This module articulates a theory of change for climate-smart agriculture. The theory of change serves as a foundation for a step-by-step guide for implementing a national climate-smart agricultural strategic framework. The first section of the module describes the elements of the theory of change. Based on this theory, the second section lays out the steps that need be followed to establish the required evidence base to support climate-smart agriculture planning and implementation. These steps are associated with five distinct activities: stocktaking of challenges and options; identifying potential climate-smart agriculture interventions; expanding the evidence base for climatesmart agriculture objectives; assessing barriers to adoption; costing interventions; and prioritizing and planning for country-owned climate-smart agriculture strategies. The third section highlights some of the key capacities that need to be developed to build and sustain a national climate-smart agriculture strategy and integrate climate-smart agriculture into policies that extend beyond specific projects and programmes.
{"title":"The Theory of Change for the CSA Approach: A Guide to Evidence-Based Implementation at the Country Level","authors":"A. Arslan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3300001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3300001","url":null,"abstract":"This module articulates a theory of change for climate-smart agriculture. The theory of change serves as a foundation for a step-by-step guide for implementing a national climate-smart agricultural strategic framework. The first section of the module describes the elements of the theory of change. Based on this theory, the second section lays out the steps that need be followed to establish the required evidence base to support climate-smart agriculture planning and implementation. These steps are associated with five distinct activities: stocktaking of challenges and options; identifying potential climate-smart agriculture interventions; expanding the evidence base for climatesmart agriculture objectives; assessing barriers to adoption; costing interventions; and prioritizing and planning for country-owned climate-smart agriculture strategies. The third section highlights some of the key capacities that need to be developed to build and sustain a national climate-smart agriculture strategy and integrate climate-smart agriculture into policies that extend beyond specific projects and programmes.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128568648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global warming problematic is in reality decided not by the UNFCCC or IPCC with its mastodon meetings. The decisive players are the states of the following BIG polluters of CO2: China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia Mexico, South Korea, Canada, Australia and the US, despite the fact that its present government already has defected from the common pool regime, set up in Paris 2017, These countries together with international shipping and aviation are putting out more than 50% of the CO2s. However, they are little interested, because they emphasize the policy-making of socio-economic development, either economic growth with rich countries or the “catch-up” strategy with poor or emerging economies. Resilience will decide which countries can support the consequences of climate change.
{"title":"Socio-Economic Determinism and Climate Change","authors":"Jan-Erik Lane","doi":"10.22158/ASIR.V1N2P131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/ASIR.V1N2P131","url":null,"abstract":"The global warming problematic is in reality decided not by the UNFCCC or IPCC with its mastodon meetings. The decisive players are the states of the following BIG polluters of CO2: China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia Mexico, South Korea, Canada, Australia and the US, despite the fact that its present government already has defected from the common pool regime, set up in Paris 2017, These countries together with international shipping and aviation are putting out more than 50% of the CO2s. However, they are little interested, because they emphasize the policy-making of socio-economic development, either economic growth with rich countries or the “catch-up” strategy with poor or emerging economies. Resilience will decide which countries can support the consequences of climate change.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122204448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insurance is an essential component of household and community resilience: it protects insureds financially against disaster losses, can encourage investments in cost-effective mitigation measures through premium reductions, and facilitates rebuilding of property and long-term recovery following a disaster via claim payments. Private insurers face challenges in providing protection against low-probability, high-consequence events, however, and the perceived market failures have led governments around the world to create various (quasi to fully) public insurance entities, often designed as public–private partnerships. This paper synthesizes findings from six papers and the resulting discussion at a November 2016 workshop, “Improving Disaster Financing: Evaluating Policy Interventions in Disaster Insurance Markets.” Participants evaluated disaster insurance programs for flood, earthquake, and terrorism losses, as well as comprehensive homeowners policies. This paper discusses the difficulties in providing protection against these types of disasters and suggests ways to improve public-private partnerships for disaster financing in three interrelated areas: (1) risk communication, (2) risk reduction, and (3) risk transfer. The paper concludes with a proposal for a comprehensive insurance program that could harness the benefits of both the public and private sectors.
