Neat cerium oxide and Sm, Zn-doped cerium oxide Ce1-xM'x/2M″x/2O2-δ (M' = Sm, M" = Zn) with different doping amounts (x = 0.01, 0.2, 0.3,0.4,0.6 or x = 0.01–0.6) and particle size of ∼20–40 nm, were synthesized using a hydrothermal method via thermal degradation of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6. The effects of Sm and Zn on the structural, optical, and morphological properties, as well as photocatalytic behavior, are investigated. Characterization of nanocomposites was studied using XRD, FESEM, UV–Vis, and EDS techniques. The magnetic properties of the catalysts were studied using the VSM method. The room temperature ferromagnetism behaviour of doped CeO2 in comparison to undoped CeO2 is enhanced. The Sm and Zn-CeO2 samples exhibit significant absorption below 400 nm, accompanied by a blue shift towards shorter wavelengths due to quantum confinement effects and small particle size. It, in turn, causes an increase in the bandgap of doped CeO2. The photocatalytic activity of doped cerium oxide (CeO2) was investigated in the degradation of methylene blue. Sm and Zn-doped CeO2 nanostructures have significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance in decomposing methylene blue due to facilitated charge carrier recombination. The influence of different parameters on degradation yield was studied using the design experiment software. The optimum conditions included 0.05 g of catalyst, a pH of 11, 15 ppm dye concentration, and a reaction time of 4 h at room temperature. Additionally, the catalyst was reusable, and after five runs, its catalytic activity decreased.
{"title":"Synthesis and investigation of physicochemical behavior and catalytic activity of Sm and Zn-doped CeO2 nanoparticles","authors":"Zahra Ghaffarbejouei , Maryam Moosavifar , Abdolali Alemi","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neat cerium oxide and Sm, Zn-doped cerium oxide Ce<sub>1-x</sub>M'<sub>x/2</sub>M″<sub>x/2</sub>O<sub>2-δ</sub> (M' = Sm, M\" = Zn) with different doping amounts (x = 0.01, 0.2, 0.3,0.4,0.6 or x = 0.01–0.6) and particle size of ∼20–40 nm, were synthesized using a hydrothermal method via thermal degradation of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ce(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>. The effects of Sm and Zn on the structural, optical, and morphological properties, as well as photocatalytic behavior, are investigated. Characterization of nanocomposites was studied using XRD, FESEM, UV–Vis, and EDS techniques. The magnetic properties of the catalysts were studied using the VSM method. The room temperature ferromagnetism behaviour of doped CeO<sub>2</sub> in comparison to undoped CeO<sub>2</sub> is enhanced. The Sm and Zn-CeO<sub>2</sub> samples exhibit significant absorption below 400 nm, accompanied by a blue shift towards shorter wavelengths due to quantum confinement effects and small particle size. It, in turn, causes an increase in the bandgap of doped CeO<sub>2</sub>. The photocatalytic activity of doped cerium oxide (CeO<sub>2</sub>) was investigated in the degradation of methylene blue. Sm and Zn-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures have significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance in decomposing methylene blue due to facilitated charge carrier recombination. The influence of different parameters on degradation yield was studied using the design experiment software. The optimum conditions included 0.05 g of catalyst, a pH of 11, 15 ppm dye concentration, and a reaction time of 4 h at room temperature. Additionally, the catalyst was reusable, and after five runs, its catalytic activity decreased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 1891-1903"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.026
Duanjiao Li , Wenxing Sun , Jianming Liu , Zhenxin Zhong , Yunlong Wang , Ruifeng Zhu , Ping Lu
SiC-based ceramic resistors can provide a far greater energy rating within a compact size, enabling superior energy absorption and operational reliability in demanding high voltage situations, including both continuous-wave and pulse applications. This stems from bulk conduction throughout their entire ceramic body, in contrast to wirewound/film resistors limited by thin wire/film conduction paths. However, the high sintering temperature of silicon carbide ceramics and the limited tunability of their resistivity hinder their large-scale production used as high-voltage pulse resistors. Herein, we develop an in-situ carbonization process for SiC/clay ceramics that constructs a conductive SiC/C network, while utilizing clay as both an insulating matrix and sintering additive. The carbon source comes from the polymeric binder, which transforms into conductive carbon under high-temperature treatment. This integrated approach enables tunable resistivity control and energy-efficient sintering. The in-situ introduction of conductive carbon significantly reduces the densification and increases the porosity of the composite ceramics, thereby compromising their bending strength. Nevertheless, the resulting strength still exceeds that of commercial carbon-ceramic resistors with highly tunability of electrical resistivity from 3615.9 Ω cm to 8.6 Ω cm with carbon content. These materials consistently withstand dielectric strength tests up to 20 kV/cm while exhibiting excellent temperature stability, evidenced by a temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of −760.6 ppm/°C. In summary, the proposed in-situ processed SiC/clay composite ceramic materials provide a new strategy for the development of a series of ceramic resistors with good mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, suitable for high power resistor applications.
