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Legislation, Society and Substance Use - Impact of NDPS Act, 1985 立法、社会和物质使用——1985年NDPS法案的影响
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-13-1--2-65
M. Aggarwal, D. Basu, V. Umamaheswari
Society can be defined as an organization of individuals who lives together and controls the behavior of the constituting members through law and customs.[1] Drugs and drug trafficking is a social and legal problem. Every civilized society irrespective of caste, creed, culture and the geographical location has been affected by the menace of substance use. During 18th century attempts by Chinese government to resist smuggling of opium into China by European powers resulted in the infamous Opium War.[2] Drug use and trafficking activities have sharply increased over the years and there has been change in the sociodemographic characteristics and type of substance use.[2-5] HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The geographical location of India makes it vulnerable to massive inflow of the dugs across the border from “Golden Crescent” comprising of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the west and in the North-Eastern side of the country is the “Golden Triangle” comprising of Burma, Laos and Thailand.[6] There were acts which tried to control the illicit trade of the narcotic drugs in India. The principal Central acts were: 1. The opium act 1857 2. The opium act 1878 3. The dangerous act, 1930 Newer drugs had come into use and these laws were not sufficient to cover them. To Control and regulate the supply of opium and other narcotic drugs, the following International Conventions were entered:Legislation, Society and Substance Use Impact of NDPS Act, 1985
社会可以被定义为生活在一起的个人的组织,并通过法律和习俗控制构成成员的行为。[1]毒品和贩毒是一个社会和法律问题。每一个文明社会,不论其种姓、信仰、文化和地理位置,都受到药物使用威胁的影响。在18世纪,中国政府试图抵制欧洲列强向中国走私鸦片,结果导致了臭名昭著的鸦片战争。[2]多年来,吸毒和贩运活动急剧增加,社会人口特征和药物使用类型也发生了变化。[2-5]历史背景印度的地理位置使其容易受到来自西部由伊朗、阿富汗和巴基斯坦组成的“金新月”边境和东北部由缅甸、老挝和泰国组成的“金三角”边境的大量毒品流入的影响。[6]有些法令试图控制印度境内麻醉药品的非法贸易。主要的中央法案是:1。1857年鸦片法案1878年《鸦片法案》危险的行为,1930年,新的药物开始使用,这些法律不足以覆盖它们。为了控制和管制鸦片和其他麻醉药品的供应,签署了下列国际公约:《1985年新毒品和麻醉药品法案的立法、社会和物质使用影响》
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引用次数: 0
Anti Psychotic Induced Hyperprolactinaemia 抗精神病性高泌乳素血症
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-16-1--2-6
Z. Dawoodi, A. Sousa
Hyperprolactinaemia has for decades been an inevitable and neglected side-effect of antipsychotic medication. The recent introduction of prolactin-sparing antipsychotic agents makes a re-examination of this problem timely. This article aims to review the literature on antipsychotic induced hyperprolactinaemia and its consequences. A literature search was made for key articles, supplemented by cross referencing. During antipsychotic treatment prolactin concentrations can rise to ten times normal levels or above and existing data indicate that a large number of female patients have amenorrhoea with or without galactorrhoea. Survey data, however, suggest that clinicians underestimate the prevalence of these conditions. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia should become a focus of interest in the drug treatment of psychiatric patients.
