Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593213
V. A. Fynn
IT was discovered, in the early eighties, that an ordinary d-c. series conduction motor with a laminated magnetic circuit would operate on alternating current. In those days d-c. series motors usually had few armature and many field ampere-turns and were not neutralized, with the result that, when operated on alternating current, their power factor was very low. Some of the difficulties of the situation were probably first pointed out by G. Kapp, in 1888 or thereabouts. In 1890 Eickemeyer addressed himself to the single-phase series motor and made a commercial machine of it by neutralizing the armature reaction and showing that, contrary to the then prevailing d-c. practise, the armature ampere-turns should be greatly in excess, in fact a multiple of, the motor field producing ampereturns. He also pointed out that these machines were better suited for operation on low than on high periodicities and that they should be built with small air gaps. Beginning about the year 1893, A. G. Helios of Cologne, Germany, built a large number of neutralized single-phase series motors for general stationary work. Ganz & Co. of Budapest, Hungary, also made many single-phase series motors, beginning about 1889, but do not appear to have employed neutralizing windings. The machines built by these European firms were mostly small, seldom exceeding 20 B. h. p. The reason why the single-phase series motor was first used commercially in Europe, is probably to be found in the fact that in the early 90's the periodicities mostly employed in this country were about twice as high as those in vogue in Europe. The advent of the commutatorless polyphase motor had no doubt much to do with the almost complete abandonment of the single-phase series motor somewhere along the year 1896.
{"title":"The neutralized series conduction motor on A-C. and D-C. circuits","authors":"V. A. Fynn","doi":"10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593213","url":null,"abstract":"IT was discovered, in the early eighties, that an ordinary d-c. series conduction motor with a laminated magnetic circuit would operate on alternating current. In those days d-c. series motors usually had few armature and many field ampere-turns and were not neutralized, with the result that, when operated on alternating current, their power factor was very low. Some of the difficulties of the situation were probably first pointed out by G. Kapp, in 1888 or thereabouts. In 1890 Eickemeyer addressed himself to the single-phase series motor and made a commercial machine of it by neutralizing the armature reaction and showing that, contrary to the then prevailing d-c. practise, the armature ampere-turns should be greatly in excess, in fact a multiple of, the motor field producing ampereturns. He also pointed out that these machines were better suited for operation on low than on high periodicities and that they should be built with small air gaps. Beginning about the year 1893, A. G. Helios of Cologne, Germany, built a large number of neutralized single-phase series motors for general stationary work. Ganz & Co. of Budapest, Hungary, also made many single-phase series motors, beginning about 1889, but do not appear to have employed neutralizing windings. The machines built by these European firms were mostly small, seldom exceeding 20 B. h. p. The reason why the single-phase series motor was first used commercially in Europe, is probably to be found in the fact that in the early 90's the periodicities mostly employed in this country were about twice as high as those in vogue in Europe. The advent of the commutatorless polyphase motor had no doubt much to do with the almost complete abandonment of the single-phase series motor somewhere along the year 1896.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1922-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130989551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593239
R. Doherty
W. A. Hillebrand: A rather startling instance of an oscillation such as Mr. Doherty has just described, came within my observation some three years ago. There was a two-pull electro magnet for a Paulson high-frequency arc converter, the magnet weighing approximately 30 tons, and they had only 5-kilowatts of arc converters at the station. Now the magnet itself was perhaps the most powerful that was ever delivered, and it was excited by a 250-kw., 500-volt d-c. generator, direct connected to a 2400-volt induction motor. Now what happened was that the power went off. The energy stored in the magnetic field was sufficient to stop the motor-generator set, reversing it. This reversal of rotation of the motor generator demagnetized the magnet, magnetizing it in the opposite direction, and again brought the set to rest. That is, there was a highly damped oscillation of very low frequency lasting for a cycle and a half. We ran saturation curves under various conditions, and finally after the last run the current was cut off, and I think some three or four minutes after the machine was completely disconnected, while we were stripping it, we still got an arc, showing the current was still flowing. That is, it took several minutes, due to the very slow decay before the current came to zero.