{"title":"Tunable-resistivity SiC/clay composite ceramics via in-situ carbon integration for high-voltage pulse resistors","authors":"Duanjiao Li , Wenxing Sun , Jianming Liu , Zhenxin Zhong , Yunlong Wang , Ruifeng Zhu , Ping Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>SiC-based ceramic resistors can provide a far greater energy rating within a compact size, enabling superior energy absorption and operational reliability in demanding high voltage situations, including both continuous-wave and pulse applications. This stems from bulk conduction throughout their entire ceramic body, in contrast to wirewound/film resistors limited by thin wire/film conduction paths. However, the high sintering temperature of silicon carbide ceramics and the limited tunability of their resistivity hinder their large-scale production used as high-voltage pulse resistors. Herein, we develop an in-situ carbonization process for SiC/clay ceramics that constructs a conductive SiC/C network, while utilizing clay as both an insulating matrix and sintering additive. The carbon source comes from the polymeric binder, which transforms into conductive carbon under high-temperature treatment. This integrated approach enables tunable resistivity control and energy-efficient sintering. The in-situ introduction of conductive carbon significantly reduces the densification and increases the porosity of the composite ceramics, thereby compromising their bending strength. Nevertheless, the resulting strength still exceeds that of commercial carbon-ceramic resistors with highly tunability of electrical resistivity from 3615.9 Ω cm to 8.6 Ω cm with carbon content. These materials consistently withstand dielectric strength tests up to 20 kV/cm while exhibiting excellent temperature stability, evidenced by a temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of −760.6 ppm/°C. In summary, the proposed in-situ processed SiC/clay composite ceramic materials provide a new strategy for the development of a series of ceramic resistors with good mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, suitable for high power resistor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2036-2042"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.030
Ke Huang , Peng Liu , Liping Zheng , Liangxian Chen, Junjun Wei, Jinlong Liu, Chengming Li
Single-crystal diamond (SCD) represents an ideal material for optical components, owing to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. Nitrogen doping can enhance SCD growth rate and reduce cost, but degrade optical properties. Solving the problem is critical for expanding applications in optical systems. In this study, microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) was employed to synthesize nitrogen-doped SCD at 31.71 μm/h, followed by rapid vacuum annealing via Joule heating. This process improved both processing efficiency and optical performance, significantly increasing transmittance from ultraviolet to mid-infrared. After annealing at 2373 K for 2 min, the transmittance at 10.6 μm increased from 56.41 % to 69.91 %. The optical enhancement originated from the transformation of nitrogen-related defects within SCD during heat treatment. Substitutional nitrogen (NS) associates with vacancies to form nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. NS0 decreased from 12.79 ppm at 1973 K to 2.41 ppm at 2173 K, stabilizing near 2.25 ppm. Other defects, including NVH, N2V−, vacancy clusters, N2VH, hydrogen-modified A-center and hydrogen-related defects, also decreased with higher annealing temperature. These defects decomposed, migrated, or merged at high temperatures, forming more complex nitrogen-related defects. This study addressed optical degradation in high-growth-rate nitrogen-doped SCD and supported industrial application of diamond optical components.
