The application of digital computers has been severely limited in systems that must interface with analog computer equipment. This limitation is particularly prevalent in aerospace systems where the lack of the appropriate interface equipment often precludes the use of a digital computer. Although digital computers are highly miniaturized and economical, the interface equipment often offsets these advantages with mechanizations that can exceed the computer size and cost. In order to enhance the applicability of digital computers for aerospace applications, Teledyne has expended considerable effort in the development of hybrid interface equipment. This hybrid equipment is mechanized with the latest solid state components and advanced packaging techniques to implement a universal interface that is miniaturized, modular, and economical. This interface unit is compatible in performance and packaging with the Teledyne family of digital computers.
{"title":"Solid state synchro-to-digital converter","authors":"G. P. Hyatt","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465646","url":null,"abstract":"The application of digital computers has been severely limited in systems that must interface with analog computer equipment. This limitation is particularly prevalent in aerospace systems where the lack of the appropriate interface equipment often precludes the use of a digital computer. Although digital computers are highly miniaturized and economical, the interface equipment often offsets these advantages with mechanizations that can exceed the computer size and cost. In order to enhance the applicability of digital computers for aerospace applications, Teledyne has expended considerable effort in the development of hybrid interface equipment. This hybrid equipment is mechanized with the latest solid state components and advanced packaging techniques to implement a universal interface that is miniaturized, modular, and economical. This interface unit is compatible in performance and packaging with the Teledyne family of digital computers.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127723514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PHENOs are based on the well-known fact that a digital-to-analog converter with variable reference (MDAC) can produce the product of an analog and a digital variable. While for multiplication and division this principle can be used directly, it has to be modified for function generation. In order to obtain a system of computing elements in which any input or output variable can exist in analog or digital form, optionally, DACs and ADCs (analog-to-digital converters) are combined. The straight-line-segment approximation of arbitrary functions is done by splitting the (digital) argument of the function in two parts. The first group of r bits defines the nearest preceding breakpoint, while the second group of (n-r) bits is used for linear interpolation (n being the digital word-length). In a second method of function generation, which is particularly suited for multivariable functions, digital table look-up is combined with analog interpolation. On the base of PHENOs, this procedure provides minimum table lookup execution time and avoids stability problems.
{"title":"PHENO: a new concept of hybrid computing elements","authors":"W. Giloi, Heinz Sommer","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465615","url":null,"abstract":"PHENOs are based on the well-known fact that a digital-to-analog converter with variable reference (MDAC) can produce the product of an analog and a digital variable. While for multiplication and division this principle can be used directly, it has to be modified for function generation. In order to obtain a system of computing elements in which any input or output variable can exist in analog or digital form, optionally, DACs and ADCs (analog-to-digital converters) are combined. The straight-line-segment approximation of arbitrary functions is done by splitting the (digital) argument of the function in two parts. The first group of r bits defines the nearest preceding breakpoint, while the second group of (n-r) bits is used for linear interpolation (n being the digital word-length). In a second method of function generation, which is particularly suited for multivariable functions, digital table look-up is combined with analog interpolation. On the base of PHENOs, this procedure provides minimum table lookup execution time and avoids stability problems.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134399302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal Printing is a unique new concept in non-impact printing, whereby electrical signals are directly converted to heat to produce a printed output. This paper covers a program to build an advanced development model of a High-Speed Thermal Teleprinter, utilizing the Thermal Printing technique, for the U. S. Army Electronics Command. The teleprinter, which prints at 240 characters per second, was the result of the development.
{"title":"High-speed thermal printing","authors":"R. Joyce, S. Homa","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465645","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal Printing is a unique new concept in non-impact printing, whereby electrical signals are directly converted to heat to produce a printed output. This paper covers a program to build an advanced development model of a High-Speed Thermal Teleprinter, utilizing the Thermal Printing technique, for the U. S. Army Electronics Command. The teleprinter, which prints at 240 characters per second, was the result of the development.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114277576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to describe some new applications in the realm of two-dimensional input-output by typewriter terminal. These applications are extensions of the software and hardware system techniques covered in the references 1--4, 11--21. The principal elements of this approach consist of a versatile programming language and a reverse-indexing typewriter equipped with a special character set. This set permits not only normal alphanumerics but also the construction of arbitrarily-sized symbols by the use of a few interlocking primitive strokes. The reverse-indexing and indexing, together with spacing and backspacing, allow full two-dimensional keyboard control of the typed document. Typing errors are corrected by moving to the desired point and overtyping, or by pressing an "erase" button.
