Droughts are a recurring feature of UK climate. This paper asks what drought and water scarcity management options are currently applied in England and Wales and contrasts it with international literature. This research will also deviate from the standard differentiation of supply versus demand options and present a new classification focussing on different stakeholder groups or overarching water governance issues. This new typology helps identifying weaknesses in current drought and water scarcity management. The literature review shows a tendency towards proactive measures that focus on cross-sectoral collaboration, abstractor groups and valuing water. In contrast, the results for England and Wales, based on an analysis of water companies’ Water Resources Management Plans, show that only a limited number of the international available options are applied and that the currently applied options focus on restricting water use in times of drought but focus less on preventing droughts in a larger context of water governance. Thus, to tackle future challenges such as climate change and population growth, water companies and regulators should embrace the introduction of more proactive drought management options.
{"title":"Running Out of Water and Options? An Assessment of Current Drought and Water Scarcity Management Options in England and Wales","authors":"Kevin Grecksch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3245965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3245965","url":null,"abstract":"Droughts are a recurring feature of UK climate. This paper asks what drought and water scarcity management options are currently applied in England and Wales and contrasts it with international literature. This research will also deviate from the standard differentiation of supply versus demand options and present a new classification focussing on different stakeholder groups or overarching water governance issues. This new typology helps identifying weaknesses in current drought and water scarcity management. The literature review shows a tendency towards proactive measures that focus on cross-sectoral collaboration, abstractor groups and valuing water. In contrast, the results for England and Wales, based on an analysis of water companies’ Water Resources Management Plans, show that only a limited number of the international available options are applied and that the currently applied options focus on restricting water use in times of drought but focus less on preventing droughts in a larger context of water governance. Thus, to tackle future challenges such as climate change and population growth, water companies and regulators should embrace the introduction of more proactive drought management options.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131901234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Worldwide materials extraction increased by a factor of 8.4 over the course of the 20th century. In the meantime, global GDP and population increased by factors of about 22 and 4, respectively. This reveals that one of the key factors driving the increase in the exploitation of the resources was the growth in world population, although mitigated by the reduction in the intensity in the use of the resources in production. In this paper, we present a model that combines the theory of endogenous growth and the economy of natural resources, but taking into account the geographical distribution of economic activity. Indeed, the New Economic Geography provides insights about two elements that, although speeding up GDP growth, can curb the pressure on natural resources, namely the reduction in transports costs and a boost to pace of innovation.
{"title":"Natural Resources, Economic Growth and Geography","authors":"Rafael González‐Val, F. Pueyo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3241982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3241982","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Worldwide materials extraction increased by a factor of 8.4 over the course of the 20th century. In the meantime, global GDP and population increased by factors of about 22 and 4, respectively. This reveals that one of the key factors driving the increase in the exploitation of the resources was the growth in world population, although mitigated by the reduction in the intensity in the use of the resources in production. In this paper, we present a model that combines the theory of endogenous growth and the economy of natural resources, but taking into account the geographical distribution of economic activity. Indeed, the New Economic Geography provides insights about two elements that, although speeding up GDP growth, can curb the pressure on natural resources, namely the reduction in transports costs and a boost to pace of innovation.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133466051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mona Davanlou, Poorhashemi Seyed Abbas, A. Zare, M. Abdollahi
International state responsibility is one of the most attractive and most important and, at the same time, the most complex area of international law, and its precise explanation, as well as its commitment, plays a great role in the development of international law enforcement. Today, climate change is one of the common and significant concerns of the international community. Despite the sensitivity and importance of the issue, there has been no significant correlation to solve this problem. With regard to the international law approach, this study seeks to use the subject of international responsibility as an effective mechanism for combating climate change. Moreover, it tries to address Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Consensus in addition to brief look at the past, focusing on recent developments on climate change, and relying on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in order to summarize the latest achievements of international law in this field. Besides, it also discusses the effective liability of the states that can prevent and compensate for these changes.
