Experimental studies on the erasure effect of thermal neutron irradiation on elementary photorefractive hologram in LiNbO3:Fe single crystals are reported. This phenomenon results from the large effective cross-section of 6Li for thermal neutrons and from the large number of the electrons excited to the conduction band by the kinetic energy that is released during the neutron generated α-decay of 6Li nuclei. The excited electrons decrease the electric space-charge field of the previously recorded holographic grating and decrease its diffraction efficiency. The sensitivity threshold of the effect is better than 53 mSv (4×109 cm-2 fluence) at neutron energy of 0. 17 eV. Discussion of potential application ofthe phenomenon is also given.
{"title":"Erasure of elementary holograms in LiNbO3:Fe by neutron irradiation","authors":"G. Mandula, R. Rupp, M. Balaskó","doi":"10.1117/12.676860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676860","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental studies on the erasure effect of thermal neutron irradiation on elementary photorefractive hologram in LiNbO3:Fe single crystals are reported. This phenomenon results from the large effective cross-section of 6Li for thermal neutrons and from the large number of the electrons excited to the conduction band by the kinetic energy that is released during the neutron generated α-decay of 6Li nuclei. The excited electrons decrease the electric space-charge field of the previously recorded holographic grating and decrease its diffraction efficiency. The sensitivity threshold of the effect is better than 53 mSv (4×109 cm-2 fluence) at neutron energy of 0. 17 eV. Discussion of potential application ofthe phenomenon is also given.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121440984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Beev, L. Criante, D. Lucchetta, F. Simoni, S. Sainov
Holographic gratings recorded in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLC) are very interesting as systems for electrically switchable diffractive devices. From the early 1990s, experiments, Bragg and Raman-Nath gratings are recorded in PDLC. A very thorough review of these investigations is published recently. In this paper we report our first experiments for H-PDLC gratings, recorded in two different optical arrangements using total internal reflection (TIR): 1) Stetson's scheme - when low and high spatial frequencies gratings are simultaneously recorded in the PDLC's volume, and 2) Nassenstein's scheme - when low or high spatial frequency grating is recorded with evanescent waves in very thin layer of the PDLC. A polarization grating recorded by the Stetson's scheme is also reported. The realtime diffraction efficiency dependence during the recording and the polarization characteristics are investigated.
{"title":"New holographic gratings recorded in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals","authors":"K. Beev, L. Criante, D. Lucchetta, F. Simoni, S. Sainov","doi":"10.1117/12.677298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677298","url":null,"abstract":"Holographic gratings recorded in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLC) are very interesting as systems for electrically switchable diffractive devices. From the early 1990s, experiments, Bragg and Raman-Nath gratings are recorded in PDLC. A very thorough review of these investigations is published recently. In this paper we report our first experiments for H-PDLC gratings, recorded in two different optical arrangements using total internal reflection (TIR): 1) Stetson's scheme - when low and high spatial frequencies gratings are simultaneously recorded in the PDLC's volume, and 2) Nassenstein's scheme - when low or high spatial frequency grating is recorded with evanescent waves in very thin layer of the PDLC. A polarization grating recorded by the Stetson's scheme is also reported. The realtime diffraction efficiency dependence during the recording and the polarization characteristics are investigated.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116588636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Lushnikov, S. Dubynin, S. Odinokov, A. Shirankov
A holographic sight permits fast choice of the aiming sign in a variety of environmental conditions. The aiming sign, the target and the place are observed simultaneously. The aiming mark doesn't require accommodation of the eyes. Position of the aiming mark in the target plane provides the shooting at the stacking of the aiming mark to the target independently on observing angle and position of the shooting. Second advantage of holographic sight is hiding of the shooter. In this paper, a design of the optical scheme for parallax control of the holographic optical element (HOE) and the holographic sight with HOE is discussed. A solution for the removal of the aiming sign parallax has been proposed. The parallax is defined as non-coincidence of the target plane and plane of the aiming sign and depends on the aberrations of the holographic optical element.