几十年来,高泌乳素血症一直是抗精神病药物不可避免且被忽视的副作用。最近引入的节省催乳素的抗精神病药物及时地重新审视了这个问题。本文就抗精神病药引起的高泌乳素血症及其后果的相关文献进行综述。对关键文章进行了文献检索,并辅以交叉参考。在抗精神病药物治疗期间,催乳素浓度可上升至正常水平的十倍或以上,现有资料表明,大量女性患者有闭经伴或不伴乳溢。然而,调查数据表明,临床医生低估了这些疾病的患病率。抗精神病药物引起的高泌乳素血症应成为精神科患者药物治疗的关注焦点。
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引用次数: 2
A Study of Level of Depression, Anxiety and Life Satisfaction in Acute and Chronic Schizophrenia 急慢性精神分裂症患者抑郁、焦虑和生活满意度的研究
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-13-1--2-47
Ranjan Kumar, D. K. Kenswar
Background: The present study focuses upon studying the level of depression, anxiety and life satisfaction in acute and chronic schizophrenics. Schizophrenia is known to be a heterogeneous disorder characterized by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganized state and cognitive deficits. Acute schizophrenia is a disorder consisting of various degrees of psychosis, characterized by the sudden onset of personality disorganization Methods: Thirty acute and thirty chronic schizophrenic patients were taken within the age range of 18 to 55 years of male sex only. A self developed socio-demographic and clinical data sheet was used to assess the socio-demographic correlates. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hindi Version of Cattell’s Self Analysis Form or IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (A.S.Q) and the Life Satisfaction Scale were used to assess the levels of depression, anxiety and life satisfaction respectively. Results: Significant differences were found between Acute and Chronic Schizophrenics in depression which was due to the four factors: Sense of Failure, Crying Spells, Social Withdrawal, and in Work Inhibition. No significant differences were found in anxiety (both covert and overt). On Life satisfaction, in the acute and chronic schizophrenia groups, the level of life satisfaction is more among the acute schizophrenia group in comparison to chronic schizophrenia group. Conclusion: The acute schizophrenia group appears to be having relatively higher level of depression than as compared to the chronic group. But at the same time the acute group seems to have better life satisfaction than the chronic schizophrenia group.
背景:本研究主要研究急性和慢性精神分裂症患者的抑郁、焦虑和生活满意度水平。精神分裂症是一种异质性疾病,以阳性症状、阴性症状、无序状态和认知缺陷为特征。急性精神分裂症是一种以突发性人格紊乱为特征的不同程度的精神障碍。方法:选取急性和慢性精神分裂症患者各30例,年龄在18 ~ 55岁之间,均为男性。使用自行开发的社会人口统计学和临床数据表来评估社会人口统计学相关因素。采用贝克抑郁量表(BDI)、印度版卡特尔自我分析量表或IPAT焦虑量表(A.S.Q)和生活满意度量表分别评估抑郁、焦虑和生活满意度水平。结果:急性精神分裂症患者与慢性精神分裂症患者在失败感、哭闹、社交退缩和工作抑制四个因素上存在显著性差异。在焦虑(隐性和显性)方面没有发现显著差异。在生活满意度方面,在急性和慢性精神分裂症组中,急性精神分裂症组的生活满意度高于慢性精神分裂症组。结论:急性精神分裂症患者抑郁水平明显高于慢性精神分裂症患者。但与此同时,急性组似乎比慢性精神分裂症组有更好的生活满意度。
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引用次数: 0
MMPI Profile of Individuals with Migraine 偏头痛患者的MMPI谱
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-17-2-12
Shivani Lnu, V. Sinha, Bharati Roy
Migraine is characterized by episodes of headache that is often throbbing and frequently unilateral and may be severe. It can cause difficulty with work and life; frequently, if not diagnosed or treated appropriately. In migraine without aura (previously known as common migraine), attacks are usually associated with nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light, sound, or movement. When untreated, these attacks typically last 4 to 72 hours. A combination of features is required for the diagnosis, but not all features are present in every attack or in every patient (Olesen et al. 2000). Approximately one-third of people who suffer migraine headache perceive an aura—unusual visual, olfactory, or other sensory experiences that are a sign that the migraine will soon occur.
