Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316480
A. Uppuluri, R. Jost
The paper provides a review into the steps involved in acquiring and processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data transmitted by the European remote sensing (ERS) satellites. The paper reports on a simple MATLAB-based SAR processing system, that reads the image out of the complex SAR data files and that is suitable for use in the classroom to demonstrate one of the procedures used in SAR data processing. The paper can also help a beginner in the field of SAR signal processing to get information and understand the basics that are necessary to acquire and process a SAR image. The data, provided by the Alaskan Satellite Facility (ASF), is categorized into different levels and the paper describes the process of obtaining the level-1 basic image from the level-0 raw data file provided by ASF.
{"title":"MATLAB-based ERS SAR data acquisition and processing software for classroom use","authors":"A. Uppuluri, R. Jost","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316480","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides a review into the steps involved in acquiring and processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data transmitted by the European remote sensing (ERS) satellites. The paper reports on a simple MATLAB-based SAR processing system, that reads the image out of the complex SAR data files and that is suitable for use in the classroom to demonstrate one of the procedures used in SAR data processing. The paper can also help a beginner in the field of SAR signal processing to get information and understand the basics that are necessary to acquire and process a SAR image. The data, provided by the Alaskan Satellite Facility (ASF), is categorized into different levels and the paper describes the process of obtaining the level-1 basic image from the level-0 raw data file provided by ASF.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127346434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316441
R. Doviak
Doppler weather radars measure only the radial wind component of wind, and thus are limited in providing accurate information of damaging wind potential. The use of a phased array antenna opens the possibility that crossbeam winds can also be measured. This paper examines and compares two alternatives whereby a phased array weather radar can measure crossbeam winds. The theoretical accuracy of the quasi-horizontal component of the crossbeam wind for each of these alternatives is shown to be strongly dependent on turbulence intensity. Crossbeam winds can be measured with accuracies on the order of 2 ms/sup -1/ in less than 10 s if turbulence intensity is less than 1 ms/sup -1/.
{"title":"Crossbeam wind measurements with phased array Doppler weather radar: theory","authors":"R. Doviak","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316441","url":null,"abstract":"Doppler weather radars measure only the radial wind component of wind, and thus are limited in providing accurate information of damaging wind potential. The use of a phased array antenna opens the possibility that crossbeam winds can also be measured. This paper examines and compares two alternatives whereby a phased array weather radar can measure crossbeam winds. The theoretical accuracy of the quasi-horizontal component of the crossbeam wind for each of these alternatives is shown to be strongly dependent on turbulence intensity. Crossbeam winds can be measured with accuracies on the order of 2 ms/sup -1/ in less than 10 s if turbulence intensity is less than 1 ms/sup -1/.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114256334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316401
A. Alú, N. Engheta
We give an overview of some of the results of our theoretical analysis of anomalous scattering phenomena for structures involving metamaterial layers, and we provide some physical insights and ideas for potential applications.
{"title":"Peculiar radar cross-section properties of double-negative and single-negative metamaterials","authors":"A. Alú, N. Engheta","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316401","url":null,"abstract":"We give an overview of some of the results of our theoretical analysis of anomalous scattering phenomena for structures involving metamaterial layers, and we provide some physical insights and ideas for potential applications.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"461 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116160280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316439
W. Melvin, G. Showman, J. Guerci
Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) plays an important role in ground moving target indication (GMTI). Heterogeneous clutter environments prevent STAP from achieving its theoretical performance bounds. The incorporation of a priori knowledge into the signal processing architecture holds the potential to greatly enhance detection performance by mitigating heterogeneous clutter effects. In this paper we propose one possible knowledge-aided STAP approach comprised of the following elements: a knowledge-aided prediction/estimation filter, a discrete matched filter, and a partially adaptive STAP applied to the clutter residual, assisted by knowledge-aided training. We focus our discussion on justifying the aforementioned elements and independently characterizing their performance potential. Using both measured and simulated data, we find the potential for substantial performance improvement.