{"title":"Method for parallax control of image reconstructed from holographic sight HOE","authors":"D. Lushnikov, S. Dubynin, S. Odinokov, A. Shirankov","doi":"10.1117/12.677184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677184","url":null,"abstract":"A holographic sight permits fast choice of the aiming sign in a variety of environmental conditions. The aiming sign, the target and the place are observed simultaneously. The aiming mark doesn't require accommodation of the eyes. Position of the aiming mark in the target plane provides the shooting at the stacking of the aiming mark to the target independently on observing angle and position of the shooting. Second advantage of holographic sight is hiding of the shooter. In this paper, a design of the optical scheme for parallax control of the holographic optical element (HOE) and the holographic sight with HOE is discussed. A solution for the removal of the aiming sign parallax has been proposed. The parallax is defined as non-coincidence of the target plane and plane of the aiming sign and depends on the aberrations of the holographic optical element.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129903027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We deduce and study an analytical expression for Fresnel diffraction of a plane wave by a spiral phase plate (SPP) with an arbitrary-order phase singularity and an analytical expression for far-field diffraction of the Gaussian beam by a SSP with n-th order. The SPP was implemented as a 32-level "helical" microrelief on a low-contrast resist using an electron beam. Experiments of diffraction of the Gaussian beam by SPPs with the second-order singularity and of trapping polystyrene beads using computer-generated optical elements are discussed.
{"title":"Remarkable laser beams formed by computer-generated optical elements: properties and applications","authors":"V. Soifer, V. Kotlyar, S. Khonina, R. Skidanov","doi":"10.1117/12.677054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677054","url":null,"abstract":"We deduce and study an analytical expression for Fresnel diffraction of a plane wave by a spiral phase plate (SPP) with an arbitrary-order phase singularity and an analytical expression for far-field diffraction of the Gaussian beam by a SSP with n-th order. The SPP was implemented as a 32-level \"helical\" microrelief on a low-contrast resist using an electron beam. Experiments of diffraction of the Gaussian beam by SPPs with the second-order singularity and of trapping polystyrene beads using computer-generated optical elements are discussed.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133300425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Shelkovnikov, V. V. Russkich, E. Vasiliev, V. Kovalevsky, E. Pen
The investigation of the casting and properties of the holographic photopolymer material in hybrid organic-inorganic binder with thickness 0.4-1 mm is described. The hybrid matrix formation was carried out by synthesis of N-vinylpyrrolidone vyniltriethoxysilane co-polymer and subsequent hydrolytic condensation of this co-polymer with tetraethoxysilane pre-sol. It is shown the possibility of formation of stable to crack the solid volume hybrid matrix at ratio pre-sol:co-polymer 1:4. Recording of transient and reflection holograms in hybrid 0.46 mm thickness photopolymer material was carried out. Angle selectivity of the transient hologram was 0.17° and shrinkage of material, measured by changing of Bragg condition of transient hologram didn't exceed 0.7%. The obtained holographic properties were improved on the order of value in comparison with photopolymer material in organic polymer binder.
{"title":"Holographic photopolymer in hybrid sol-gel matrix","authors":"V. Shelkovnikov, V. V. Russkich, E. Vasiliev, V. Kovalevsky, E. Pen","doi":"10.1117/12.676527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676527","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation of the casting and properties of the holographic photopolymer material in hybrid organic-inorganic binder with thickness 0.4-1 mm is described. The hybrid matrix formation was carried out by synthesis of N-vinylpyrrolidone vyniltriethoxysilane co-polymer and subsequent hydrolytic condensation of this co-polymer with tetraethoxysilane pre-sol. It is shown the possibility of formation of stable to crack the solid volume hybrid matrix at ratio pre-sol:co-polymer 1:4. Recording of transient and reflection holograms in hybrid 0.46 mm thickness photopolymer material was carried out. Angle selectivity of the transient hologram was 0.17° and shrinkage of material, measured by changing of Bragg condition of transient hologram didn't exceed 0.7%. The obtained holographic properties were improved on the order of value in comparison with photopolymer material in organic polymer binder.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131803100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fact that plane waves are solutions of the Helmholtz equation in free space allows us to write the exact solution to the diffraction problem as a superposition of plane waves. The solution of other related problems can also be expressed in similar forms. These forms are very well suited for directly importing various signal processing tools to diffraction related problems. Another signal processing-diffraction link is the application of novel sampling theorems and procedures in signal processing to diffraction for the purpose of more convenient and efficient discrete representation and the use of associated computational algorithms. Another noteworthy link between optics and signal processing is the fractional Fourier transform. Revisiting diffraction from a modern signal processing perspective is likely to yield both interesting viewpoints and improved techniques.