{"title":"Unlocking superior optical property in single-crystal diamond via Joule heating-driven nitrogen-related defects tailoring","authors":"Ke Huang , Peng Liu , Liping Zheng , Liangxian Chen, Junjun Wei, Jinlong Liu, Chengming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-crystal diamond (SCD) represents an ideal material for optical components, owing to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. Nitrogen doping can enhance SCD growth rate and reduce cost, but degrade optical properties. Solving the problem is critical for expanding applications in optical systems. In this study, microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) was employed to synthesize nitrogen-doped SCD at 31.71 μm/h, followed by rapid vacuum annealing via Joule heating. This process improved both processing efficiency and optical performance, significantly increasing transmittance from ultraviolet to mid-infrared. After annealing at 2373 K for 2 min, the transmittance at 10.6 μm increased from 56.41 % to 69.91 %. The optical enhancement originated from the transformation of nitrogen-related defects within SCD during heat treatment. Substitutional nitrogen (N<sub>S</sub>) associates with vacancies to form nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. N<sub>S</sub><sup>0</sup> decreased from 12.79 ppm at 1973 K to 2.41 ppm at 2173 K, stabilizing near 2.25 ppm. Other defects, including NVH, N<sub>2</sub>V<sup>−</sup>, vacancy clusters, N<sub>2</sub>VH, hydrogen-modified A-center and hydrogen-related defects, also decreased with higher annealing temperature. These defects decomposed, migrated, or merged at high temperatures, forming more complex nitrogen-related defects. This study addressed optical degradation in high-growth-rate nitrogen-doped SCD and supported industrial application of diamond optical components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2076-2085"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.033
Huajun Yan , Wanrui Shi , Xuerui Dai , Shijie Liu , Xuye Wang , Zhenkai Mu , Shibo Ma , Baoyu Wang , Guang Yang , Guang Liu
The vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology has been more and more widely used in the manufacture of ceramic materials. However, due to the low toughness of ceramic materials, the application of Al2O3 ceramics is limited. In order to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of Al2O3 ceramics, metal Cr and Cr3C2 hard ceramic particles were generated in situ through the aluminothermic reaction between Al and Cr2O3 based on the vat photopolymerization technology in this paper. However, the presence of powder materials such as Cr2O3 makes the vat photopolymerization of Al2O3 ceramic matrix composites considerably challenging. To address this issue, the present study employed chemical co-precipitation and adsorption modification techniques to apply an Al2O3 inorganic coating and TEOA organic modification onto the Cr2O3 powder. These treatments significantly enhanced the vat photopolymerization performance of the ceramic slurry, enabling the successful fabrication of the Al-Cr2O3-Al2O3 aluminothermic reaction system through vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing. Furthermore, a porous Al2O3/Cr3C2/Cr composite ceramic with excellent properties was successfully prepared using a debinding-in-situ reaction sintering-densification scheme, achieving a hardness of 29.97 GPa, a Young's modulus of 318.27 GPa, and a fracture toughness of 5.778 MPa m½.
{"title":"In-situ synthesis of Al2O3/Cr3C2/Cr composite ceramics based on vat photopolymerization 3D printing and powder surface modification","authors":"Huajun Yan , Wanrui Shi , Xuerui Dai , Shijie Liu , Xuye Wang , Zhenkai Mu , Shibo Ma , Baoyu Wang , Guang Yang , Guang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology has been more and more widely used in the manufacture of ceramic materials. However, due to the low toughness of ceramic materials, the application of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramics is limited. In order to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramics, metal Cr and Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> hard ceramic particles were generated in situ through the aluminothermic reaction between Al and Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> based on the vat photopolymerization technology in this paper. However, the presence of powder materials such as Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> makes the vat photopolymerization of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic matrix composites considerably challenging. To address this issue, the present study employed chemical co-precipitation and adsorption modification techniques to apply an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> inorganic coating and TEOA organic modification onto the Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> powder. These treatments significantly enhanced the vat photopolymerization performance of the ceramic slurry, enabling the successful fabrication of the Al-Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> aluminothermic reaction system through vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing. Furthermore, a porous Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>/Cr composite ceramic with excellent properties was successfully prepared using a debinding-in-situ reaction sintering-densification scheme, achieving a hardness of 29.97 GPa, a Young's modulus of 318.27 GPa, and a fracture toughness of 5.778 MPa m½.