{"title":"Further advances in two-dimensional input-output by typewriter terminals","authors":"M. Klerer, F. Grossman","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465701","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to describe some new applications in the realm of two-dimensional input-output by typewriter terminal. These applications are extensions of the software and hardware system techniques covered in the references 1--4, 11--21. The principal elements of this approach consist of a versatile programming language and a reverse-indexing typewriter equipped with a special character set. This set permits not only normal alphanumerics but also the construction of arbitrarily-sized symbols by the use of a few interlocking primitive strokes. The reverse-indexing and indexing, together with spacing and backspacing, allow full two-dimensional keyboard control of the typed document. Typing errors are corrected by moving to the desired point and overtyping, or by pressing an \"erase\" button.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124863645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationships between computer failure rates and the failure rates of the modules from which the computers are constructed are well known. The analytical techniques permitting derivation of one parameter from the other for a given design are in widespread use. With the increasing interest in ultra-reliable computer systems various approaches to increasing reliability through the use of redundancy have been proposed and in some cases implemented. A feature common to many of these approaches is the inclusion of on-line spare modules (either used or idle) with provision in the computer system for automatic replacement of a failed module by an on-line spare. Systems of the "graceful degradation" type generally fall into this class, as well as some "self-repairing" systems and other system types. Such systems are basically self-reconfiguring. Using modules of ordinary failure rates they are theoretically capable of astronomically high reliabilities. There is to data, however, a good deal of reserve on the part of the general computing community about accepting these reliabilities at face value since theory and practice are usually separated from each other by a host of difficult and sometimes ill-defined problems.
{"title":"Some relationships between failure detection probability and computer system reliability","authors":"H. Wyle, G. Burnett","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465709","url":null,"abstract":"The relationships between computer failure rates and the failure rates of the modules from which the computers are constructed are well known. The analytical techniques permitting derivation of one parameter from the other for a given design are in widespread use. With the increasing interest in ultra-reliable computer systems various approaches to increasing reliability through the use of redundancy have been proposed and in some cases implemented. A feature common to many of these approaches is the inclusion of on-line spare modules (either used or idle) with provision in the computer system for automatic replacement of a failed module by an on-line spare. Systems of the \"graceful degradation\" type generally fall into this class, as well as some \"self-repairing\" systems and other system types. Such systems are basically self-reconfiguring. Using modules of ordinary failure rates they are theoretically capable of astronomically high reliabilities. There is to data, however, a good deal of reserve on the part of the general computing community about accepting these reliabilities at face value since theory and practice are usually separated from each other by a host of difficult and sometimes ill-defined problems.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122958650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The obvious cost advantage of a 2-wire 2-1/2D core mat over a 3-wire mat has, in the past, been offset by the increased complexity of the access and detection circuitry required for a 2-wire array. This paper will concentrate on 2-wire bit accessing schemes and describe one which appears to be cheaper and less noisy than the conventional bit access which uses a complete matrix per bit. It will then discuss the readout noise problems. To predict the amplitude of noise a multistate core model similar to J. Reese Brown's will be developed. The paper will then show how the individual core characteristics can be extrapolated to predict overall optimum memory performance.
{"title":"Bit access problems in 2-1/2D 2-wire memories","authors":"P. Harding, M. Rolund","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465658","url":null,"abstract":"The obvious cost advantage of a 2-wire 2-1/2D core mat over a 3-wire mat has, in the past, been offset by the increased complexity of the access and detection circuitry required for a 2-wire array. This paper will concentrate on 2-wire bit accessing schemes and describe one which appears to be cheaper and less noisy than the conventional bit access which uses a complete matrix per bit. It will then discuss the readout noise problems. To predict the amplitude of noise a multistate core model similar to J. Reese Brown's will be developed. The paper will then show how the individual core characteristics can be extrapolated to predict overall optimum memory performance.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125375870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing need for methods of quickly estimating the changing frequency content of a nonstationary signal. In this paper we describe a method for doing spectral analysis in real time on a small general-purpose digital computer, and discuss some of the theoretical and practical problems of developing similar systems for other computers.
