Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.1017/9781108879064.022
B. Mayer
This document presents one view in a debate on the relevance of environmental impact assessment as a tool for climate change mitigation. In this piece, I argue that CA is emerging as a rule of customary international law, and that, moreover, it is a potentially useful mitigation tool. In another piece included in the same volume, Alexander Zahar questions the meaningfulness of CA, arguing that it is impossible to determine what constitutes a significant, excessive, or disproportionate emission of greenhouse gases in the case of a proposed activity subject to CA, or at all.
{"title":"The Emergence of Climate Assessment as a Customary Law Obligation","authors":"B. Mayer","doi":"10.1017/9781108879064.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108879064.022","url":null,"abstract":"This document presents one view in a debate on the relevance of environmental impact assessment as a tool for climate change mitigation. In this piece, I argue that CA is emerging as a rule of customary international law, and that, moreover, it is a potentially useful mitigation tool. In another piece included in the same volume, Alexander Zahar questions the meaningfulness of CA, arguing that it is impossible to determine what constitutes a significant, excessive, or disproportionate emission of greenhouse gases in the case of a proposed activity subject to CA, or at all.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"458 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129995611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The costs of the wildfire crisis in California have become uninsurable. This Note argues that the California Legislature must equitably invest in collective resiliency and mitigation efforts to minimize statewide losses before they occur, rather than focus on ex post liability schemes. It proposes a statutory amendment that would require private electric utilities to retrofit their lowest-income ratepayers' homes to fire-hardened standards in areas of high wildfire risk.
{"title":"Fighting Fire with Fire-Hardened Homes: The Role of Electric Utilities in Residential Wildfire Mitigation","authors":"M. Thurman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3791615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3791615","url":null,"abstract":"The costs of the wildfire crisis in California have become uninsurable. This Note argues that the California Legislature must equitably invest in collective resiliency and mitigation efforts to minimize statewide losses before they occur, rather than focus on ex post liability schemes. It proposes a statutory amendment that would require private electric utilities to retrofit their lowest-income ratepayers' homes to fire-hardened standards in areas of high wildfire risk.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132649578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Homeowners’ insurance provides households financial protection from climate losses. To improve access and affordability, state regulators impose price controls on insurance companies. Using novel data, we construct a new measure of rate setting frictions for individual states and show that different states exercise varying degrees of price control, which positively correlates with how exposed a state is to climate events. In high friction states, insurers are more restricted in their ability to set rates and adjust rates less frequently and by a lower amount after experiencing climate losses. In part, insurers overcome pricing frictions by cross-subsidizing insurance across states. We show that in response to losses in high friction states, insurers increase rates in low friction states. Over time, rates get disjoint from underlying risk, and grow faster in states with low pricing frictions. Our findings have consequences for how climate risk is shared in the economy and for long-term access to insurance.
{"title":"Pricing of Climate Risk Insurance: Regulatory Frictions and Cross-Subsidies","authors":"S. Oh, Ishita Sen, Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3762235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3762235","url":null,"abstract":"Homeowners’ insurance provides households financial protection from climate losses. To improve access and affordability, state regulators impose price controls on insurance companies. Using novel data, we construct a new measure of rate setting frictions for individual states and show that different states exercise varying degrees of price control, which positively correlates with how exposed a state is to climate events. In high friction states, insurers are more restricted in their ability to set rates and adjust rates less frequently and by a lower amount after experiencing climate losses. In part, insurers overcome pricing frictions by cross-subsidizing insurance across states. We show that in response to losses in high friction states, insurers increase rates in low friction states. Over time, rates get disjoint from underlying risk, and grow faster in states with low pricing frictions. Our findings have consequences for how climate risk is shared in the economy and for long-term access to insurance.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129843640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The challenges posed by global warming require commitment and effective action from all countries. The hopes placed on the Paris Agreement have not yet materialized and, in many situations, due to the State's inaction or omission. As a result, this situation has led to demands by nationals against their own countries demanding a more effective stance in protecting their nationals from the consequences of global warming. This research has as its theme climate litigation as a citizen alternative and ultimate ratio in the fight against such a challenge. As a general objective, this research intends to analyze the foundations that underlie the judicial processes involving the issue of climate change in different countries and, from this analysis, to evaluate the situation of Brazil in this context, that is, this research also aims to analyze the possibilities and grounds of litigation in Brazil considering the theme of climate change. Regarding the methodology employed, the inductive research method was adopted, which starts from the analysis of specific cases in order to reach a conclusion of the theme. The article concludes that global governance of the environment for climate change, while making progress in implementing the Paris Agreement in 2015, has failed to make progress in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the inaction and / or omission of some countries in fulfilling their commitments in Paris, climate litigation has emerged as an alternative to reverse this situation. The main grounds for climate change demands are commitments under the Paris Agreement, but they also involve constitutionally guaranteed human rights issues. Based on the examples brought to the discussion and the foundations that supported these demands, it can be concluded that governmental behavior, for example, the growth in deforestation and burning in the Amazon is sufficient for the exercise of climate litigation in Brazil.