{"title":"A knowledge-aided GMTI detection architecture [radar signal processing]","authors":"W. Melvin, G. Showman, J. Guerci","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316439","url":null,"abstract":"Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) plays an important role in ground moving target indication (GMTI). Heterogeneous clutter environments prevent STAP from achieving its theoretical performance bounds. The incorporation of a priori knowledge into the signal processing architecture holds the potential to greatly enhance detection performance by mitigating heterogeneous clutter effects. In this paper we propose one possible knowledge-aided STAP approach comprised of the following elements: a knowledge-aided prediction/estimation filter, a discrete matched filter, and a partially adaptive STAP applied to the clutter residual, assisted by knowledge-aided training. We focus our discussion on justifying the aforementioned elements and independently characterizing their performance potential. Using both measured and simulated data, we find the potential for substantial performance improvement.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134441073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316495
J. Luminati, T. Hale
In adaptive radar systems, optimal processing for target detection is only possible when the target location in angle and Doppler is used to build the processing filter. When this location is not exact, losses occur. These losses translate into a reduction in detection probability. After development of analytical expressions to quantify the effects of this mismatch, two techniques are examined for reducing these effects. These techniques are tested against losses due to Doppler mismatch. The first technique involves the use of temporal windows and reduces mismatch losses at the expense of reducing the overall signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the target. The second technique involves the use of additional filters, and achieves a reduction in mismatch losses without sacrificing maximum SINR. A brief overview of the problems associated with multidimensional (angle and Doppler) mismatch is also presented.
{"title":"Steering vector mismatch: analysis and reduction","authors":"J. Luminati, T. Hale","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316495","url":null,"abstract":"In adaptive radar systems, optimal processing for target detection is only possible when the target location in angle and Doppler is used to build the processing filter. When this location is not exact, losses occur. These losses translate into a reduction in detection probability. After development of analytical expressions to quantify the effects of this mismatch, two techniques are examined for reducing these effects. These techniques are tested against losses due to Doppler mismatch. The first technique involves the use of temporal windows and reduces mismatch losses at the expense of reducing the overall signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the target. The second technique involves the use of additional filters, and achieves a reduction in mismatch losses without sacrificing maximum SINR. A brief overview of the problems associated with multidimensional (angle and Doppler) mismatch is also presented.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122994500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316432
J. K. Beard, K. Erickson, M. Monteleone, M. Wright, J. Russo
Costas arrays are permutation matrices that also provide a frequency indexing sequence that permits at most one coincident tone in cross-correlations of FSK waveforms. As such, they have obvious application as frequency indexing sequences in radar and communications when long codes with bounded autocorrelation are required or when Doppler is a significant portion of the transmitted bandwidth. All Costas arrays for orders less than 25 are known, with those for N=24 disclosed in the paper. Higher orders are found through number-theoretic generators and partial searches.
{"title":"Combinatoric collaboration on Costas arrays and radar applications","authors":"J. K. Beard, K. Erickson, M. Monteleone, M. Wright, J. Russo","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316432","url":null,"abstract":"Costas arrays are permutation matrices that also provide a frequency indexing sequence that permits at most one coincident tone in cross-correlations of FSK waveforms. As such, they have obvious application as frequency indexing sequences in radar and communications when long codes with bounded autocorrelation are required or when Doppler is a significant portion of the transmitted bandwidth. All Costas arrays for orders less than 25 are known, with those for N=24 disclosed in the paper. Higher orders are found through number-theoretic generators and partial searches.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129587002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316433
T. Johnsen, Karl, Olsen, S. Johnsrud, R. Skjerpeng
In multistatic continuous wave radar, the choice of codes and frequencies used for transmission has a strong influence on detection and ease of parameter extraction. The paper describes the various effects of using single and multiple codes in a number of separated transmitters, either with the same or separated carrier frequencies. To visualize some of the results, synthetic radar data have been generated and used in the processing.
{"title":"Simultaneous use of multiple pseudo random noise codes in multistatic CW radar","authors":"T. Johnsen, Karl, Olsen, S. Johnsrud, R. Skjerpeng","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316433","url":null,"abstract":"In multistatic continuous wave radar, the choice of codes and frequencies used for transmission has a strong influence on detection and ease of parameter extraction. The paper describes the various effects of using single and multiple codes in a number of separated transmitters, either with the same or separated carrier frequencies. To visualize some of the results, synthetic radar data have been generated and used in the processing.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125367406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316430
M. Picciolo, K. Gerlach
A robust, fast-converging, reduced-rank adaptive processor is introduced, based on diagonally loading the reiterative median cascaded canceller (RMCC). The new loaded reiterative median cascaded canceller (LRMCC) exhibits the highly desirable combination of: (1) convergence-robustness to outliers/targets/nonstationary data in adaptive weight training data, like the RMCC; (2) convergence performance that is approximately independent of the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix, like the RMCC; and (3) fast convergence at a rate commensurate with reduced-rank algorithms, unlike the RMCC. Measured airborne radar data from the MCARM space-time adaptive processing (STAP) database is used to show performance enhancements. It is concluded that the LRMCC is a practical and highly robust replacement for existing reduced-rank adaptive processors, exhibiting superior performance in nonideal measured data environments.