{"title":"Diffraction and holography from a signal processing perspective","authors":"L. Onural, H. Ozaktas","doi":"10.1117/12.677051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677051","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that plane waves are solutions of the Helmholtz equation in free space allows us to write the exact solution to the diffraction problem as a superposition of plane waves. The solution of other related problems can also be expressed in similar forms. These forms are very well suited for directly importing various signal processing tools to diffraction related problems. Another signal processing-diffraction link is the application of novel sampling theorems and procedures in signal processing to diffraction for the purpose of more convenient and efficient discrete representation and the use of associated computational algorithms. Another noteworthy link between optics and signal processing is the fractional Fourier transform. Revisiting diffraction from a modern signal processing perspective is likely to yield both interesting viewpoints and improved techniques.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125236338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Shelkovnikov, E. Pen, V. V. Russkich, E. Vasiliev, V. Kovalevsky
The possibility and features of the holographic recording by excitation of the forbidden singlet-triplet transitions are considered in the report. The experimental demonstration of the hologram recording on forbidden transition is carried out in thick photopolymer material sensitized by Erithrozine dye. The single hologram with diffraction efficiency DE=50% and 16 angle multiplexing hologram were recorded by irradiation of the low intensity He-Ne laser (632 nm) at high concentration of the sensitizing dye and at high optical density in allowed absorption band of dye. The growth of DE of transition hologram depending on the Kr+(647 nm) laser irradiation intensity of was studied. The observed linear dependence of the maximal rate of DE growth on the intensity of recording irradiation was explained by two steps-two photon excitation (T1←S0, T2←T1) of the dye in the photopolymer samples.
{"title":"The holographic recording in photopolymer by excitation forbidden singlet-triplet transitions","authors":"V. Shelkovnikov, E. Pen, V. V. Russkich, E. Vasiliev, V. Kovalevsky","doi":"10.1117/12.676537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.676537","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility and features of the holographic recording by excitation of the forbidden singlet-triplet transitions are considered in the report. The experimental demonstration of the hologram recording on forbidden transition is carried out in thick photopolymer material sensitized by Erithrozine dye. The single hologram with diffraction efficiency DE=50% and 16 angle multiplexing hologram were recorded by irradiation of the low intensity He-Ne laser (632 nm) at high concentration of the sensitizing dye and at high optical density in allowed absorption band of dye. The growth of DE of transition hologram depending on the Kr+(647 nm) laser irradiation intensity of was studied. The observed linear dependence of the maximal rate of DE growth on the intensity of recording irradiation was explained by two steps-two photon excitation (T1←S0, T2←T1) of the dye in the photopolymer samples.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114105897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ivanov, D. Ilieva, T. Petrova, V. Dragostinova, T. Todorov, L. Nikolova
We investigate the self-induced rotation of the azimuth of light polarization ellipse in azobenzene polymers. It is initiated by the photoreorientation and ordering of the azobenzenes on illumination with elliptically polarized light resulting in the appearance of an optical axis whose direction is gradually rotated along the depth of the film. A macroscopic chiral structure is created with a pitch depending on light ellipticity and the photobirefringence ▵n in the successive layers of the film. In this work we make use of the fact that at elevated temperatures ▵n is very sensitive to light intensity. In our acrylic amorphous azobenzene polymer at temperatures 50-65°C the saturated values of ▵n are much higher for low intensity of the exciting light than for higher intensity. In this temperature range the polarization azimuth of monochromatic blue light with different intensity is rotated to a different angle after passing through the polymer film. This effect can be used for passive elements rotating the polarization azimuth depending on light intensity and for the formation of light beams with a space-variant polarization state.
