The potential LSI user views LSI promise with a great deal of anticipation, but LSI problems with some trepidation. Obviously, he hopes for breakthroughs to relieve the strain of having to squeeze the last bit of cost or performance from the existing technological approaches---and of having to contend with the added hardware and software problems fostered by the need to improve his product only through system complexity. There are, in fact, very few things the system designer can do that have the impact of a significant technology advance in cost or performance.
{"title":"Large-scale integration from the user's point of view","authors":"Merlin G. Smith, W. Notz","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465623","url":null,"abstract":"The potential LSI user views LSI promise with a great deal of anticipation, but LSI problems with some trepidation. Obviously, he hopes for breakthroughs to relieve the strain of having to squeeze the last bit of cost or performance from the existing technological approaches---and of having to contend with the added hardware and software problems fostered by the need to improve his product only through system complexity. There are, in fact, very few things the system designer can do that have the impact of a significant technology advance in cost or performance.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132833967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since mid-November 1966 a chess program has been under development at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of Project MAC at M.I.T. This paper describes the state of the program as of August 1967 and gives some of the details of the heuristics and algorithms employed.
{"title":"The Greenblatt chess program","authors":"R. Greenblatt, D. Eastlake, S. D. Crocker","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465715","url":null,"abstract":"Since mid-November 1966 a chess program has been under development at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of Project MAC at M.I.T. This paper describes the state of the program as of August 1967 and gives some of the details of the heuristics and algorithms employed.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"574 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124917567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The past several years have seen the development of time-sharing capability on a variety of second generation computers. For the most part, though, these projects should really be termed experimental efforts. Because the systems were providing a broad or general purpose service, it was not possible to take advantage of the many shortcuts employed by the more specific purpose systems such as those for airline reservations. No assumptions could be made about the size, running time or bug-free condition of the programs to be executed.
{"title":"An approach to the simulation of a time-sharing system","authors":"N. Nielsen","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465667","url":null,"abstract":"The past several years have seen the development of time-sharing capability on a variety of second generation computers. For the most part, though, these projects should really be termed experimental efforts. Because the systems were providing a broad or general purpose service, it was not possible to take advantage of the many shortcuts employed by the more specific purpose systems such as those for airline reservations. No assumptions could be made about the size, running time or bug-free condition of the programs to be executed.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121903166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
JOSS is a special-purpose computing system designed to provide users with a substantial and highly interactive computational capability. The first JOSS system, developed for the JOHNNIAC computer machine by J. C. Shaw was operational in early 1963. Work on an expanded system utilizing a modern PDP-6 computer began in 1964, and the system became operational in February 1966. Although there are many systems today that provide time-shared access to a computer, little is known of precisely how such machines are used. This was especially apparent at the beginning of JOSS development. Substantial effort was therefore made to provide a measuring or instrumenting capability within the system not only to record use of the system as a whole but also to record characteristics of use for individual users of the system. This paper presents the first results of these metering efforts.
{"title":"JOSS: 20,000 hours at a console: a statistical summary","authors":"G. E. Bryan","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465712","url":null,"abstract":"JOSS is a special-purpose computing system designed to provide users with a substantial and highly interactive computational capability. The first JOSS system, developed for the JOHNNIAC computer machine by J. C. Shaw was operational in early 1963. Work on an expanded system utilizing a modern PDP-6 computer began in 1964, and the system became operational in February 1966. Although there are many systems today that provide time-shared access to a computer, little is known of precisely how such machines are used. This was especially apparent at the beginning of JOSS development. Substantial effort was therefore made to provide a measuring or instrumenting capability within the system not only to record use of the system as a whole but also to record characteristics of use for individual users of the system. This paper presents the first results of these metering efforts.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123081189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reliable performance of hardware has been a requirement for digital systems since the construction of the first digital computer. Improper functioning of the logic circuits in a digital system is manifested by logic faults, which are defined for this paper as "permanent or transient deviations of logic variables from the values specified in design."
{"title":"Design of fault-tolerant computers","authors":"A. Avizienis","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465708","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable performance of hardware has been a requirement for digital systems since the construction of the first digital computer. Improper functioning of the logic circuits in a digital system is manifested by logic faults, which are defined for this paper as \"permanent or transient deviations of logic variables from the values specified in design.\"","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124680668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A major difficulty encountered in the manufacture of complex systems is the insurance of specification compliance of sub-assemblies at numerous points in the manufacturing process. An additional problem is encountered when historical data concerning any particular specification failure is required.