偏头痛的特点是头痛发作,通常是悸动和经常单侧,可能是严重的。它会给工作和生活带来困难;如果没有适当的诊断和治疗,经常会发生。对于没有先兆的偏头痛(以前称为普通偏头痛),发作通常伴有恶心、呕吐或对光、声音或运动敏感。如果不及时治疗,这些症状通常会持续4到72小时。诊断需要综合多种特征,但并非所有特征都出现在每次发作或每个患者身上(Olesen et al. 2000)。大约三分之一的偏头痛患者会感觉到一种先兆——不寻常的视觉、嗅觉或其他感官体验,这是偏头痛即将发作的征兆。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive Remediation of Working Memory Deficits in Patients with Schizophrenic Disorder 精神分裂症患者工作记忆缺陷的认知修复
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-14-1--2-32
Tulika Ghosh, K. S. Sengar, A. Singh
Background: The present study focuses upon the effects of cognitive remediation programme upon the working memory deficits of the patients with schizophrenic disorder. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe and debilitating psychiatric illness. It is often described in terms of positive and negative symptoms. The working memory deficits are considered a cardinal cognitive feature of schizophrenia. Methods: Five patients admitted in Ranchi Institute of NeuroPsychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, India in the age range of 20 to 40 years of male sex, meeting the ICD-10 DCR criteria of schizophrenia with minimum education of 12 years were taken for the study, following purposive sampling technique. A self developed socio-demographic and clinical data sheet was used to assess the socio-demographic correlates, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale developed was used for assessing the psychotic symptoms, The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop test was used for assessing the executive functions and the Letter-Number Sequencing and Spatial Span Subtests taken from the Wechsler Memory ScaleIII were used for assessing the working memory of the subjects included in the study. Then a cognitive remediation programme was given to them for a period of three months after which the tests were readministered to see the effects of the intervention programme. Results: The patients suffering from schizophrenia show improved working memory ability after the cognitive remediation programme. Conclusion: Cognitive remediation programme has a positive effect upon the executive functioning,specially working memory of the patients suffering from schizophrenic disorder.
背景:本研究主要探讨认知修复方案对精神分裂症患者工作记忆缺陷的影响。精神分裂症是一种慢性、严重和使人衰弱的精神疾病。它通常被描述为阳性和阴性症状。工作记忆缺陷被认为是精神分裂症的主要认知特征。方法:采用有目的抽样方法,选取印度兰齐神经精神病学及相关科学研究所(RINPAS)收治的5例精神分裂症患者,年龄20 ~ 40岁,男性,符合ICD-10 DCR标准,最低受教育年限为12年。采用自行编制的社会人口学和临床数据表评估社会人口学相关因素,采用自行编制的阳性和阴性症状量表评估精神病症状,采用威斯康辛卡片分类测验和Stroop测验评估执行功能,采用韦氏记忆量表ii中的字母数字排序和空间跨度子测验评估被试的工作记忆。然后对他们进行为期三个月的认知补救计划,之后再进行测试,以观察干预计划的效果。结果:精神分裂症患者在接受认知修复治疗后,工作记忆能力有所改善。结论:认知修复方案对精神分裂症患者的执行功能,特别是工作记忆有积极的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Management of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with Methylphenidate - A Brief Review 哌醋甲酯治疗注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)的综述
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-14-1--2-1
G. Singh
Methylphenidate has maintained its place, as first-line choice for the pharmacotherapy of ADHD. Methylphenidate is the most commonly used psychostimulant and has proven its short and long-term efficacy in treatment of ADHD. More than 70% of the children improve with it. Excellent results particularly on cognitive manifestations of this disorder with Methylphenidate are found in most of the studies. Currently its mechanism of action and other significant aspects are being understood in a much better way. In our country its wider availability and more clinical research is suggested so that maximum number of children with ADHD can benefit from metylphenidate use.
