique, Asynchronous Phase Modulation (APM), the phase of the optical signal is modulated by an independent clock signal, at a frequency lower than the bit rate. APM achieves increased non-linear tolerance by a combination of destructive interference of IFWM contributions and suppression of the frequency-matching condition for the build-up of IFWM, when phase modulation with proper amplitude and frequency is applied. The effectiveness of the techniques is verified in a number of numerical simulations and experiments.
{"title":"Phase Modulation Techniques for On-Off Keying Transmission","authors":"M. Forzati","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296022","url":null,"abstract":"At bit rates of the order of 40 Gb/s, on-off keying (OOK) transmission becomes severely impaired by non-linear effects, especially Intra-channel Four-Wave Mixing (IFWM). This paper reviews phase modulation techniques for the suppression of IFWM: in the Alternate-Phase Return-to-Zero (APRZ) and Pairwise APRZ (PAPRZ), the phase of the optical signal alternates between neighbouring bits or pairs of bits. APRZ and PAPRZ achieve increased non-linear tolerance by causing different IFWM contributions to interfere destructively, when proper phase-alternation amplitude is applied. In another technique, Asynchronous Phase Modulation (APM), the phase of the optical signal is modulated by an independent clock signal, at a frequency lower than the bit rate. APM achieves increased non-linear tolerance by a combination of destructive interference of IFWM contributions and suppression of the frequency-matching condition for the build-up of IFWM, when phase modulation with proper amplitude and frequency is applied. The effectiveness of the techniques is verified in a number of numerical simulations and experiments.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124868026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296373
G. Abaeiani, V. Ahmadi, K. Saghafi
Analytical models for bandwidth and bandwidth-efficiency product (BEP) of microring waveguide photodetectors (MRWPDs) are presented. In addition to carrier transport and charging processes, the photon lifetime effect is included in the bandwidth model. This effect is characterized by the ODB of microring resonators. It is shown that the short cavities and partially overcoupled structures are suitable for very high speed photodetection. Meanwhile, photon lifetime can be set to obtain terahertz selective photodetectors. Also, a novel CMOS compatible silicon MRWPD is introduced and its high speed performance is investigated. It is shown this photodetector can provide BEP in order of several tens gigahertz even with very low absorption and low volume (about 2 mum3) active regions.
{"title":"Microring-Based Resonant Cavity Waveguide Photodetectors for WDM Optical Systems","authors":"G. Abaeiani, V. Ahmadi, K. Saghafi","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296373","url":null,"abstract":"Analytical models for bandwidth and bandwidth-efficiency product (BEP) of microring waveguide photodetectors (MRWPDs) are presented. In addition to carrier transport and charging processes, the photon lifetime effect is included in the bandwidth model. This effect is characterized by the ODB of microring resonators. It is shown that the short cavities and partially overcoupled structures are suitable for very high speed photodetection. Meanwhile, photon lifetime can be set to obtain terahertz selective photodetectors. Also, a novel CMOS compatible silicon MRWPD is introduced and its high speed performance is investigated. It is shown this photodetector can provide BEP in order of several tens gigahertz even with very low absorption and low volume (about 2 mum3) active regions.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125209637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296079
T. Benson, E. Bekker, A. Vukovic, P. Sewell
Significant attention and investment has been made in providing computer simulation packages for photonics devices and systems. Techniques must typically not only provide accurate vector results, or at least a reliable error estimate, but also be able to deal with multi-physics, multi-scale problems, intricate materials properties and arbitrary geometries. Time domain numerical techniques such as FDTD and TTM have come to the forefront in recent years, driven by their flexibility, adaptability and compatibility with parallel computing techniques. Nevertheless much present day simulation and design work still involves approximations and an automated all- in-one design tool suitable for every purpose is far from realization. Beam propagation methods (BPMs) have proved an invaluable tool for the designers of integrated photonics in the last decades. Many of the original underlying assumptions have been relaxed using new formulations and algorithms. In this invited paper we will show that the computational efficiency of BPMs means they still have much to offer, whilst highlighting some residual issues.