{"title":"Defining the Roles of the Public and Private Sector in Risk Communication, Risk Reduction, and Risk Transfer","authors":"C. Kousky, H. Kunreuther","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3029630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3029630","url":null,"abstract":"Insurance is an essential component of household and community resilience: it protects insureds financially against disaster losses, can encourage investments in cost-effective mitigation measures through premium reductions, and facilitates rebuilding of property and long-term recovery following a disaster via claim payments. Private insurers face challenges in providing protection against low-probability, high-consequence events, however, and the perceived market failures have led governments around the world to create various (quasi to fully) public insurance entities, often designed as public–private partnerships. This paper synthesizes findings from six papers and the resulting discussion at a November 2016 workshop, “Improving Disaster Financing: Evaluating Policy Interventions in Disaster Insurance Markets.” Participants evaluated disaster insurance programs for flood, earthquake, and terrorism losses, as well as comprehensive homeowners policies. \u0000This paper discusses the difficulties in providing protection against these types of disasters and suggests ways to improve public-private partnerships for disaster financing in three interrelated areas: \u0000(1) risk communication, \u0000(2) risk reduction, and \u0000(3) risk transfer. \u0000The paper concludes with a proposal for a comprehensive insurance program that could harness the benefits of both the public and private sectors.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124955040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problem definition: This paper provides empirical evidence on the effect of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) on the financial performance of firms. Academic/practical relevance: The GEJE was characterized as the most significant disruption ever for global supply chains. In its aftermath, there was a great deal of debate about the risks and vulnerabilities of global supply chains, and there were calls to redesign and restructure supply chains. Methodology: We empirically estimate the effect of the GEJE on the stock prices of firms. Our analyses are based on a global sample of 470 firms collected from articles and announcements in the business press that identify affected firms, as well as 382 firms that are not mentioned in the business press but are in industries potentially subject to contagion or competitive effects. Results: We estimate that firms experiencing supply chain disruptions as a result of the GEJE lost on average 5.21% of their shareholder value during the one-month period after the GEJE. For Japanese firms, the effect was much more severe with an average 9.32% loss in shareholder value. Non-Japanese firms averaged a 3.73% loss in shareholder value. We also find that upstream and downstream supply chain propagation effects from the GEJE are negative, and the contagion effect on firms related to the nuclear industry is very negative. For firms in the rebuilding industries or competitors to firms affected by the GEJE, the competitive effect from the GEJE is positive. Managerial implications: The loss suffered by both Japanese firms and non-Japanese firms experiencing supply chain disruptions as a result of the GEJE is economically significant. Although the loss is more severe for firms whose operations were directly affected by the GEJE, it is also significant for firms who experienced indirect effects from their upstream and downstream supply chain partners, further confirming the importance of supply chain risk mitigation strategies.
{"title":"Stock Market Reaction to Supply Chain Disruptions from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake","authors":"K. B. Hendricks, B. Jacobs, V. Singhal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2959681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2959681","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: This paper provides empirical evidence on the effect of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) on the financial performance of firms. Academic/practical relevance: The GEJE was characterized as the most significant disruption ever for global supply chains. In its aftermath, there was a great deal of debate about the risks and vulnerabilities of global supply chains, and there were calls to redesign and restructure supply chains. Methodology: We empirically estimate the effect of the GEJE on the stock prices of firms. Our analyses are based on a global sample of 470 firms collected from articles and announcements in the business press that identify affected firms, as well as 382 firms that are not mentioned in the business press but are in industries potentially subject to contagion or competitive effects. Results: We estimate that firms experiencing supply chain disruptions as a result of the GEJE lost on average 5.21% of their shareholder value during the one-month period after the GEJE. For Japanese firms, the effect was much more severe with an average 9.32% loss in shareholder value. Non-Japanese firms averaged a 3.73% loss in shareholder value. We also find that upstream and downstream supply chain propagation effects from the GEJE are negative, and the contagion effect on firms related to the nuclear industry is very negative. For firms in the rebuilding industries or competitors to firms affected by the GEJE, the competitive effect from the GEJE is positive. Managerial implications: The loss suffered by both Japanese firms and non-Japanese firms experiencing supply chain disruptions as a result of the GEJE is economically significant. Although the loss is more severe for firms whose operations were directly affected by the GEJE, it is also significant for firms who experienced indirect effects from their upstream and downstream supply chain partners, further confirming the importance of supply chain risk mitigation strategies.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127762092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-26DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.75.41
E. Eke, M. Oyinloye, I. Olamiju
African cities are experiencing uncontrolled expansion. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the impact of urban expansion on landuse types of Akure for the period of 1972 to 2009. In analyzing the urban expansion of the city, 1972 MSS, 1986 Landsat Thematic ™ and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images for 2002 and 2009 satellite image captured from google earth website were used in a post classification comparison analysis to map the spatial dynamics of landuse/ land cover changes and identify the urban expansion of Akure. Questionnaire was also used to determine the factors responsible for the expansion of Akure. The findings showed a rapid expansion in the built-up area of Akure from 1.00% in 1972 to 2.46% in 1986, 2.46% in 1986 to 3.90% in 2002 with an annual growth rate of 10.63% and 3.66% due to increasing population of Akure within these periods respectively. Prediction made showed that the built-up of Akure would expand to 2.66% in 2022. The study recommends review of the outdated 1980 master plan and development control mechanism that will guide the rapid expansion that had been accompanied by loss of vegetation in Akure.