{"title":"Analysis of the International Responsibility System of Climate Change","authors":"Mona Davanlou, Poorhashemi Seyed Abbas, A. Zare, M. Abdollahi","doi":"10.12944/CWE.13.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.13.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"International state responsibility is one of the most attractive and most important and, at the same time, the most complex area of international law, and its precise explanation, as well as its commitment, plays a great role in the development of international law enforcement. Today, climate change is one of the common and significant concerns of the international community. Despite the sensitivity and importance of the issue, there has been no significant correlation to solve this problem. With regard to the international law approach, this study seeks to use the subject of international responsibility as an effective mechanism for combating climate change. Moreover, it tries to address Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Consensus in addition to brief look at the past, focusing on recent developments on climate change, and relying on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in order to summarize the latest achievements of international law in this field. Besides, it also discusses the effective liability of the states that can prevent and compensate for these changes.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131041970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, we witnessed an immense increase in international land transactions in the Global South, a phenomenon slowly expanding in northern industrialized countries, too. Even though in Europe agriculture plays a decreasing economic role for rural livelihoods, the increases in land transactions by non-local, non-agricultural investors pervades rural life. Nevertheless, the underlying processes are not yet well understood. Large-scale land acquisitions describe such purchases and leases in a neutral way, while ‘land grabbing’ expresses negative consequences for rural people. We investigate whether and under which conditions the term land grabbing is justified for the phenomenon observed in Europe. We propose six socio-cultural criteria that scholars should consider to come to an initial classification: legal irregularities, non-residence of new owners, centralization in decision-making structures, treating land as an investment object, concentration of decision-power, and limited access to land markets. We supplement our findings with empirical material from East Germany, where such land acquisition processes occur. Our paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about agricultural structural change in Europe, which is intensified by increasing land prices and a new distribution of landownership but likewise strongly intertwined with rural development.
{"title":"Land Grabbing in Europe? Socio-Cultural Externalities of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in East Germany","authors":"Ramona Bunkus, I. Theesfeld","doi":"10.3390/LAND7030098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/LAND7030098","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, we witnessed an immense increase in international land transactions in the Global South, a phenomenon slowly expanding in northern industrialized countries, too. Even though in Europe agriculture plays a decreasing economic role for rural livelihoods, the increases in land transactions by non-local, non-agricultural investors pervades rural life. Nevertheless, the underlying processes are not yet well understood. Large-scale land acquisitions describe such purchases and leases in a neutral way, while ‘land grabbing’ expresses negative consequences for rural people. We investigate whether and under which conditions the term land grabbing is justified for the phenomenon observed in Europe. We propose six socio-cultural criteria that scholars should consider to come to an initial classification: legal irregularities, non-residence of new owners, centralization in decision-making structures, treating land as an investment object, concentration of decision-power, and limited access to land markets. We supplement our findings with empirical material from East Germany, where such land acquisition processes occur. Our paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about agricultural structural change in Europe, which is intensified by increasing land prices and a new distribution of landownership but likewise strongly intertwined with rural development.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115900380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many environmental problems entail a temporal dilemma. Societies benefit from resource use now that will have cumulative negative impacts on future generations. All too often, societies only act to address these risks after a crisis (such as a fisheries collapse or a river on fire) has occurred. Climate change presents a particularly challenging case since when society decides the harms are too great to withstand, reducing greenhouse gas emissions drastically will take time and society will be left to suffer, adapt, or undertake risky geoengineering. In this paper we ask the question: Under what conditions do societies act to address a long term risk before crisis? We draw from the literature in economics, psychology, sociology, and political science to provide a range of potential factors that would contribute to addressing long term risks. We find that long term risk governance is under-theorized and that existing relevant understandings are highly fragmented. We also find that empirical studies testing these theories are limited in number and have mixed results. We propose that case studies of long term risks that have been addressed could be a fruitful avenue forward in developing a more cohesive and empirically rooted theory of when societies address a future risk before a crisis point.