{"title":"The Continuing Role of Beam Propagation Methods in Photonics Design","authors":"T. Benson, E. Bekker, A. Vukovic, P. Sewell","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296079","url":null,"abstract":"Significant attention and investment has been made in providing computer simulation packages for photonics devices and systems. Techniques must typically not only provide accurate vector results, or at least a reliable error estimate, but also be able to deal with multi-physics, multi-scale problems, intricate materials properties and arbitrary geometries. Time domain numerical techniques such as FDTD and TTM have come to the forefront in recent years, driven by their flexibility, adaptability and compatibility with parallel computing techniques. Nevertheless much present day simulation and design work still involves approximations and an automated all- in-one design tool suitable for every purpose is far from realization. Beam propagation methods (BPMs) have proved an invaluable tool for the designers of integrated photonics in the last decades. Many of the original underlying assumptions have been relaxed using new formulations and algorithms. In this invited paper we will show that the computational efficiency of BPMs means they still have much to offer, whilst highlighting some residual issues.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134105757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296085
L. Kazovsky, N. Cheng, Wei-tao Shaw, Shing-Wa Wong
A converged optical and wireless network (CROWN) is proposed for broadband, ubiquitous access service. The network consists of an optical backhaul and a wireless mesh. The broadband optical backhaul combines multiple TDM/WDM passive optical networks (PONs) with a WDM ring. The TDM/WDM PONs are logically reconfigurable using tunable transceivers for better adaptation to changes in bandwidth demands. Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are deployed in CROWN to penetrate into user premises for flexible and ubiquitous services, and wireless gateways are connected to PON branches, providing broadband access for wireless mesh networks. An integrated routing algorithm is developed for CROWN to improve network performance using highly efficient load balancing. Our simulation results show significant performance enhancement compared to hybrid networks with fixed optical backhaul or conventional wireless mesh networks.
{"title":"CROWN - Converged Optical and Wireless Networks: Network Architecture and Routing Algorithms","authors":"L. Kazovsky, N. Cheng, Wei-tao Shaw, Shing-Wa Wong","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296085","url":null,"abstract":"A converged optical and wireless network (CROWN) is proposed for broadband, ubiquitous access service. The network consists of an optical backhaul and a wireless mesh. The broadband optical backhaul combines multiple TDM/WDM passive optical networks (PONs) with a WDM ring. The TDM/WDM PONs are logically reconfigurable using tunable transceivers for better adaptation to changes in bandwidth demands. Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are deployed in CROWN to penetrate into user premises for flexible and ubiquitous services, and wireless gateways are connected to PON branches, providing broadband access for wireless mesh networks. An integrated routing algorithm is developed for CROWN to improve network performance using highly efficient load balancing. Our simulation results show significant performance enhancement compared to hybrid networks with fixed optical backhaul or conventional wireless mesh networks.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132063712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296293
S. Latkowski, F. Surre, P. Landais
Although self pulsating (SP) lasers are DC biased, they feature a modulation of the output power. For the results presented in this paper, the SP frequency corresponds to the frequency spacing between longitudinal modes or its second harmonic. The performances of both a 40 GHz self pulsating distributed Bragg reflector laser and of a 660 GHz slotted laser are presented. For the first laser, the radio frequency (RF) signal was analysed on electrical spectrum analyser and its linewidth was smaller that the sum of the main optical modes, proving a passive modelocking of the mode phases. For the slotted laser, a bolometer interfaced to a FT IR spectrometer is used for the terahertz (THz) detection. A signal 10 times larger than the noise level was measured with this set up. Both lasers have demonstrated to be an easy solution to produce RF or THz signal generator.