{"title":"Analysis of the Urban Expansion for the Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Eke, M. Oyinloye, I. Olamiju","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.75.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.75.41","url":null,"abstract":"African cities are experiencing uncontrolled expansion. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the impact of urban expansion on landuse types of Akure for the period of 1972 to 2009. In analyzing the urban expansion of the city, 1972 MSS, 1986 Landsat Thematic ™ and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM<sup>+</sup>) images for 2002 and 2009 satellite image captured from google earth website were used in a post classification comparison analysis to map the spatial dynamics of landuse/ land cover changes and identify the urban expansion of Akure. Questionnaire was also used to determine the factors responsible for the expansion of Akure. The findings showed a rapid expansion in the built-up area of Akure from 1.00% in 1972 to 2.46% in 1986, 2.46% in 1986 to 3.90% in 2002 with an annual growth rate of 10.63% and 3.66% due to increasing population of Akure within these periods respectively. Prediction made showed that the built-up of Akure would expand to 2.66% in 2022. The study recommends review of the outdated 1980 master plan and development control mechanism that will guide the rapid expansion that had been accompanied by loss of vegetation in Akure.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114861434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the ubiquitous development of mobile technologies, many cities today have installed mobile-enabled bike sharing systems - both publicly and privately owned - in an effort to nudge dwellers towards a more sustainable mode of transportation. However, there is little evidence - apart from anecdote stories - for the success of these systems. In this work we are focusing on analyzing the impact of a shared bike system on the parking demand. The latter can be thought of as a lower bound for the car trips generated towards a specific area and has implications towards potential substitution effects between driving and biking. In particular, we use data from Healthy Ride, the newly installed shared bike system in the city of Pittsburgh, combined with data we obtained from the Pittsburgh Parking Authority, and using the difference-in-differences framework we quantify the impact of the bike stations on the parking demand around them. Our findings provide evidence that even when controlling for the lost parking space (used to build the parking stations) the parking demand in the nearby areas was reduced by approximately 2%. This can have significant implications that shared bike systems can shift transportation modes, which consequently can have rippling effects for the economy and environment. In particular, our follow-up analyses indicate that the new bike share system could lead to a monthly reduction of 0.82 metric tones CO2 emissions per square mile, or approximately 4,381 metric tones of CO2 in the metro area of Pittsburgh!