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2106-2118"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioactive glasses (BGs) are widely utilized biomaterials in biomedical applications due to their ability to withstand high mechanical stresses and biologically active ion release behavior. In this study, the structural and mechanical properties of (100-x)SiO2-xCaO (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mol%) BGs were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in LAMMPS software. Meanwhile, structural parameters, including radial distribution functions (RDFs), bond lengths, bond angles, coordination number (CN), bridging oxygens (BOs), non-bridging oxygen (NBOs), Qn distribution, density, and network connectivity (NC), were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the Si–O bond length remained ∼1.6 Å across compositions, while Ca–O bonds (∼2.3–2.4 Å) showed increasing CN with higher CaO content in BGs composition. The Si–O–Si angle decreased from 152.27° to 146.78° as CaO increased, while BO content dropped from 99.76 % (100Si) to 17.30 % (40Si), accompanied by a corresponding rise in NBOs and low-n Qn units, leading to reduced NC (3.990 → 1.210) and structural integrity. Mechanical properties from simulated tensile tests revealed that Young's modulus decreased from 117.12 GPa (100Si) to 67.766 GPa (50Si), yield stress from 16.592 MPa (100Si) to 6.841 MPa (40Si), while elongation peaked at 0.77 for 50Si. Additionally, fourth-order polynomial regression with Ridge regularization was employed to predict mechanical properties based on volume fraction, achieving low errors and capturing nonlinear composition–property trends. Taken together, results confirmed that the integration of MD and machine learning enabled accurate property prediction from limited datasets, facilitating the design of BGs with simultaneously optimized structural properties, and mechanical performance. The approach presented in this study provided a scalable route for engineering BGs with customized mechanical and structural characteristics, and held potential for adaptation to other BG compositions or bioceramics where an optimal combination of strength, ductility, and structural integrity is essential. The proposed approach provided a scalable route for engineering bioactive glass compositions with optimized structural integrity and elastic response at the atomic level, while acknowledging the intrinsic brittleness of bulk bioactive glasses and their primary role as components of composite or coating systems.
{"title":"Integrating molecular dynamics and polynomial regression for predicting structure–property relationships in silicate-based melt-quench derived binary bioactive glasses","authors":"Amirhossein Moghanian , Sirus Safaee , Arang Pazhouheshgar , Ramin Farmani , Arman Tayebi , Ali Rajabpour","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioactive glasses (BGs) are widely utilized biomaterials in biomedical applications due to their ability to withstand high mechanical stresses and biologically active ion release behavior. In this study, the structural and mechanical properties of (100-x)SiO<sub>2</sub>-xCaO (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mol%) BGs were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in LAMMPS software. Meanwhile, structural parameters, including radial distribution functions (RDFs), bond lengths, bond angles, coordination number (CN), bridging oxygens (BOs), non-bridging oxygen (NBOs), Q<sup>n</sup> distribution, density, and network connectivity (NC), were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the Si–O bond length remained ∼1.6 Å across compositions, while Ca–O bonds (∼2.3–2.4 Å) showed increasing CN with higher CaO content in BGs composition. The Si–O–Si angle decreased from 152.27° to 146.78° as CaO increased, while BO content dropped from 99.76 % (100Si) to 17.30 % (40Si), accompanied by a corresponding rise in NBOs and low-n Q<sup>n</sup> units, leading to reduced NC (3.990 → 1.210) and structural integrity. Mechanical properties from simulated tensile tests revealed that Young's modulus decreased from 117.12 GPa (100Si) to 67.766 GPa (50Si), yield stress from 16.592 MPa (100Si) to 6.841 MPa (40Si), while elongation peaked at 0.77 for 50Si. Additionally, fourth-order polynomial regression with Ridge regularization was employed to predict mechanical properties based on volume fraction, achieving low errors and capturing nonlinear composition–property trends. Taken together, results confirmed that the integration of MD and machine learning enabled accurate property prediction from limited datasets, facilitating the design of BGs with simultaneously optimized structural properties, and mechanical performance. The approach presented in this study provided a scalable route for engineering BGs with customized mechanical and structural characteristics, and held potential for adaptation to other BG compositions or bioceramics where an optimal combination of strength, ductility, and structural integrity is essential. The proposed approach provided a scalable route for engineering bioactive glass compositions with optimized structural integrity and elastic response at the atomic level, while acknowledging the intrinsic brittleness of bulk bioactive glasses and their primary role as components of composite or coating systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2129-2138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.040
Mengqing Liu , Senhao Guan , Jinhu Wang , Tianchen Zhao , Guangjian Peng , Binghai Lyu , Julong Yuan
Polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel (PMAS) is of significant strategic importance in military optical systems owing to its exceptional chemical stability, high mechanical strength, and excellent infrared transmittance. However, its complex polycrystalline structure leads to grain effects and suboptimal surface quality during ultra-precision machining, hindering the development of high-performance components. To address these challenges, this study investigates the influences of polishing slurry pH, ethylene glycol additives, and agglomerated diamond (AD) abrasive size on PMAS polishing behavior by systematically modifying the chemical environment of the slurry. Experimental results demonstrate that larger abrasives (40 μm) promote lower surface roughness (Sa) and more selective material removal, whereas smaller abrasives (20 μm) enhance the material removal rate (MRR) and produce surfaces exhibiting fewer and shallower scratches. Under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 13), the shear-thickening behavior of the slurry is substantially weakened, leading to a reduction in removal capability and failure to completely eliminate initial surface defects within a given processing time. XPS analysis further confirms that variations in pH exert minimal influence on the surface chemical composition of PMAS, indicating that material removal is dominated by mechanical mechanisms. Moreover, the incorporation of ethylene glycol improves the rheological performance of the polishing slurry and promotes favorable chemical interactions, thereby concurrently enhancing both surface quality and MRR. Overall, this study provides theoretical insight and experimental validation for optimizing the ultra-precision polishing of PMAS, offering valuable guidance for advancing its reliable application in high-end optical systems.
{"title":"Investigation of chemical conditions and agglomerated diamond abrasive size effects on polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel in force rheological polishing","authors":"Mengqing Liu , Senhao Guan , Jinhu Wang , Tianchen Zhao , Guangjian Peng , Binghai Lyu , Julong Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel (PMAS) is of significant strategic importance in military optical systems owing to its exceptional chemical stability, high mechanical strength, and excellent infrared transmittance. However, its complex polycrystalline structure leads to grain effects and suboptimal surface quality during ultra-precision machining, hindering the development of high-performance components. To address these challenges, this study investigates the influences of polishing slurry pH, ethylene glycol additives, and agglomerated diamond (AD) abrasive size on PMAS polishing behavior by systematically modifying the chemical environment of the slurry. Experimental results demonstrate that larger abrasives (40 μm) promote lower surface roughness (<em>S</em><sub>a</sub>) and more selective material removal, whereas smaller abrasives (20 μm) enhance the material removal rate (MRR) and produce surfaces exhibiting fewer and shallower scratches. Under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 13), the shear-thickening behavior of the slurry is substantially weakened, leading to a reduction in removal capability and failure to completely eliminate initial surface defects within a given processing time. XPS analysis further confirms that variations in pH exert minimal influence on the surface chemical composition of PMAS, indicating that material removal is dominated by mechanical mechanisms. Moreover, the incorporation of ethylene glycol improves the rheological performance of the polishing slurry and promotes favorable chemical interactions, thereby concurrently enhancing both surface quality and MRR. Overall, this study provides theoretical insight and experimental validation for optimizing the ultra-precision polishing of PMAS, offering valuable guidance for advancing its reliable application in high-end optical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2183-2195"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vat photopolymerization technology has garnered significant attention in the field of ceramic additive manufacturing due to its high precision and efficient forming capabilities. However, a fundamental challenge remains in balancing the curing depth and printing accuracy during the fabrication of Si3N4 ceramics. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel strategy for the synergistic modulation of slurry optical properties via the integration of a photoinitiator (PI, Irgacure 819), a UV absorber (UA, UV-531), and an oxygen scavenger (OI, BHT). Through a full-factorial experimental design, a multivariate nonlinear model was established. The results demonstrate that the photoinitiator (PI) enhances the polymerization efficiency by generating reactive radicals under UV exposure, while the UV absorber (UA) suppresses lateral over-curing by increasing the ultraviolet absorption coefficient, and the oxygen scavenger (OI) mitigates oxygen-induced inhibition of polymerization. The synergistic effects of these three additives maintain the curing depth within the range of 67.3–86.7 μm, while significantly improving the printing accuracy of submillimeter-scale microholes. The relative errors for square holes ranging from 200 to 500 μm were reduced to less than 2 %. The optimized slurry formulation ensures sufficient curing depth while markedly enhancing printing precision, enabling the rapid fabrication of high-resolution complex structures. This work provides a solid foundation for the advancement of vat photopolymerization of silicon nitride ceramics.