哌醋甲酯一直是ADHD药物治疗的首选药物。哌醋甲酯是最常用的精神兴奋剂,已证明其治疗多动症的短期和长期疗效。超过70%的孩子都有改善。在大多数研究中发现,哌醋甲酯对这种疾病的认知表现有很好的效果。目前,人们对其作用机制和其他重要方面有了更好的了解。在我国,建议其更广泛的可用性和更多的临床研究,以便最大数量的ADHD儿童可以从使用哌甲酯中受益。
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引用次数: 0
Polypharmacy in Clinical Psychiatry - A Brief Review 临床精神病学的综合用药研究综述
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-13-1--2-72
G. Singh
Psychiatrists in clinical practice choose polypharmacy as a therapeutic strategy to control the symptoms. Polypharmacy is much more common than would be expected in contrast to the available treatment guidelines. Higher rates of relapse in patients receiving monotherapy have been documented. Polypharmacy in general clinical practice may be employed with some justification. Unwanted use of these practices may be avoided for better patient care. Limited knowledge and the wide spread marketing has led to widespread acceptance of polypharmacy practices. Some remedial measures are needed in reducing this practice of polypharmacy in our country. In this article an attempt has been made to highlight this important clinical problem for awareness of mental health professionals. Key-words: Polypharmacy, psychiatry, clinical practice
精神科医生在临床实践中选择综合用药作为控制症状的治疗策略。与现有的治疗指南相比,多种药物治疗比预期的要常见得多。接受单一疗法的患者复发率较高。综合用药在一般临床实践中可能有一定的合理性。为了更好地护理病人,可以避免不必要地使用这些做法。有限的知识和广泛的营销导致了广泛接受多种药物的做法。为减少我国的多药联用现象,需要采取一些补救措施。在这篇文章中,试图强调这一重要的临床问题,以提高精神卫生专业人员的认识。关键词:综合用药精神病学临床实践
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引用次数: 0
Why Psychotherapy never Picked up in India: Could there be a Solution? 为什么心理治疗在印度从未兴起:有解决方案吗?
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-18-1-39
D. Konar
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引用次数: 0
Mindfulness and Mental Health 正念与心理健康
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-13-1--2-100
K. Dwivedi
attention to the internal and external experiences occurring in the present moment, and is often taught through a variety of meditation exercises’1. It includes a kind of meta-awareness, self regulation of attention (to immediate experience) and a certain mindset e.g. being non-reactive, non-judgemental and accepting. This practice has been derived from Buddhism which originated in India in the 6th Century BC2. The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism include the presence of suffering (Diagnosis), its cause (Aetiology), that it can be ended (Prognosis) and the Eight-Fold Noble Path (Prescription). The Eight-Fold Noble Path includes Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness (Sati), Right Concentration, Right Aspiration, and Right View. Mindfulness is also one of the seven factors of enlightenment. These include Mindfulness, Investigation of reality, Energy, Rapture, Tranquility, Concentration and Equanimity. Mindfulness in the Buddhist practice is like overseeing a situation (for example, a cowherd sits in a relaxed manner and watches his cows over a distance). In the practice of mindfulness there is also a sense of restraint i.e. bare attention and avoiding to get carried away by associations, projections, evaluations, proliferations etc (distractions); focus on here and now and on being non-judgemental. There should be no craving, ill will or ignorance regarding the object of mindfulness. In order to practice or develop mindfulness one could focus on body e.g. breath, posture etc.; sensations or feelings; mind (Chitta) e.g. mental states; and phenomena (Dhammas) e.g. hindrances and aggregates. Mindfulness and Mental Health
关注当下发生的内在和外在体验,通常通过各种冥想练习来教授。它包括一种元意识,对注意力(对直接经验)的自我调节和一定的心态,如不反应,不评判和接受。这种做法源于公元前6世纪起源于印度的佛教。佛教中的四圣谛包括痛苦的存在(诊断),痛苦的原因(病因),痛苦的可以结束(预后)和八正道(处方)。八正道包括正言、正行、正生、正努力、正念、正定力、正念、正见。正念也是开悟的七大要素之一。这些包括正念、调查现实、能量、狂喜、宁静、专注和平静。佛教修行中的正念就像监督一种情况(例如,一个放牛的人以一种放松的方式坐在远处看着他的牛)。在正念的练习中,也有一种克制的感觉,即纯粹的注意力,避免被联想、预测、评估、扩散等(分心)冲昏头脑;专注于此时此地,不要妄加评判。对于正念的对象,不应该有贪爱、恶意或无知。为了练习或发展正念,我们可以专注于身体,例如呼吸、姿势等;感觉或感觉;心智(Chitta),如精神状态;和现象(佛法),例如障碍和聚集。正念与心理健康
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引用次数: 0
Socio-Economics - Repercussions on Mental Health 社会经济学——对心理健康的影响
Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.5005/ejp-14-1--2-i
Anil Kumar, S. Shukla
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Eastern Journal of Psychiatry
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