{"title":"Bike Sharing and Car Trips in the City: The Case of Healthy Ride Pittsburgh","authors":"K. Pelechrinis, Beibei Li, Sean Qian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2853543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2853543","url":null,"abstract":"With the ubiquitous development of mobile technologies, many cities today have installed mobile-enabled bike sharing systems - both publicly and privately owned - in an effort to nudge dwellers towards a more sustainable mode of transportation. However, there is little evidence - apart from anecdote stories - for the success of these systems. In this work we are focusing on analyzing the impact of a shared bike system on the parking demand. The latter can be thought of as a lower bound for the car trips generated towards a specific area and has implications towards potential substitution effects between driving and biking. In particular, we use data from Healthy Ride, the newly installed shared bike system in the city of Pittsburgh, combined with data we obtained from the Pittsburgh Parking Authority, and using the difference-in-differences framework we quantify the impact of the bike stations on the parking demand around them. Our findings provide evidence that even when controlling for the lost parking space (used to build the parking stations) the parking demand in the nearby areas was reduced by approximately 2%. This can have significant implications that shared bike systems can shift transportation modes, which consequently can have rippling effects for the economy and environment. In particular, our follow-up analyses indicate that the new bike share system could lead to a monthly reduction of 0.82 metric tones CO2 emissions per square mile, or approximately 4,381 metric tones of CO2 in the metro area of Pittsburgh!","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123872894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of chart pattern, or technical, analysis to climate time series data is demonstrated. The technique is known in the field of finance to perform predictions of future changes in prices. It is shown that global average temperature anomalies (HadCRUT4) clearly formed an ascending triangle chart pattern during the period of global warming hiatus since 1998. Even feature details of the chart pattern have been found, including the steep increase which has been observed recently. Relevance and benefit of the chart pattern analysis to research in the global climate system -- or complex physical systems in general -- are discussed.
{"title":"Chart Pattern in Climate Time Series Data","authors":"J. Kaiser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3250759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3250759","url":null,"abstract":"The application of chart pattern, or technical, analysis to climate time series data is demonstrated. The technique is known in the field of finance to perform predictions of future changes in prices. It is shown that global average temperature anomalies (HadCRUT4) clearly formed an ascending triangle chart pattern during the period of global warming hiatus since 1998. Even feature details of the chart pattern have been found, including the steep increase which has been observed recently. Relevance and benefit of the chart pattern analysis to research in the global climate system -- or complex physical systems in general -- are discussed.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129848322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the short-term growth consequences of natural disasters are comparatively well studied, there is little knowledge how disasters affect long-run growth. Based on truly exogenous storm indicators, derived from a meteorological database, we show that the growth effects of tropical storms go well beyond the short-term perspective. These negative growth effects of hurricanes are especially pronounced in underdeveloped countries which have comparatively little possibilities to protect against storm consequences. We show that the negative growth effects in underdeveloped countries are amplified by an increase in net fertility and a decrease in educational efforts in the aftermath of occurring hurricanes.
{"title":"Hurricanes, Economic Growth and Transmission Channels - Empirical Evidence for Developed and Underdeveloped Countries","authors":"Michael Berlemann, Daniela Wenzel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2845284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2845284","url":null,"abstract":"While the short-term growth consequences of natural disasters are comparatively well studied, there is little knowledge how disasters affect long-run growth. Based on truly exogenous storm indicators, derived from a meteorological database, we show that the growth effects of tropical storms go well beyond the short-term perspective. These negative growth effects of hurricanes are especially pronounced in underdeveloped countries which have comparatively little possibilities to protect against storm consequences. We show that the negative growth effects in underdeveloped countries are amplified by an increase in net fertility and a decrease in educational efforts in the aftermath of occurring hurricanes.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128750266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When a natural disaster destroys public capital, these direct losses are exacerbated by indirect losses arising from reduced output while reconstruction takes place. These indirect losses may be much larger, relative to the direct ones, in low-income countries, because they lack the finance for rapid reconstruction. This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model to examine sovereign disaster risk insurance, increased taxation, and budget reallocation as alternative financing mechanisms for countries where increased borrowing is impractical. The analysis suggests that insurance may or may not be helpful, depending on detailed circumstances, and that budget reallocation is potentially very damaging. Raised taxation, if feasible, may be an attractive option.