{"title":"Long Term Risk Governance: When Do Societies Act Before Crisis?","authors":"R. Shwom, R. Kopp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3230337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3230337","url":null,"abstract":"Many environmental problems entail a temporal dilemma. Societies benefit from resource use now that will have cumulative negative impacts on future generations. All too often, societies only act to address these risks after a crisis (such as a fisheries collapse or a river on fire) has occurred. Climate change presents a particularly challenging case since when society decides the harms are too great to withstand, reducing greenhouse gas emissions drastically will take time and society will be left to suffer, adapt, or undertake risky geoengineering. In this paper we ask the question: Under what conditions do societies act to address a long term risk before crisis? We draw from the literature in economics, psychology, sociology, and political science to provide a range of potential factors that would contribute to addressing long term risks. We find that long term risk governance is under-theorized and that existing relevant understandings are highly fragmented. We also find that empirical studies testing these theories are limited in number and have mixed results. We propose that case studies of long term risks that have been addressed could be a fruitful avenue forward in developing a more cohesive and empirically rooted theory of when societies address a future risk before a crisis point.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114280601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural disasters can disrupt both the short-term and long-term living conditions of individuals in selected areas, and for any natural disaster selecting a large geographic area, there is always a shortage of funds and resources for relief and recovery. Moreover, the allocation of relief assistance is challenging due to difficulties in collecting accurate loss information during and immediately post-crisis. Thus, in this study, we present a data-driven decision-making framework for disaster management and provide a model for the rapid estimation of disaster losses using an iterative learning method. As disaster loss data are largely initially unavailable and only become available gradually, slowly, and sparsely over time, an iterative process is necessary for loss estimation and on-the-ground decision-making. We first train models to predict losses using single environmental factors (e.g., peak wind speed) for impacted locations and then use geospatial interpolation to estimate losses in those areas where actual loss data are missing. As real, verified loss data become available, we iteratively update all model parameters and estimates. To illustrate this technique, we use data from Hurricane Harvey, which hit the gulf coast area of the USA in 2017. The results demonstrate that iterative learning leads to quick convergence of loss estimation, with small magnitudes of estimation error. Additional tests demonstrate that the results are arguably robust, and we conclude with implications for future research.
{"title":"Rapid Damage Estimation with Iterative Improvements for Relief Resource Planning Post-Disasters","authors":"R. Garg, Yuxin Zhang, Linda Golden, P. Brockett","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3254748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3254748","url":null,"abstract":"Natural disasters can disrupt both the short-term and long-term living conditions of individuals in selected areas, and for any natural disaster selecting a large geographic area, there is always a shortage of funds and resources for relief and recovery. Moreover, the allocation of relief assistance is challenging due to difficulties in collecting accurate loss information during and immediately post-crisis. Thus, in this study, we present a data-driven decision-making framework for disaster management and provide a model for the rapid estimation of disaster losses using an iterative learning method. As disaster loss data are largely initially unavailable and only become available gradually, slowly, and sparsely over time, an iterative process is necessary for loss estimation and on-the-ground decision-making. We first train models to predict losses using single environmental factors (e.g., peak wind speed) for impacted locations and then use geospatial interpolation to estimate losses in those areas where actual loss data are missing. As real, verified loss data become available, we iteratively update all model parameters and estimates. To illustrate this technique, we use data from Hurricane Harvey, which hit the gulf coast area of the USA in 2017. The results demonstrate that iterative learning leads to quick convergence of loss estimation, with small magnitudes of estimation error. Additional tests demonstrate that the results are arguably robust, and we conclude with implications for future research.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114577028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reveals the role of Yin-and-Yang contracts in evading transaction regulations in China’s housing market. Using micro-observations of Beijing’s housing resales, we find buyers are engaged in “Yin-and-Yang” contracts with higher degree of under-reporting during “the most stringent regulation in history”. We then estimate the extra tax loss from this further under-reporting as an unexpected side effect of regulation policies. Moreover, since “Yin-and-Yang” contracts put more liquidity pressure on the buyers, we also investigate the potential crowding-out effect and enlarged inequality after regulation.