{"title":"RF or THz Signals Generated from DC Biased Multimode Lasers","authors":"S. Latkowski, F. Surre, P. Landais","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296293","url":null,"abstract":"Although self pulsating (SP) lasers are DC biased, they feature a modulation of the output power. For the results presented in this paper, the SP frequency corresponds to the frequency spacing between longitudinal modes or its second harmonic. The performances of both a 40 GHz self pulsating distributed Bragg reflector laser and of a 660 GHz slotted laser are presented. For the first laser, the radio frequency (RF) signal was analysed on electrical spectrum analyser and its linewidth was smaller that the sum of the main optical modes, proving a passive modelocking of the mode phases. For the slotted laser, a bolometer interfaced to a FT IR spectrometer is used for the terahertz (THz) detection. A signal 10 times larger than the noise level was measured with this set up. Both lasers have demonstrated to be an easy solution to produce RF or THz signal generator.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131711211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296364
T. Sasaki, Y. Nakae, Muhan Choi, T. Fukushima, T. Harayama
In order to demonstrate controlling directional emissions corresponding to the ring trajectory modes by using external optical injection, we fabricate the AlGaAs/GaAs single-quantum-well tandem quasi-stadium laser diodes consist of the front slave and the rear master laser diodes. The geometry of the laser cavities have been defined by using a lithography system and a reactive-ion-etching technique. The optical injection is performed from the master laser to the slave laser. The ring mode control with the optical injection is evaluated by far-field patterns for the output from the curved end mirror.
{"title":"Optical Control of Ring Modes Using Tandem Quasi-Stadium Laser Diodes","authors":"T. Sasaki, Y. Nakae, Muhan Choi, T. Fukushima, T. Harayama","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296364","url":null,"abstract":"In order to demonstrate controlling directional emissions corresponding to the ring trajectory modes by using external optical injection, we fabricate the AlGaAs/GaAs single-quantum-well tandem quasi-stadium laser diodes consist of the front slave and the rear master laser diodes. The geometry of the laser cavities have been defined by using a lithography system and a reactive-ion-etching technique. The optical injection is performed from the master laser to the slave laser. The ring mode control with the optical injection is evaluated by far-field patterns for the output from the curved end mirror.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132752374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296346
R. Roy, G. Manhoudt, W. van Etten
The broadband photonics project (BBP) under the Freehand consortium of projects looks into the design of an extended access network. The network is a photonic network which can be dynamically reconfigured to distribute bandwidth in an optimised manner. This paper presents linear programming based formulations to calculate implementation of bandwidth redistribution in the network.
{"title":"Bandwidth Re-Distribution Techniques for Extended EPON Based Multi-Wavelength Networks","authors":"R. Roy, G. Manhoudt, W. van Etten","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296346","url":null,"abstract":"The broadband photonics project (BBP) under the Freehand consortium of projects looks into the design of an extended access network. The network is a photonic network which can be dynamically reconfigured to distribute bandwidth in an optimised manner. This paper presents linear programming based formulations to calculate implementation of bandwidth redistribution in the network.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132806906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296265
T. Cinkler, J. Szigeti, L. Gyarmati
The Internet consists of a collection of more than 21000 domains called Autonomous Systems (AS) operated mostly under different authorities (operators/providers) that although co-operate over different geographical areas, they compete in a country or other area. Today BGP is the de facto standard for exchanging reachability information over the domain boundaries and for inter-domain routing. The GMPLS controlled optical beared networks are expected to have similar architecture, however, more information has to be carried for TE, resilience and QoS purposes. Therefore, extensions of BGP and of PNNI as well as the PCE have been proposed. Still in all cases emerges the question of protection shareability. For dedicated protection it is enough to know the topology of the network to be able to calculate disjoint paths. However, to be able to perform sharing of protection resources (shared protection) it is not enough to know the topology, but it is mandatory to know exact working and protection path pairs for all the demands, since protection paths can share a certain resource only if there is no such a pair of working paths that contain any element from the same Shared Risk Group (SRG). This can be checked within a domain where the full topology and link-state information is flooded, however, over the domain boundaries for security and scalability reasons no such information is being spread. In this paper we propose using two techniques that do not require flooding the information on working and protection paths while they still allow sharing of resources. These two techniques are the Multi-Domain p- Cycles (MD-PC) and the Multi-Domain Multi-Path Routing with Protection (MD-MPP). After explaining the principles of these methods we give illustrative results.