{"title":"AutoSACE-automatic checkout for Poseidon","authors":"G. W. Schultz, J. M. Colebank","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465699","url":null,"abstract":"A major difficulty encountered in the manufacture of complex systems is the insurance of specification compliance of sub-assemblies at numerous points in the manufacturing process. An additional problem is encountered when historical data concerning any particular specification failure is required.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129645847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a man with keen insight noted when third-generation equipment was first announced, the problems posed by this equipment have only one reasonable solution: "Wait till you have the new equipment before setting up your computer center." Accepting that point of view, it follows that those of us working with existing computation facilities must concern ourselves with somewhat less reasonable solutions and more difficult approaches. It is one of these approaches, intended to reduce (rather than to eliminate) the effort involved in conversion, that will be described first.
{"title":"Machine-independence and third-generation computers","authors":"M. Halstead","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465689","url":null,"abstract":"As a man with keen insight noted when third-generation equipment was first announced, the problems posed by this equipment have only one reasonable solution: \"Wait till you have the new equipment before setting up your computer center.\" Accepting that point of view, it follows that those of us working with existing computation facilities must concern ourselves with somewhat less reasonable solutions and more difficult approaches. It is one of these approaches, intended to reduce (rather than to eliminate) the effort involved in conversion, that will be described first.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134061792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The potential applications for computers in expediting medical research and improving patient care are well recognized. However, in a medical environment full exploitation of the latent powers of available electronic devices depends on one vital factor. That is, giving the physicians, research scientists, or administrators direct control of the type of information acquired and stored, how it is related, and the timing of acquisition and retrieval. From the viewpoint of these professional users, the paramount goal is to achieve such direct control without sacrificing the valuable time and effort required to become experts in the esoteric art of computer programming and systems operation. This concept of immediate control was the basis for developing MEDATA, an amalgamation of techniques which allows the user to organize, collect, store, and retrieve all types of medical data without resorting to the intricacies of formal computer science.
{"title":"MEDATA: a new concept in medical records management","authors":"C. Horton, T. Minckler, L. Cady","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465674","url":null,"abstract":"The potential applications for computers in expediting medical research and improving patient care are well recognized. However, in a medical environment full exploitation of the latent powers of available electronic devices depends on one vital factor. That is, giving the physicians, research scientists, or administrators direct control of the type of information acquired and stored, how it is related, and the timing of acquisition and retrieval. From the viewpoint of these professional users, the paramount goal is to achieve such direct control without sacrificing the valuable time and effort required to become experts in the esoteric art of computer programming and systems operation. This concept of immediate control was the basis for developing MEDATA, an amalgamation of techniques which allows the user to organize, collect, store, and retrieve all types of medical data without resorting to the intricacies of formal computer science.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127642017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An optical hologram is a two-dimensional photographic plate which preserves information about the wavefront of coherent light which is diffracted from an object and is incident upon the plate. A properly illuminated hologram yields a three-dimensional wave-front identical to that from the original object, and thus the observed image is an exact reconstruction of the object. The observed image has all of the usual optical properties associated with real three-dimensional objects; e.g., parallax and perspective.
{"title":"Holographic display of digital images","authors":"L. B. Lesem, P. M. Hirsch, J. Jordan","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465618","url":null,"abstract":"An optical hologram is a two-dimensional photographic plate which preserves information about the wavefront of coherent light which is diffracted from an object and is incident upon the plate. A properly illuminated hologram yields a three-dimensional wave-front identical to that from the original object, and thus the observed image is an exact reconstruction of the object. The observed image has all of the usual optical properties associated with real three-dimensional objects; e.g., parallax and perspective.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129464816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The on-line graphic representation and solution of problems is opening the door to new and exciting computer applications. Continuous man-machine interaction via graphic consoles makes feasible the solution of entirely new classes of problems. This expanding use of computer graphics is requiring improved techniques of man-machine communication and graphic data management. At the General Motors Research Laboratories, we have had the opportunity since 1962 for considerable experimentation in a man-machine environment. From these experiments new ideas have evolved about how to improve the two-way information flow between the console user and the computer model of his problem. A fundamental concept is the reactive display, which supplies immediate graphical response to the actions of a man at a console. We have found that reactive displays provide a good basis for interaction between the man and the individual phases of his problem.
{"title":"Reactive displays: improving man-machine graphical communication","authors":"J. Joyce, M. J. Cianciolo","doi":"10.1145/1465611.1465705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1465611.1465705","url":null,"abstract":"The on-line graphic representation and solution of problems is opening the door to new and exciting computer applications. Continuous man-machine interaction via graphic consoles makes feasible the solution of entirely new classes of problems. This expanding use of computer graphics is requiring improved techniques of man-machine communication and graphic data management. At the General Motors Research Laboratories, we have had the opportunity since 1962 for considerable experimentation in a man-machine environment. From these experiments new ideas have evolved about how to improve the two-way information flow between the console user and the computer model of his problem. A fundamental concept is the reactive display, which supplies immediate graphical response to the actions of a man at a console. We have found that reactive displays provide a good basis for interaction between the man and the individual phases of his problem.","PeriodicalId":265740,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '67 (Fall)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123927847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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