{"title":"Cheating under Regulation: Evidence from “Yin-and-Yang” Contracts on Beijing’s Housing Market","authors":"Yanke Dai, Yang Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3222487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3222487","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reveals the role of Yin-and-Yang contracts in evading transaction regulations in China’s housing market. Using micro-observations of Beijing’s housing resales, we find buyers are engaged in “Yin-and-Yang” contracts with higher degree of under-reporting during “the most stringent regulation in history”. We then estimate the extra tax loss from this further under-reporting as an unexpected side effect of regulation policies. Moreover, since “Yin-and-Yang” contracts put more liquidity pressure on the buyers, we also investigate the potential crowding-out effect and enlarged inequality after regulation.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124993912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural hazards and its adverse implications on economic growth limit the progress of sectoral development at national and sub-national level. This is true in the context of East Asia and the Pacific which is highly exposed to such natural hazards. Therefore, the region is seeking co-operation in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) assessment and disaster risk financing and insurance. Considering the above, this study provides an overview of DRM practice in the region. The findings of the study suggest that the region is facing obstacles such as lack of knowledge and technical capacity limits the ability of many countries in East Asia and the Pacific to assess risks accurately and access to national multi-hazard risk assessment. Hence, there is a need for Investing in-country technical capacity, integrate risk information into the decision-making process, bridge the gap between stakeholders to build collective resilience and risk identification activities. In addition, sharing the risk information with key stakeholders will help to protect their assets. In the end, benchmarking activities in raising awareness from the governments will help to increase transparency and accountability.
{"title":"Supporting Resilience to Natural Hazards in East Asia and the Pacific","authors":"Janardhana Anjanappa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3103207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3103207","url":null,"abstract":"Natural hazards and its adverse implications on economic growth limit the progress of sectoral development at national and sub-national level. This is true in the context of East Asia and the Pacific which is highly exposed to such natural hazards. Therefore, the region is seeking co-operation in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) assessment and disaster risk financing and insurance. Considering the above, this study provides an overview of DRM practice in the region. The findings of the study suggest that the region is facing obstacles such as lack of knowledge and technical capacity limits the ability of many countries in East Asia and the Pacific to assess risks accurately and access to national multi-hazard risk assessment. Hence, there is a need for Investing in-country technical capacity, integrate risk information into the decision-making process, bridge the gap between stakeholders to build collective resilience and risk identification activities. In addition, sharing the risk information with key stakeholders will help to protect their assets. In the end, benchmarking activities in raising awareness from the governments will help to increase transparency and accountability.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116982316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Brown, A. Daigneault, Emilia Tjernstrom, Wenbo Zou
Natural disasters give rise to loss and damage and may affect subjective expectations about the prevalence and severity of future disasters. These expectations might then in turn shape individuals' investment behaviors, potentially affecting their incomes in subsequent years. As part of an emerging literature on endogenous preferences, economists have begun studying the consequences that exposure to natural disasters have on risk attitudes, perceptions, and behavior. We add to this field by studying the impact of being struck by the December 2012 Cyclone Evan on Fijian households' risk attitudes and subjective expectations about the likelihood and severity of natural disasters over the next 20 years. The randomness of the cyclone's path allows us to estimate the causal effects of exposure on both risk attitudes and risk perceptions. Our results show that being struck by an extreme event substantially changes individuals' risk perceptions as well as their beliefs about the frequency and magnitude of future shocks. However, we find sharply distinct results for the two ethnicities in our sample, indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians; the impact of the natural disaster aligns with previous results in the literature on risk attitudes and risk perceptions for Indo-Fijians, whereas they have little to no impact on those same measures for indigenous Fijians. To provide welfare implications for our results, we compare households' risk perceptions to climate and hydrological models of future disaster risk, and find that both ethnic groups over-infer the risk of future disasters relative to the model predictions. If such distorted beliefs encourage over-investment in preventative measures at the cost of other productive investments, these biases could have negative welfare impacts. Understanding belief biases and how they vary across social contexts may thus help decision makers design policy instruments to reduce such inefficiencies, particularly in the face of climate change.