{"title":"Multi-Domain Resilience: Can I Share Protection Resources with my Competitors?","authors":"T. Cinkler, J. Szigeti, L. Gyarmati","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296265","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet consists of a collection of more than 21000 domains called Autonomous Systems (AS) operated mostly under different authorities (operators/providers) that although co-operate over different geographical areas, they compete in a country or other area. Today BGP is the de facto standard for exchanging reachability information over the domain boundaries and for inter-domain routing. The GMPLS controlled optical beared networks are expected to have similar architecture, however, more information has to be carried for TE, resilience and QoS purposes. Therefore, extensions of BGP and of PNNI as well as the PCE have been proposed. Still in all cases emerges the question of protection shareability. For dedicated protection it is enough to know the topology of the network to be able to calculate disjoint paths. However, to be able to perform sharing of protection resources (shared protection) it is not enough to know the topology, but it is mandatory to know exact working and protection path pairs for all the demands, since protection paths can share a certain resource only if there is no such a pair of working paths that contain any element from the same Shared Risk Group (SRG). This can be checked within a domain where the full topology and link-state information is flooded, however, over the domain boundaries for security and scalability reasons no such information is being spread. In this paper we propose using two techniques that do not require flooding the information on working and protection paths while they still allow sharing of resources. These two techniques are the Multi-Domain p- Cycles (MD-PC) and the Multi-Domain Multi-Path Routing with Protection (MD-MPP). After explaining the principles of these methods we give illustrative results.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133574863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296125
D. Gerace, L. Andreani, M. Belotti, M. Galli, M. Liscidini, M. Patrini, A. Politi, A. Canino, A. Irrera, R. Lo Savio, M. Miritello, F. Priolo, Y. Chen
We present experimental measurements on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic crystal slabs with an active layer containing Er3+ ions-doped silicon nanoclusters (Si-nc), showing strong enhancement of 1.54 mum emission at room temperature. We provide a systematic theoretical analysis to interpret such results. In order to get further insight, we discuss experimental data on the guided luminescence of unpatterned SOI planar slot waveguides, which show enhanced light emission in transverse-magnetic (TM) modes over transverse-electric (TE) ones.
{"title":"Enhanced Light Emission in Active Silicon-on-Insulator Photonic Crystal Slabs and Slot Waveguides","authors":"D. Gerace, L. Andreani, M. Belotti, M. Galli, M. Liscidini, M. Patrini, A. Politi, A. Canino, A. Irrera, R. Lo Savio, M. Miritello, F. Priolo, Y. Chen","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296125","url":null,"abstract":"We present experimental measurements on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic crystal slabs with an active layer containing Er3+ ions-doped silicon nanoclusters (Si-nc), showing strong enhancement of 1.54 mum emission at room temperature. We provide a systematic theoretical analysis to interpret such results. In order to get further insight, we discuss experimental data on the guided luminescence of unpatterned SOI planar slot waveguides, which show enhanced light emission in transverse-magnetic (TM) modes over transverse-electric (TE) ones.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116734974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296380
Jonathan R. Pugh, I. Buss, Geoffrey R. Nash, Tim Ashley, Anthony Krier, M. Cryan, J. G. Rarity
This paper presents 2D FDTD modelling of a disk resonator that could be used as a disk laser. Results are shown for mode spacing and good agreement with a simple Whispering Gallery Mode model is observed. The influence of direct coupled waveguides on modal behaviour is studied and a large reduction in cavity Q is observed.
{"title":"FDTD Modelling of Mid Infrared Disk Lasers","authors":"Jonathan R. Pugh, I. Buss, Geoffrey R. Nash, Tim Ashley, Anthony Krier, M. Cryan, J. G. Rarity","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2007.4296380","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents 2D FDTD modelling of a disk resonator that could be used as a disk laser. Results are shown for mode spacing and good agreement with a simple Whispering Gallery Mode model is observed. The influence of direct coupled waveguides on modal behaviour is studied and a large reduction in cavity Q is observed.","PeriodicalId":265478,"journal":{"name":"2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115380969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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