{"title":"Climate Change Law and Brazil: Climate Litigation As the Ultimate Ratio?","authors":"C. Armada","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3640847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3640847","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges posed by global warming require commitment and effective action from all countries. The hopes placed on the Paris Agreement have not yet materialized and, in many situations, due to the State's inaction or omission. As a result, this situation has led to demands by nationals against their own countries demanding a more effective stance in protecting their nationals from the consequences of global warming. This research has as its theme climate litigation as a citizen alternative and ultimate ratio in the fight against such a challenge. As a general objective, this research intends to analyze the foundations that underlie the judicial processes involving the issue of climate change in different countries and, from this analysis, to evaluate the situation of Brazil in this context, that is, this research also aims to analyze the possibilities and grounds of litigation in Brazil considering the theme of climate change. Regarding the methodology employed, the inductive research method was adopted, which starts from the analysis of specific cases in order to reach a conclusion of the theme. The article concludes that global governance of the environment for climate change, while making progress in implementing the Paris Agreement in 2015, has failed to make progress in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the inaction and / or omission of some countries in fulfilling their commitments in Paris, climate litigation has emerged as an alternative to reverse this situation. The main grounds for climate change demands are commitments under the Paris Agreement, but they also involve constitutionally guaranteed human rights issues. Based on the examples brought to the discussion and the foundations that supported these demands, it can be concluded that governmental behavior, for example, the growth in deforestation and burning in the Amazon is sufficient for the exercise of climate litigation in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117334151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ioannis Branikas, Gabriel Buchbinder, Yugang Ding, Nan Li
Environmental disasters are thought to increase the focus on corporate sustainability in the communities where they occur. Extracting data on wildfires (a frequent type of disaster in the U.S.), and using two rating agencies and EPA air enforcement actions to construct measures of local corporate sustainability, we study this conjecture. We show that severe wildfires in a county increase significantly its corporate environmental sustainability in the following year. This effect is not driven by pre-trends, such as the implementation of existing sustainability programs, nor does it exhibit post-trends, such as reversion or further growth of sustainability in later years. The impact is not homogeneous across counties: it is significant only in counties where the percentage of anthropogenic climate change believers is high, or where the majority of voters are Democrats.
{"title":"The Response of Local Corporate Sustainability to Environmental Disasters: Evidence from Wildfires","authors":"Ioannis Branikas, Gabriel Buchbinder, Yugang Ding, Nan Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3640791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3640791","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental disasters are thought to increase the focus on corporate sustainability in the communities where they occur. Extracting data on wildfires (a frequent type of disaster in the U.S.), and using two rating agencies and EPA air enforcement actions to construct measures of local corporate sustainability, we study this conjecture. We show that severe wildfires in a county increase significantly its corporate environmental sustainability in the following year. This effect is not driven by pre-trends, such as the implementation of existing sustainability programs, nor does it exhibit post-trends, such as reversion or further growth of sustainability in later years. The impact is not homogeneous across counties: it is significant only in counties where the percentage of anthropogenic climate change believers is high, or where the majority of voters are Democrats.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127021050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-28DOI: 10.7712/120119.7270.18871
María-Victoria Requena-Garcia Cruz, Antonio Morales Esteban, Mary Verjel, Emilio Romero Sánchez, Jaime De-Miguel Rodríguez, J. Estêvão
The Iberian Peninsula is close to the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary resulting in a considerable seismic hazard. In fact, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula is affected by far away earthquakes of long-return period with large-very large magnitude. A project named PERSISTAH (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese) aims to cooperatively assess the seismic vulnerability of primary schools located in the Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain). Primary schools have been selected due to the considerable amount of similar buildings and their seismic vulnerability. In Portugal, the Decreto Lei 235/83 (RSAEEP) is mandatory while in Spain, the mandatory code is the Seismic Building Code (NCSE-02). In both countries, the Eurocode-8 (EC-8) is recommended. Despite the fact that both regions would be equally affected by an earthquake, both seismic codes are significantly different. This research compares the seismic action of Ayamonte (Huelva) and Vila Real de Santo António (Portugal). Both towns are very close and located at both sides of the border. Moreover, they share the same geology. This analysis has been applied considering a reinforced concrete (RC) primary school building located in Huelva. To do so, the performance-based method has been used. The seismic action and the damage levels are compared and analysed. The results have shown considerable differences in the seismic actions designation, in the performance point values and in the damage levels. The values considered in the Portuguese code are significantly more unfavourable. An agreement between codes should be made for border regions.