{"title":"Real-time spectral analysis on a small general-purpose computer","authors":"A. G. Larson, R. Singleton","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465700","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing need for methods of quickly estimating the changing frequency content of a nonstationary signal. In this paper we describe a method for doing spectral analysis in real time on a small general-purpose digital computer, and discuss some of the theoretical and practical problems of developing similar systems for other computers.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124595529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much has been written about Executive Routines (or Operating Systems) especially in the light of the present vogue for time-sharing and multi-processors. This present tutorial is an attempt to show the engineer what functions are contained in these executives. It starts with the most rudimentary form of executive and builds up to the most complex one. At all stages the executive system described is the most complex one for the biggest computer system. Smaller systems would leave out some of the functions.
{"title":"Development of executive routines, both hardware and software","authors":"A. B. Tonik","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465663","url":null,"abstract":"Much has been written about Executive Routines (or Operating Systems) especially in the light of the present vogue for time-sharing and multi-processors. This present tutorial is an attempt to show the engineer what functions are contained in these executives. It starts with the most rudimentary form of executive and builds up to the most complex one. At all stages the executive system described is the most complex one for the biggest computer system. Smaller systems would leave out some of the functions.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121639144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Real Time Executive Control System discussed in this paper was the foundation for the applications programs developed in support of NASA's Gemini and early Apollo missions. Services provided by the Executive included dynamic storage management and allocation, two-level priority multiprogramming, real time data control and routing, real time error recovery, dynamic statistical monitoring, debugging facilities, and the program linkages and services that facilitated modular and independent applications system design. While a selection of these services may be available in other systems, the Executive design differs from other real time systems by these characteristics: • Modularity---The Executive design permitted the addition of new services and facilities based on equipment changes or applications requirements with no impact on the previously provided services and facilities. • Simplicity --- Only a minimal instruction in Executive services was necessary before applications programmers could construct programs that operated in a complicated real time environment. • Versatility --- Executive could be used in the simplest simulated real time environment for the debugging of one applications program or the support of the most demanding real time missions. • Generality --- Executive was non-applications oriented; i.e., it operated equally well in a real time Gemini mission, an astronaut training session, or in a non-real time environment using simulated input from tapes. • Invulnerable---The Executive was virtually unstoppable in real time; a feature vital for manned spaceflight.
{"title":"A real time executive system for manned spaceflight","authors":"J. Johnstone","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465640","url":null,"abstract":"The Real Time Executive Control System discussed in this paper was the foundation for the applications programs developed in support of NASA's Gemini and early Apollo missions. Services provided by the Executive included dynamic storage management and allocation, two-level priority multiprogramming, real time data control and routing, real time error recovery, dynamic statistical monitoring, debugging facilities, and the program linkages and services that facilitated modular and independent applications system design. While a selection of these services may be available in other systems, the Executive design differs from other real time systems by these characteristics:\u0000 • Modularity---The Executive design permitted the addition of new services and facilities based on equipment changes or applications requirements with no impact on the previously provided services and facilities.\u0000 • Simplicity --- Only a minimal instruction in Executive services was necessary before applications programmers could construct programs that operated in a complicated real time environment.\u0000 • Versatility --- Executive could be used in the simplest simulated real time environment for the debugging of one applications program or the support of the most demanding real time missions.\u0000 • Generality --- Executive was non-applications oriented; i.e., it operated equally well in a real time Gemini mission, an astronaut training session, or in a non-real time environment using simulated input from tapes.\u0000 • Invulnerable---The Executive was virtually unstoppable in real time; a feature vital for manned spaceflight.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126090639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of digital computers to reduction of telemetry data assumes an increasingly important role in the analysis of physical problems. Even after reduction of the raw sensor data, an immense volume of resultant data remains. Thus there is a constant need of new tools for computer-aided analysis, synthesis and display of scientific results.
{"title":"VISTA: computed motion pictures for space research","authors":"G. A. Chapman, J. Quann","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465620","url":null,"abstract":"The application of digital computers to reduction of telemetry data assumes an increasingly important role in the analysis of physical problems. Even after reduction of the raw sensor data, an immense volume of resultant data remains. Thus there is a constant need of new tools for computer-aided analysis, synthesis and display of scientific results.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127601556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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