{"title":"A robust loaded reiterative median cascaded canceller","authors":"M. Picciolo, K. Gerlach","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316430","url":null,"abstract":"A robust, fast-converging, reduced-rank adaptive processor is introduced, based on diagonally loading the reiterative median cascaded canceller (RMCC). The new loaded reiterative median cascaded canceller (LRMCC) exhibits the highly desirable combination of: (1) convergence-robustness to outliers/targets/nonstationary data in adaptive weight training data, like the RMCC; (2) convergence performance that is approximately independent of the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix, like the RMCC; and (3) fast convergence at a rate commensurate with reduced-rank algorithms, unlike the RMCC. Measured airborne radar data from the MCARM space-time adaptive processing (STAP) database is used to show performance enhancements. It is concluded that the LRMCC is a practical and highly robust replacement for existing reduced-rank adaptive processors, exhibiting superior performance in nonideal measured data environments.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122300820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316450
C. Capraro, G. Capraro, D. Weiner, M. Wicks, W. Baldygo
Secondary data selection for estimation of the clutter covariance matrix, needed in space-time adaptive processing (STAP), is normally obtained from range rings nearby the cell under test. The assumption is that these range rings contain cells that are representative of the clutter statistics in the test cell. However, in a nonhomogeneous terrain environment, this may not be true. An innovative approach is presented, in the area of knowledge-aided STAP, which utilizes terrain data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to aid in the selection of secondary data cells. Results have been obtained and compared with the sliding (cell averaging symmetric) window method of secondary data selection. This comparison indicates that making use of the surveillance terrain knowledge improves STAP performance.
{"title":"Improved STAP performance using knowledge-aided secondary data selection","authors":"C. Capraro, G. Capraro, D. Weiner, M. Wicks, W. Baldygo","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316450","url":null,"abstract":"Secondary data selection for estimation of the clutter covariance matrix, needed in space-time adaptive processing (STAP), is normally obtained from range rings nearby the cell under test. The assumption is that these range rings contain cells that are representative of the clutter statistics in the test cell. However, in a nonhomogeneous terrain environment, this may not be true. An innovative approach is presented, in the area of knowledge-aided STAP, which utilizes terrain data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to aid in the selection of secondary data cells. Results have been obtained and compared with the sliding (cell averaging symmetric) window method of secondary data selection. This comparison indicates that making use of the surveillance terrain knowledge improves STAP performance.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115194863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-26DOI: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316474
R. Xue, B. Yuan, Junfa Mao
The application of diffraction technology to ultra wideband synthetic aperture radars (UWB SAR) was investigated to find an optimal solution to high-quality radar imagery. The microwave imagery criterion is presented and the spatial frequency coverage is introduced to evaluate imaging systems at first. Then radar imagery is analyzed with the comprehensive consideration of the scattering mechanisms, the data acquisition system, and the image reconstruction algorithm. Theoretical and numerical results show UWB SAR exploiting diffraction technology has the potential to realize high-resolution geometric imaging and probe inherent physical properties of targets. This provides a theoretical basis for formation flight and optimization of SAR systems.
{"title":"Application of diffraction technology to UWB SAR research","authors":"R. Xue, B. Yuan, Junfa Mao","doi":"10.1109/NRC.2004.1316474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NRC.2004.1316474","url":null,"abstract":"The application of diffraction technology to ultra wideband synthetic aperture radars (UWB SAR) was investigated to find an optimal solution to high-quality radar imagery. The microwave imagery criterion is presented and the spatial frequency coverage is introduced to evaluate imaging systems at first. Then radar imagery is analyzed with the comprehensive consideration of the scattering mechanisms, the data acquisition system, and the image reconstruction algorithm. Theoretical and numerical results show UWB SAR exploiting diffraction technology has the potential to realize high-resolution geometric imaging and probe inherent physical properties of targets. This provides a theoretical basis for formation flight and optimization of SAR systems.","PeriodicalId":268965,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509)","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127324773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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