W. A.希勒布兰德:大约三年前，我观察到多尔蒂先生刚才描述的那种相当惊人的振荡现象。保尔森高频电弧转换器有一个双拉电磁铁，磁铁重约30吨，他们在空间站只有5千瓦的电弧转换器。磁铁本身可能是有史以来最强大的，它被250千瓦的功率激发。， 500伏直流。发电机，直接连接到2400伏感应电机。现在发生的事情是停电了。储存在磁场中的能量足以使电机发电机组停止运转，使其倒转。电机发电机的这种反向旋转使磁体退磁，使其在相反的方向磁化，并再次使该装置休息。也就是说，有一个非常低频率的高阻尼振荡持续了一个半周期。我们在各种条件下运行饱和曲线，最后在最后一次运行后电流被切断，我想在机器完全断开后的三到四分钟，当我们剥离它时，我们仍然得到一个弧，表明电流仍然在流动。也就是说，这需要几分钟，因为在电流达到零之前衰减非常缓慢。
{"title":"Discussion on “exciter instability”","authors":"R. Doherty","doi":"10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593239","url":null,"abstract":"W. A. Hillebrand: A rather startling instance of an oscillation such as Mr. Doherty has just described, came within my observation some three years ago. There was a two-pull electro magnet for a Paulson high-frequency arc converter, the magnet weighing approximately 30 tons, and they had only 5-kilowatts of arc converters at the station. Now the magnet itself was perhaps the most powerful that was ever delivered, and it was excited by a 250-kw., 500-volt d-c. generator, direct connected to a 2400-volt induction motor. Now what happened was that the power went off. The energy stored in the magnetic field was sufficient to stop the motor-generator set, reversing it. This reversal of rotation of the motor generator demagnetized the magnet, magnetizing it in the opposite direction, and again brought the set to rest. That is, there was a highly damped oscillation of very low frequency lasting for a cycle and a half. We ran saturation curves under various conditions, and finally after the last run the current was cut off, and I think some three or four minutes after the machine was completely disconnected, while we were stripping it, we still got an arc, showing the current was still flowing. That is, it took several minutes, due to the very slow decay before the current came to zero.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1922-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121529207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6593232
E. A. Hester, R. Conwell, O. C. Traver, L. N. Crichton
III. Differential Power Schemes. The differential current schemes just described, though usually simple in equipment and installation are subject in some cases to disdavantage in that the line in trouble does not carry the greater current. Differential power protective schemes for parallel lines, however, are discriminating in their action in all cases and can be relied upon when the effectiveness of the simpler schemes may be doubtful.
{"title":"Transmission line relays — II","authors":"E. A. Hester, R. Conwell, O. C. Traver, L. N. Crichton","doi":"10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6593232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6593232","url":null,"abstract":"III. Differential Power Schemes. The differential current schemes just described, though usually simple in equipment and installation are subject in some cases to disdavantage in that the line in trouble does not carry the greater current. Differential power protective schemes for parallel lines, however, are discriminating in their action in all cases and can be relied upon when the effectiveness of the simpler schemes may be doubtful.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1922-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127122616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6593238
R. Wood
W. A. Hillebrand: Concerning the experiments on the disconnector switch, with regard to characteristic flash-over and the opening distance and clearance from the ground necessary to prevent the arc from shooting across the gap. Was any effort made to control the direction of flash-over by means of screens or guards which would reduce the gradient between the blade and the clip on the opposite side?
W. A. Hillebrand:关于隔离开关的实验，关于特性闪过和防止电弧穿过间隙所必需的开路距离和离地间隙。是否有任何努力，以控制闪过的方向，通过屏幕或保护，以减少叶片之间的梯度和夹子在对面?
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Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593240
W. D. Isakson
R. J. C. Wood: Isn't the picture as received shown at Fig. 8 (d). I think that is actually what the receiving end gets over the wire and any exercise of imagination, as Mr. Hillebrand says, refers to (f). It would seem to me that these boundaries are determined by the co-ordinates of points along them, all around the boundary. That being so you then get these contour lines as shown on Fig. 8(e). They are filled in with the particular shade according to one of the letters in the code corresponding to that boundary. You then get the Fig. 8 (e) as the final result received at the receiving end. The illustrator knows that nobody looks exactly like (d) and he makes it look a little better, like (8-f). Telephotography means to a photographer taking very far distance scenes with a lens of long focus. Is this term telephotography standard in this sense of transmitting photographs to a distance by wire? The term is already fairly well assigned to the photographic science, and it would seem to me that some such title as photo-transmission or an equivalent would describe the process better than telephotography.
R. J. C. Wood:接收到的图像不是如图8 (d)所示吗?我认为这实际上是接收端通过电线得到的图像，正如Hillebrand先生所说的，任何想象力的运用都是指(f)。在我看来，这些边界是由沿着它们的点的坐标决定的，所有这些点都围绕着边界。这样你就得到了图8(e)所示的等高线。根据代码中与该边界对应的一个字母，它们被填充上特定的阴影。然后得到图8 (e)作为接收端接收到的最终结果。插画师知道没有人看起来完全像(d)，他让它看起来更好一点，像(8-f)。长焦摄影是指摄影师用长焦镜头拍摄非常远的场景。远程摄影这个术语是指通过电线将照片传输到一定距离的标准吗?这个术语已经被很好地分配给了摄影科学，在我看来，像照片传输或类似的标题似乎比远摄术更能描述这一过程。
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Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6593235
H. D. Panton
R. J. C. Wood: There is a very interesting thing in Table 3. In the early years we find that the No. 1 disk is the one which is failing to the greater extent, in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916; and then in 1917 No. 7, which is the one nearest the point of support, usurps first place and keeps approximately that position, so that on the whole in these latter years it is the one nearest the point of support which shows the greatest number of failures. Now we all know that in the years 1913, 1914, the kind of insulator we were getting was very different from the insulators we get today; and that raised the question in my mind as to whether those early failures may not have been due to one cause — perhaps soft, porous porcelain, which was to be had in plenty; and the failures of the later years, when it is to be presumed that most of that poor stuff had been weeded out, have been caused by prolonged mechanical vibration.