伊比利亚半岛靠近欧亚板块边界，造成了相当大的地震危险。事实上，伊比利亚半岛西南部受到遥远地震的影响，这些地震具有长周期的大-特大震级。一个名为PERSISTAH(葡萄牙语:project jetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva)的项目旨在合作评估位于阿尔加维(葡萄牙)和韦尔瓦(西班牙)的小学的地震脆弱性。选择小学是因为有相当数量的类似建筑和它们的地震脆弱性。在葡萄牙，法令235/83 (RSAEEP)是强制性的，而在西班牙，强制性规范是抗震建筑规范(NCSE-02)。在这两个国家，推荐使用欧洲代码8 (EC-8)。尽管这两个地区同样会受到地震的影响，但这两个地区的地震规范却有很大的不同。本研究比较了Ayamonte (Huelva)和Vila Real de Santo António(葡萄牙)的地震作用。这两个城镇都很近，位于边界的两侧。此外，它们拥有相同的地质。该分析已应用于位于Huelva的钢筋混凝土(RC)小学建筑。为此，采用了基于性能的方法。对地震作用和损伤程度进行了比较分析。结果表明，在地震作用的指定，在性能点值和损伤水平上存在相当大的差异。葡萄牙法典中所考虑的价值观明显更为不利。边境地区应达成代码间协议。
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis between the Spanish and Portuguese Seismic Codes: Application to a Border RC Primary School","authors":"María-Victoria Requena-Garcia Cruz, Antonio Morales Esteban, Mary Verjel, Emilio Romero Sánchez, Jaime De-Miguel Rodríguez, J. Estêvão","doi":"10.7712/120119.7270.18871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7712/120119.7270.18871","url":null,"abstract":"The Iberian Peninsula is close to the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary resulting in a considerable seismic hazard. In fact, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula is affected by far away earthquakes of long-return period with large-very large magnitude. A project named PERSISTAH (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese) aims to cooperatively assess the seismic vulnerability of primary schools located in the Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain). Primary schools have been selected due to the considerable amount of similar buildings and their seismic vulnerability. In Portugal, the Decreto Lei 235/83 (RSAEEP) is mandatory while in Spain, the mandatory code is the Seismic Building Code (NCSE-02). In both countries, the Eurocode-8 (EC-8) is recommended. Despite the fact that both regions would be equally affected by an earthquake, both seismic codes are significantly different. This research compares the seismic action of Ayamonte (Huelva) and Vila Real de Santo António (Portugal). Both towns are very close and located at both sides of the border. Moreover, they share the same geology. This analysis has been applied considering a reinforced concrete (RC) primary school building located in Huelva. To do so, the performance-based method has been used. The seismic action and the damage levels are compared and analysed. The results have shown considerable differences in the seismic actions designation, in the performance point values and in the damage levels. The values considered in the Portuguese code are significantly more unfavourable. An agreement between codes should be made for border regions.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114957170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The short-term impact of COVID-19 on the environment is positive, as with the shutdown of economic activity carbon emissions have dropped Once the crisis is ov
COVID-19对环境的短期影响是积极的，因为随着经济活动的关闭，一旦危机结束，碳排放量就会下降
{"title":"COVID 19 Crisis: Economic Stimulus, International Trade and Environmental Sustainability","authors":"Poonam Mulchandani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3663113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3663113","url":null,"abstract":"The short-term impact of COVID-19 on the environment is positive, as with the shutdown of economic activity carbon emissions have dropped Once the crisis is ov","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116389063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanitation and hygiene practices to limit the spread of COVID-19 require ample water supply, and communities with poor or untrusted residential water infrastructure rely on bottled water retrieved from outside the home. Thus ability to adhere to sanitation and shelter-in-place recommendations may be limited for households lacking a safe, reliable, and trustworthy piped water source. Consistent with this hypothesis, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has grown faster in counties with lower-quality residential water infrastructure. These findings suggest that, in the short run, distribution of potable water to water-poor households may help slow the spread of COVID-19 or ameliorate community health consequences, and in the long run, investment in residential water infrastructure may increase resilience to future pandemics.