{"title":"Multicomponent additive engineering for high-precision vat photopolymerization of Si3N4 ceramics","authors":"Zhe Wang, Zhenkai Mu, Xuye Wang, Wei Wang, Xuerui Dai, Shibo Ma, Xinni Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vat photopolymerization technology has garnered significant attention in the field of ceramic additive manufacturing due to its high precision and efficient forming capabilities. However, a fundamental challenge remains in balancing the curing depth and printing accuracy during the fabrication of Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> ceramics. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel strategy for the synergistic modulation of slurry optical properties via the integration of a photoinitiator (PI, Irgacure 819), a UV absorber (UA, UV-531), and an oxygen scavenger (OI, BHT). Through a full-factorial experimental design, a multivariate nonlinear model was established. The results demonstrate that the photoinitiator (PI) enhances the polymerization efficiency by generating reactive radicals under UV exposure, while the UV absorber (UA) suppresses lateral over-curing by increasing the ultraviolet absorption coefficient, and the oxygen scavenger (OI) mitigates oxygen-induced inhibition of polymerization. The synergistic effects of these three additives maintain the curing depth within the range of 67.3–86.7 μm, while significantly improving the printing accuracy of submillimeter-scale microholes. The relative errors for square holes ranging from 200 to 500 μm were reduced to less than 2 %. The optimized slurry formulation ensures sufficient curing depth while markedly enhancing printing precision, enabling the rapid fabrication of high-resolution complex structures. This work provides a solid foundation for the advancement of vat photopolymerization of silicon nitride ceramics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2247-2263"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.064
Zhi Liu , Tu Zhou , Mujia Feng , Yinuo Wang , Huajun Sun , Xiaofang Liu
Highly oriented La-doped BaTiO3 nanorods (BT-La NRs1) were fabricated using a green and facile two-step hydrothermal synthesis approach. The piezocatalytic activity of BT-0.03La NRs was evaluated under ultrasonic conditions using rhodamine B (Rh B) as the model pollutant. BT-0.03La NRs demonstrated superior piezocatalytic activity, reaching a 99.19 % degradation efficiency for 5 mg/L Rh B within 40 min, approximately twice that of pure BT. Moreover, BT-0.03La NRs also demonstrated a universal piezocatalytic degradation capability toward various dye pollutants. The dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically superoxide radicals (·O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), were identified through free radical scavenging experiments. The results indicated that BT-La NRs exhibited a high aspect ratio, a large specific surface area, and greater deformability under external mechanical force. Furthermore, 3 % La doping introduced oxygen vacancies (OVs), resulting in lattice distortion and improved piezocatalytic performance. This study is the first to employ a strategy combining morphology-control and ion-doping engineering to modify BT, thereby significantly enhancing its piezoelectric properties. This could provide a novel strategy for the future application of catalyst modification in wastewater remediation.
采用绿色、简便的两步水热合成方法制备了高取向la掺杂BaTiO3纳米棒（BT-La NRs1）。以罗丹明B （Rh B）为模型污染物，在超声条件下对BT-0.03La NRs的压催化活性进行了评价。BT-0.03 la NRs表现出优异的压催化活性，在40 min内对5 mg/L Rh B的降解效率达到99.19%，约为纯BT的2倍，而且BT-0.03 la NRs对各种染料污染物也表现出普遍的压催化降解能力。通过自由基清除实验确定了活性氧（ROS），特别是超氧自由基（·O2−）和羟基自由基（·OH）。结果表明，BT-La NRs具有高宽高比、大比表面积、在机械外力作用下具有较强的变形能力。此外，3%的La掺杂引入了氧空位（OVs），导致晶格畸变，提高了压电催化性能。本研究首次采用形态控制与离子掺杂工程相结合的策略对BT进行改性，从而显著提高了其压电性能。这为今后催化剂改性在废水处理中的应用提供了新的思路。
{"title":"Significantly enhanced piezo-catalytic performance of BaTiO3 nanorods via La-ion doping","authors":"Zhi Liu , Tu Zhou , Mujia Feng , Yinuo Wang , Huajun Sun , Xiaofang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly oriented La-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub> nanorods (BT-La NRs<sup>1</sup>) were fabricated using a green and facile two-step hydrothermal synthesis approach. The piezocatalytic activity of BT-0.03La NRs was evaluated under ultrasonic conditions using rhodamine B (Rh B) as the model pollutant. BT-0.03La NRs demonstrated superior piezocatalytic activity, reaching a 99.19 % degradation efficiency for 5 mg/L Rh B within 40 min, approximately twice that of pure BT. Moreover, BT-0.03La NRs also demonstrated a universal piezocatalytic degradation capability toward various dye pollutants. The dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically superoxide radicals (·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), were identified through free radical scavenging experiments. The results indicated that BT-La NRs exhibited a high aspect ratio, a large specific surface area, and greater deformability under external mechanical force. Furthermore, 3 % La doping introduced oxygen vacancies (OVs), resulting in lattice distortion and improved piezocatalytic performance. This study is the first to employ a strategy combining morphology-control and ion-doping engineering to modify BT, thereby significantly enhancing its piezoelectric properties. This could provide a novel strategy for the future application of catalyst modification in wastewater remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 2469-2480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.285
Ruxuan Tang, Yuan-Bin Chen, Jianjun Ye
The NaCa1-xSrxNd(MoO4)3 (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) ceramics were successfully synthesized using the conventional solid - state reaction method. The sintering behavior, phase composition, Raman vibration modes, grain morphology, and microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics were systematically investigated. The crystal structure of the ceramics was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Rietveld refinement results confirmed that the NCSNM ceramics formed a tetragonal calcium tungstate structure with the I41/a space group. Analysis of grain morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the density of the ceramics has a significant impact on the dielectric constant and quality factor. The majority of the peaks observed through Raman spectroscopy analysis are associated with the vibrations of [MoO4] tetrahedra. Furthermore, according to the Pauling-Vegard-Lorentz (P-V-L) theory, the lattice energy of the Mo-O bond makes a significant contribution to the quality factor times frequency product (Q × f) of NCSNM ceramics. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) is primarily determined by the linear thermal expansion coefficient (αL) and the temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant (τε). In terms of microwave dielectric properties, the NCSNM (x = 0.02) ceramic exhibits excellent dielectric performance when sintered at 800 °C. The dielectric constant (εr) varies within the range of 11.58–11.62, the quality factor (Q × f) reaches 73383 ± 1053 GHz, and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) ranges from −51.7 to −48.9 ppm/°C. The results demonstrate that Sr2+ doping effectively optimizes the microwave dielectric properties of NaCaNd(MoO4)3 ceramics, endowing them with broad prospects in the field of 5G communication.
{"title":"The impact of Sr2+ substitution on the microwave dielectric properties of ternary molybdate NaCaNd(MoO4)3 ceramics","authors":"Ruxuan Tang, Yuan-Bin Chen, Jianjun Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The NaCa<sub>1-x</sub>Sr<sub>x</sub>Nd(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) ceramics were successfully synthesized using the conventional solid - state reaction method. The sintering behavior, phase composition, Raman vibration modes, grain morphology, and microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics were systematically investigated. The crystal structure of the ceramics was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Rietveld refinement results confirmed that the NCSNM ceramics formed a tetragonal calcium tungstate structure with the <em>I</em>4<sub>1</sub>/<em>a</em> space group. Analysis of grain morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the density of the ceramics has a significant impact on the dielectric constant and quality factor. The majority of the peaks observed through Raman spectroscopy analysis are associated with the vibrations of [MoO<sub>4</sub>] tetrahedra. Furthermore, according to the Pauling-Vegard-Lorentz (P-V-L) theory, the lattice energy of the Mo-O bond makes a significant contribution to the quality factor times frequency product (Q × f) of NCSNM ceramics. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ<sub>f</sub>) is primarily determined by the linear thermal expansion coefficient (α<sub>L</sub>) and the temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant (τ<sub>ε</sub>). In terms of microwave dielectric properties, the NCSNM (x = 0.02) ceramic exhibits excellent dielectric performance when sintered at 800 °C. The dielectric constant (ε<sub>r</sub>) varies within the range of 11.58–11.62, the quality factor (Q × f) reaches 73383 ± 1053 GHz, and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ<sub>f</sub>) ranges from −51.7 to −48.9 ppm/°C. The results demonstrate that Sr<sup>2+</sup> doping effectively optimizes the microwave dielectric properties of NaCaNd(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> ceramics, endowing them with broad prospects in the field of 5G communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 1490-1498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.307