{"title":"Financing the Reconstruction of Public Capital after a Natural Disaster","authors":"D. Bevan, C. Adam","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-7718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7718","url":null,"abstract":"When a natural disaster destroys public capital, these direct losses are exacerbated by indirect losses arising from reduced output while reconstruction takes place. These indirect losses may be much larger, relative to the direct ones, in low-income countries, because they lack the finance for rapid reconstruction. This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model to examine sovereign disaster risk insurance, increased taxation, and budget reallocation as alternative financing mechanisms for countries where increased borrowing is impractical. The analysis suggests that insurance may or may not be helpful, depending on detailed circumstances, and that budget reallocation is potentially very damaging. Raised taxation, if feasible, may be an attractive option.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133907189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Dabara, Ankeli Ikpeme Anthony, J. Guyimu, E. Oladimeji, Oyeleke Oyediran
The availability of adequate infrastructure facilities is imperative for the overall economic development of any country. However, developing countries like Nigeria are particularly bedeviled by issues of adequate infrastructure financing and this has great consequences on its citizenry. The aim of this study is to evaluate infrastructure financing strategies and its effect on urban development in Nigeria with a view to providing information that will guide policy makers in the country particularly and similar developing economies in general in making informed decisions on their infrastructure investment strategies. The theoretical research approach was adopted for this study. The study revealed that inadequate investment in basic infrastructure (due to severe budget constraints) and the rapid rate of urbanization in Nigeria is putting considerable strain on the nation's limited infrastructure. Hence, there is a need for large and continuing amounts of investments in almost all areas of infrastructure in Nigeria. Similarly, investment in maintaining existing infrastructure has suffered gross neglect, leaving the country with degraded and inefficient infrastructure services; this is compounded by unprecedented urban growth in major urban centers such as Lagos, Abuja and Port-Harcourt. This has resulted into the explosion of informal settlements (slums) in and around these major cities. This ugly situation is occasioned by mainly lack of long-term funds for infrastructure financing; uncertain political/economic environment; fear of policy reversals by successive governments as typical infrastructure projects span over long periods, etc. In Nigeria, the government has been the sole financier of infrastructural projects and has often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. There is a need for paradigm shift in this respect as this may not be the best way to execute/finance these projects. It is obvious that the government alone cannot adequately shoulder the responsibility of infrastructure financing, therefore, to ensure urban development in Nigeria; this study recommends the involvement of the private sector in infrastructure financing. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) offer a promising solution to the financing needs of the country as it could attract foreign investments. It is recommended that infrastructure investments should be made in such a way as to recover the invested resources through a system of user charges. This means that the services of investment projects in the country should no more be continued as a free good.
{"title":"Infrastructure Financing and Urban Development in Nigeria","authors":"D. Dabara, Ankeli Ikpeme Anthony, J. Guyimu, E. Oladimeji, Oyeleke Oyediran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2784497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2784497","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of adequate infrastructure facilities is imperative for the overall economic development of any country. However, developing countries like Nigeria are particularly bedeviled by issues of adequate infrastructure financing and this has great consequences on its citizenry. The aim of this study is to evaluate infrastructure financing strategies and its effect on urban development in Nigeria with a view to providing information that will guide policy makers in the country particularly and similar developing economies in general in making informed decisions on their infrastructure investment strategies. The theoretical research approach was adopted for this study. The study revealed that inadequate investment in basic infrastructure (due to severe budget constraints) and the rapid rate of urbanization in Nigeria is putting considerable strain on the nation's limited infrastructure. Hence, there is a need for large and continuing amounts of investments in almost all areas of infrastructure in Nigeria. Similarly, investment in maintaining existing infrastructure has suffered gross neglect, leaving the country with degraded and inefficient infrastructure services; this is compounded by unprecedented urban growth in major urban centers such as Lagos, Abuja and Port-Harcourt. This has resulted into the explosion of informal settlements (slums) in and around these major cities. This ugly situation is occasioned by mainly lack of long-term funds for infrastructure financing; uncertain political/economic environment; fear of policy reversals by successive governments as typical infrastructure projects span over long periods, etc. In Nigeria, the government has been the sole financier of infrastructural projects and has often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. There is a need for paradigm shift in this respect as this may not be the best way to execute/finance these projects. It is obvious that the government alone cannot adequately shoulder the responsibility of infrastructure financing, therefore, to ensure urban development in Nigeria; this study recommends the involvement of the private sector in infrastructure financing. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) offer a promising solution to the financing needs of the country as it could attract foreign investments. It is recommended that infrastructure investments should be made in such a way as to recover the invested resources through a system of user charges. This means that the services of investment projects in the country should no more be continued as a free good.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126353568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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