{"title":"Residential Water Quality and the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States","authors":"Kelly Hyde","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3572341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572341","url":null,"abstract":"Sanitation and hygiene practices to limit the spread of COVID-19 require ample water supply, and communities with poor or untrusted residential water infrastructure rely on bottled water retrieved from outside the home. Thus ability to adhere to sanitation and shelter-in-place recommendations may be limited for households lacking a safe, reliable, and trustworthy piped water source. Consistent with this hypothesis, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has grown faster in counties with lower-quality residential water infrastructure. These findings suggest that, in the short run, distribution of potable water to water-poor households may help slow the spread of COVID-19 or ameliorate community health consequences, and in the long run, investment in residential water infrastructure may increase resilience to future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131088837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study quantifies the economic effect of a possible lockdown of Tokyo to prevent spread of COVID-19. The negative effect of the lockdown may propagate to other regions through supply chains because of shortage of supply and demand. Applying an agent-based model to the actual supply chains of nearly 1.6 million firms in Japan, we simulate what would happen to production activities outside Tokyo when production activities that are not essential to citizens' survival in Tokyo were shut down for a certain period. We find that when Tokyo is locked down for a month, the indirect effect on other regions would be twice as large as the direct effect on Tokyo, leading to a total production loss of 27 trillion yen in Japan, or 5.3% of its annual GDP. Although the production shut down in Tokyo accounts for 21% of the total production in Japan, the lockdown would result in a reduction of the daily production in Japan by 86% in a month.
{"title":"The Propagation of the Economic Impact through Supply Chains: The Case of a Mega-City Lockdown against the Spread of COVID-19","authors":"H. Inoue, Y. Todo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3564898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3564898","url":null,"abstract":"This study quantifies the economic effect of a possible lockdown of Tokyo to prevent spread of COVID-19. The negative effect of the lockdown may propagate to other regions through supply chains because of shortage of supply and demand. Applying an agent-based model to the actual supply chains of nearly 1.6 million firms in Japan, we simulate what would happen to production activities outside Tokyo when production activities that are not essential to citizens' survival in Tokyo were shut down for a certain period. We find that when Tokyo is locked down for a month, the indirect effect on other regions would be twice as large as the direct effect on Tokyo, leading to a total production loss of 27 trillion yen in Japan, or 5.3% of its annual GDP. Although the production shut down in Tokyo accounts for 21% of the total production in Japan, the lockdown would result in a reduction of the daily production in Japan by 86% in a month.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134034702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The existence of externalities in fact makes it impossible to measure social costs and social well-being by market means. The solution of many urban problems demands an integrated approach. Urban economy is crucial domain where externalities disrupt efficiency and make it difficult reach prompt decisions. It is essential to pay attention to the function of a city and its spatial organization. Traditional economic theory fails to consider the externalities arising from the interaction of three city spheres: economic, ecological and social. The choice between environmental and social well-being is a very acute issue. The access to high-paying jobs and the availability of social benefits is associated in Russia with living or moving to cities or regions with an unfavorable environment. Authors have tried to find an efficient city size (in terms of population) for 114 Russian towns considering all three spheres and demonstrated how to achieve an efficient city size by means of ecological regulation and changes in city area.
{"title":"Urban Externalities and Human Well-Being","authors":"O. Kudryavtseva, O. Malikova, E. Egorov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3532764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532764","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The existence of externalities in fact makes it impossible to measure social costs and social well-being by market means. The solution of many urban problems demands an integrated approach. Urban economy is crucial domain where externalities disrupt efficiency and make it difficult reach prompt decisions. It is essential to pay attention to the function of a city and its spatial organization. Traditional economic theory fails to consider the externalities arising from the interaction of three city spheres: economic, ecological and social. The choice between environmental and social well-being is a very acute issue. The access to high-paying jobs and the availability of social benefits is associated in Russia with living or moving to cities or regions with an unfavorable environment. Authors have tried to find an efficient city size (in terms of population) for 114 Russian towns considering all three spheres and demonstrated how to achieve an efficient city size by means of ecological regulation and changes in city area.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125501466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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