L. Netravathi, P.R. Deepthi, P. Mohan Kumar
In this work, pristine TiO2 and Mn3O4/TiO2 composite thin films [Mn3O4/TiO2-1 and Mn3O4/TiO2 -2] were successfully synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a hydrothermal method and systematically evaluated for supercapacitor applications. Comprehensive structural, optical, and electrochemical characterizations were performed using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Mn3O4/TiO2-2 composite exhibited reduced crystallite size, enhanced visible-light absorption, lower Urbach energy, and a distinct “pompom flower” morphology with increased porosity compared to pristine TiO2 and Mn3O4/TiO2-1. EDS analysis further verified the successful incorporation of Mn3O4 into the TiO2 matrix, confirming the purity and intended composition of the composite thin film. Electrochemically, the composite Mn3O4/TiO2-2 demonstrated a superior specific capacitance of 790 Fg-1 in 1 M KOH and 431 Fg-1 in 1 M Na2SO4, outperforming TiO2 electrodes (592 Fg-1 and 148 Fg-1, respectively). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated the strong interfacial interaction and efficient ion diffusion within the Mn3O4/TiO2 heterostructure by revealing fast charge-transfer kinetics for Mn3O4/TiO2-1 and improved pseudocapacitive behavior for Mn3O4/TiO2-2.These results establish Mn3O4/TiO2 thin films as efficient and durable electrode materials, with strong potential for advanced supercapacitor technologies.
在这项工作中，通过水热法在氟掺杂氧化锡（FTO）衬底上成功合成了原始TiO2和Mn3O4/TiO2复合薄膜[Mn3O4/TiO2-1和Mn3O4/TiO2 -2]，并对其在超级电容器中的应用进行了系统评估。采用XRD、拉曼光谱、SEM-EDS、UV-Vis光谱、循环伏安法（CV）、恒流充放电（GCD）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）对样品进行了全面的结构、光学和电化学表征。与原始TiO2和Mn3O4/TiO2-1相比，Mn3O4/TiO2-2复合材料的晶粒尺寸减小，可见光吸收增强，Urbach能量降低，孔隙率增加，具有明显的“绒球花”形态。EDS分析进一步验证了Mn3O4成功进入TiO2基体，确认了复合薄膜的纯度和预期组成。电化学上，复合材料Mn3O4/TiO2-2在1 M KOH和1 M Na2SO4中表现出790 Fg-1和431 Fg-1的优越比电容，优于TiO2电极（分别为592 Fg-1和148 Fg-1）。电化学阻抗谱通过揭示Mn3O4/TiO2-1的快速电荷转移动力学和Mn3O4/TiO2-2改进的赝电容行为，证明了Mn3O4/TiO2异质结构内强的界面相互作用和有效的离子扩散。这些结果表明，Mn3O4/TiO2薄膜是一种高效耐用的电极材料，具有强大的先进超级电容器技术潜力。
{"title":"Flower-like Mn3O4/TiO2 composite thin films as efficient and durable supercapacitor electrodes","authors":"L. Netravathi, P.R. Deepthi, P. Mohan Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite thin films [Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-1 and Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> -2] were successfully synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a hydrothermal method and systematically evaluated for supercapacitor applications. Comprehensive structural, optical, and electrochemical characterizations were performed using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-2 composite exhibited reduced crystallite size, enhanced visible-light absorption, lower Urbach energy, and a distinct “pompom flower” morphology with increased porosity compared to pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-1. EDS analysis further verified the successful incorporation of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> into the TiO<sub>2</sub> matrix, confirming the purity and intended composition of the composite thin film. Electrochemically, the composite Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-2 demonstrated a superior specific capacitance of 790 Fg<sup>-1</sup> in 1 M KOH and 431 Fg<sup>-1</sup> in 1 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, outperforming TiO<sub>2</sub> electrodes (592 Fg<sup>-1</sup> and 148 Fg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated the strong interfacial interaction and efficient ion diffusion within the Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> heterostructure by revealing fast charge-transfer kinetics for Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-1 and improved pseudocapacitive behavior for Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>-2.These results establish Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films as efficient and durable electrode materials, with strong potential for advanced supercapacitor technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 1516-1529"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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