{"title":"Light intensity dependent optical rotation in azobenzene polymers","authors":"M. Ivanov, D. Ilieva, T. Petrova, V. Dragostinova, T. Todorov, L. Nikolova","doi":"10.1117/12.677029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677029","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the self-induced rotation of the azimuth of light polarization ellipse in azobenzene polymers. It is initiated by the photoreorientation and ordering of the azobenzenes on illumination with elliptically polarized light resulting in the appearance of an optical axis whose direction is gradually rotated along the depth of the film. A macroscopic chiral structure is created with a pitch depending on light ellipticity and the photobirefringence ▵n in the successive layers of the film. In this work we make use of the fact that at elevated temperatures ▵n is very sensitive to light intensity. In our acrylic amorphous azobenzene polymer at temperatures 50-65°C the saturated values of ▵n are much higher for low intensity of the exciting light than for higher intensity. In this temperature range the polarization azimuth of monochromatic blue light with different intensity is rotated to a different angle after passing through the polymer film. This effect can be used for passive elements rotating the polarization azimuth depending on light intensity and for the formation of light beams with a space-variant polarization state.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114363623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nishimoto, E. Kubota, D. Watanabe, S. Yamaguchi, M. Yamamoto, M. Nakajima, T. Kobayashi
ROM type holographic disk that can be made by the optical disk cutting method and has compatibility with the recordable holographic memory was studied. Computer generated hologram data was recorded on the master disk by bit-by-bit recording. Then, after making a stamper, a holographic disk was made by the injection molding. To this holographic disk, it was confirmed that the data reproduction of low bit error rate is possible. In order to enable data reproduction by using a continuously rotating disk, the recorded data was made in such a way that random phase is given to the reproduced data. It became possible to distribute data to the entire area of the hologram and it enabled the reproduction of all the data of the hologram by reproducing a part of the hologram. This made it possible to reproduce data with a continuously rotating disk. Furthermore, the simulation showed that multiplex recoding became possible by the aperture multiplexing.
{"title":"ROM type holographic disk using computer generated hologram","authors":"K. Nishimoto, E. Kubota, D. Watanabe, S. Yamaguchi, M. Yamamoto, M. Nakajima, T. Kobayashi","doi":"10.1117/12.677024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677024","url":null,"abstract":"ROM type holographic disk that can be made by the optical disk cutting method and has compatibility with the recordable holographic memory was studied. Computer generated hologram data was recorded on the master disk by bit-by-bit recording. Then, after making a stamper, a holographic disk was made by the injection molding. To this holographic disk, it was confirmed that the data reproduction of low bit error rate is possible. In order to enable data reproduction by using a continuously rotating disk, the recorded data was made in such a way that random phase is given to the reproduced data. It became possible to distribute data to the entire area of the hologram and it enabled the reproduction of all the data of the hologram by reproducing a part of the hologram. This made it possible to reproduce data with a continuously rotating disk. Furthermore, the simulation showed that multiplex recoding became possible by the aperture multiplexing.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122817000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first methods for recording color holograms were established in the early 1960s. Leith and Upatnieks proposed multicolor wavefront reconstmction and Denisyuk introduced the single-beam reflection holography technique which is most suitable for recording color holograms today. Reviewed is the history of color holography highlighting important milestones. The current state-of-the-art of color holography is presented including the recording techniques using red, green and blue laser wavelengths. The laser wavelength selection issue is presented using computer simulation, showing that more than three wavelengths may be needed for accurate color rendition in holograms. The recording material is a key factor very important for creating high-quality color holograms. Covered are both the demand on the material and suitable products currently on the market. The future of color holography is highly dependent on the availability of improved panchromatic recording materials and suitable light sources for displaying the holograms. Small laser diodes as well as powerful white LEDs and OLEDs with very limited source diameters are important for color holography to become an important 3D display medium.
{"title":"Color holography: its history, state-of-the-art, and future","authors":"H. Bjelkhagen","doi":"10.1117/12.677173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.677173","url":null,"abstract":"The first methods for recording color holograms were established in the early 1960s. Leith and Upatnieks proposed multicolor wavefront reconstmction and Denisyuk introduced the single-beam reflection holography technique which is most suitable for recording color holograms today. Reviewed is the history of color holography highlighting important milestones. The current state-of-the-art of color holography is presented including the recording techniques using red, green and blue laser wavelengths. The laser wavelength selection issue is presented using computer simulation, showing that more than three wavelengths may be needed for accurate color rendition in holograms. The recording material is a key factor very important for creating high-quality color holograms. Covered are both the demand on the material and suitable products currently on the market. The future of color holography is highly dependent on the availability of improved panchromatic recording materials and suitable light sources for displaying the holograms. Small laser diodes as well as powerful white LEDs and OLEDs with very limited source diameters are important for color holography to become an important 3D display medium.","PeriodicalId":266048,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Holography, Optical Recording, and Processing of Information","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130229676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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