{"title":"Natural Disasters, Social Protection, and Risk Perceptions","authors":"P. Brown, A. Daigneault, Emilia Tjernstrom, Wenbo Zou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3086868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3086868","url":null,"abstract":"Natural disasters give rise to loss and damage and may affect subjective expectations about the prevalence and severity of future disasters. These expectations might then in turn shape individuals' investment behaviors, potentially affecting their incomes in subsequent years. As part of an emerging literature on endogenous preferences, economists have begun studying the consequences that exposure to natural disasters have on risk attitudes, perceptions, and behavior. We add to this field by studying the impact of being struck by the December 2012 Cyclone Evan on Fijian households' risk attitudes and subjective expectations about the likelihood and severity of natural disasters over the next 20 years. The randomness of the cyclone's path allows us to estimate the causal effects of exposure on both risk attitudes and risk perceptions. Our results show that being struck by an extreme event substantially changes individuals' risk perceptions as well as their beliefs about the frequency and magnitude of future shocks. However, we find sharply distinct results for the two ethnicities in our sample, indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians; the impact of the natural disaster aligns with previous results in the literature on risk attitudes and risk perceptions for Indo-Fijians, whereas they have little to no impact on those same measures for indigenous Fijians. To provide welfare implications for our results, we compare households' risk perceptions to climate and hydrological models of future disaster risk, and find that both ethnic groups over-infer the risk of future disasters relative to the model predictions. If such distorted beliefs encourage over-investment in preventative measures at the cost of other productive investments, these biases could have negative welfare impacts. Understanding belief biases and how they vary across social contexts may thus help decision makers design policy instruments to reduce such inefficiencies, particularly in the face of climate change.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128192697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The New Urban Agenda prioritized livability of public spaces through design and management. As the management of public spaces defines the role they play in neighborhoods and the ways people react to it. Accordingly, all city elements are being reshaped and altered in the new policies and strategies of cities to meet people's interests. Nasr city, a middle-income neighborhood, is characterized by abundance of green open spaces relative to other parts of Cairo. However, based on former surveys and observations conducted by the authors, there were some remarkably livable public spaces in the district on the contrary to the general situation of underused spaces. With further analysis of these spaces, it is claimed that there are two models of livability of public spaces in Nasr City; formal initiatives and temporal acts. This paper aims at investigating the two management models through investigating the provided commodity each model serves in relation to community's needs, their governance models, the beneficiaries, and the time usages. To propose an integrated model that fulfills the needs of the community and enhances the livability of middle income neighborhoods. This shall be achieved through spaces' mapping and observations as well as interviews and questionnaires of the different stakeholders.
{"title":"Towards an Integrated Model of Livability of Public Spaces in Middle Income Neighborhoods","authors":"Mohamed Keleg, M. Salheen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3163048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163048","url":null,"abstract":"The New Urban Agenda prioritized livability of public spaces through design and management. As the management of public spaces defines the role they play in neighborhoods and the ways people react to it. Accordingly, all city elements are being reshaped and altered in the new policies and strategies of cities to meet people's interests. Nasr city, a middle-income neighborhood, is characterized by abundance of green open spaces relative to other parts of Cairo. However, based on former surveys and observations conducted by the authors, there were some remarkably livable public spaces in the district on the contrary to the general situation of underused spaces. With further analysis of these spaces, it is claimed that there are two models of livability of public spaces in Nasr City; formal initiatives and temporal acts. This paper aims at investigating the two management models through investigating the provided commodity each model serves in relation to community's needs, their governance models, the beneficiaries, and the time usages. To propose an integrated model that fulfills the needs of the community and enhances the livability of middle income neighborhoods. This shall be achieved through spaces' mapping and observations as well as interviews and questionnaires of the different stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":265524,"journal":{"name":"Urban & Regional Resilience eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129000595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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