R. J. C. Wood:表3中有一件非常有趣的事情。在早期，我们发现，在1913年、1914年、1915年、1916年，1号圆盘在更大程度上是失败的;到了1917年，最靠近支撑点的第7号，却篡夺了第一的位置，而且几乎一直保持着这个位置，所以在后来的几年里，总的来说，最靠近支撑点的第7号，失败的次数最多。现在我们都知道在1913年和1914年，我们得到的绝缘体和我们今天得到的绝缘体非常不同;这在我脑海中提出了一个问题，那些早期的失败是否可能不是由于一个原因——也许是软的，多孔的瓷器，这是大量的;而在后来的几年里，当我们假定大部分可怜的东西已经被淘汰时，失败是由长期的机械振动引起的。
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Pub Date : 1922-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593233
W. A. Schmidt, W. Horne, R. B. Rathbun
C. E. Skinner: It is rather curious that this process, developed primarily to abate a nuisance should become so valuable economically. I have been familiar with some attempts in the Pittsburgh district to abate the smoke nuisance by the Mellen Institute of Industrial Research. They made a smoke survey of Pittsburgh, and a study of this survey shows how desirable it is to abate this nuisance in the Pittsburgh district. However, the values recovered are not such as to justify the cost from the commercial standpoint, and consequently very little has been done.
C. E.斯金纳:这个主要是为了减少麻烦而发展起来的过程，在经济上却变得如此有价值，这是相当奇怪的。我很熟悉匹兹堡地区梅伦工业研究所为减少烟雾污染所做的一些尝试。他们对匹兹堡进行了一项烟雾调查，对这项调查的研究表明，在匹兹堡地区减少这种讨厌的东西是多么可取。但是，从商业角度来看，所回收的价值不足以证明所付费用是合理的，因此所做的工作很少。
{"title":"Discussion at Pacific Coast convention","authors":"W. A. Schmidt, W. Horne, R. B. Rathbun","doi":"10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6593233","url":null,"abstract":"C. E. Skinner: It is rather curious that this process, developed primarily to abate a nuisance should become so valuable economically. I have been familiar with some attempts in the Pittsburgh district to abate the smoke nuisance by the Mellen Institute of Industrial Research. They made a smoke survey of Pittsburgh, and a study of this survey shows how desirable it is to abate this nuisance in the Pittsburgh district. However, the values recovered are not such as to justify the cost from the commercial standpoint, and consequently very little has been done.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1922-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127965775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1922-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6591649
J. Hayden
THE dielectric strength of air is 30 kv. per cm. at 0 deg. cent. and 76 cm. barometric pressure. It is proportional to the air density over a considerable range. It reaches a minumim in a moderate vacuum. Beyond this, it increases again, and in a very high vacuum reaches high values. much higher than at atmospheric pressure.
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Pub Date : 1922-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6591653
A. Hendricks
THE design and construction of the three 500-kw., 578,000-volt transformers and of the 500-kw. insulating transformer were given in Part I of this paper1, which included also illustrations of single-phase arcs between sharp points, spaced 9, 11 and 14 ft. apart and corresponding to the crest voltages of sine potential waves having effective values of approximately 1,000,000, 1,200,000 and 1,500,000 volts.
{"title":"A million volt testing set — II","authors":"A. Hendricks","doi":"10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6591653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JOAIEE.1922.6591653","url":null,"abstract":"THE design and construction of the three 500-kw., 578,000-volt transformers and of the 500-kw. insulating transformer were given in Part I of this paper1, which included also illustrations of single-phase arcs between sharp points, spaced 9, 11 and 14 ft. apart and corresponding to the crest voltages of sine potential waves having effective values of approximately 1,000,000, 1,200,000 and 1,500,000 volts.","PeriodicalId":268640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1922-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122490405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1922-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JoAIEE.1922.6591646
W. W. Lewis
W. W. Lewis: In this paper Mr. Creighton draws the conclusion that the overhead grounded wire is in general a detriment to a semi-insulated or high resistance pole line structure. By this I understand that he means not only the horizontal continuous grounded wire but also the vertical grounded wire that is applied to individual poles.
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