Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt098oa
C. Morbitzer, P. Strachan, C. Simpson
Detailed simulation studies of building performance can result in large data sets, particularly where statistical information on annual energy or environmental performance is required. Key performance indicators such as the number of hours above a certain temperature can easily be extracted. However, it is difficult for users to explore such datasets and understand the underlying reasons why a building performs in a certain way. This is especially true in climate responsive buildings which involve complex interactions of ventilation, solar gains, internal gains and thermal mass, for example. Data mining techniques have traditionally been employed in the financial and marketing sectors to elicit patterns within the data. This paper describes how the different data mining techniques may be employed in helping to analyse building performance data. Clustering is identified as a particular useful analysis technique and its potential is illustrated through a number of case studies.
{"title":"Data mining analysis of building simulation performance data","authors":"C. Morbitzer, P. Strachan, C. Simpson","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt098oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt098oa","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed simulation studies of building performance can result in large data sets, particularly where statistical information on annual energy or environmental performance is required. Key performance indicators such as the number of hours above a certain temperature can easily be extracted. However, it is difficult for users to explore such datasets and understand the underlying reasons why a building performs in a certain way. This is especially true in climate responsive buildings which involve complex interactions of ventilation, solar gains, internal gains and thermal mass, for example. Data mining techniques have traditionally been employed in the financial and marketing sectors to elicit patterns within the data. This paper describes how the different data mining techniques may be employed in helping to analyse building performance data. Clustering is identified as a particular useful analysis technique and its potential is illustrated through a number of case studies.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124154185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt104oa
Hideo Asada, EC Boelman
The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the process of heating a room with a low-temperature radiant heating system and solar energy, considering energy conversion and heat transfer steps in the building (where heat is required), in the incident solar radiation (which supplies part of the heat required) and in the heating system (which provides for the additional heating needs, by using electricity from a gas-fired power plant to drive a heat pump). We applied a theoretical framework developed by Shukuya et al., to a dynamic simulation model and did numerical calculations for a room with an exterior wall, with and without a south-facing window, during a heating season in the Netherlands. The exergy analysis allows direct comparison between different energy types (e.g., heat, electricity, fuel) on a common basis, and the concept of exergy consumption is useful for expressing how and where energy is dispersed in the course of energy conversion and heat transfer steps. The results show that exergy consumption in the room (demand side) is relatively small compared to the supply side (fuel burned at the power plant and the sun reaching the ground and facade). The calculations also show that the total amount of exergy consumed during the heating season can be larger than the total amount of exergy supplied during the same period, as a result of heat storage in the building mass, and of changes in the outdoor temperature between the moment of heat storage and heat release.
{"title":"Exergy analysis of a low temperature radiant heating system","authors":"Hideo Asada, EC Boelman","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt104oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt104oa","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the process of heating a room with a low-temperature radiant heating system and solar energy, considering energy conversion and heat transfer steps in the building (where heat is required), in the incident solar radiation (which supplies part of the heat required) and in the heating system (which provides for the additional heating needs, by using electricity from a gas-fired power plant to drive a heat pump). We applied a theoretical framework developed by Shukuya et al., to a dynamic simulation model and did numerical calculations for a room with an exterior wall, with and without a south-facing window, during a heating season in the Netherlands. The exergy analysis allows direct comparison between different energy types (e.g., heat, electricity, fuel) on a common basis, and the concept of exergy consumption is useful for expressing how and where energy is dispersed in the course of energy conversion and heat transfer steps. The results show that exergy consumption in the room (demand side) is relatively small compared to the supply side (fuel burned at the power plant and the sun reaching the ground and facade). The calculations also show that the total amount of exergy consumed during the heating season can be larger than the total amount of exergy supplied during the same period, as a result of heat storage in the building mass, and of changes in the outdoor temperature between the moment of heat storage and heat release.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt102oa
P. Haves, P. Linden, G. C. da Graça
The design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. The EnergyPlus thermal simulation program was used to evaluate different ventilation strategies for space cooling and rationalize the design of the façade. The strategies include ventilation driven by different combinations of wind, internal stack and external stack. The simulation results indicate that wind-driven ventilation can maintain adequate comfort even during hot periods. Computational fluid dynamics was used to study the airflow and temperature distribution in the occupied spaces arising from different combinations of window openings and outside conditions and thereby inform both the design of the windows and the control strategy.
{"title":"Use of simulation in the design of a large, naturally ventilated office building","authors":"P. Haves, P. Linden, G. C. da Graça","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt102oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt102oa","url":null,"abstract":"The design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. The EnergyPlus thermal simulation program was used to evaluate different ventilation strategies for space cooling and rationalize the design of the façade. The strategies include ventilation driven by different combinations of wind, internal stack and external stack. The simulation results indicate that wind-driven ventilation can maintain adequate comfort even during hot periods. Computational fluid dynamics was used to study the airflow and temperature distribution in the occupied spaces arising from different combinations of window openings and outside conditions and thereby inform both the design of the windows and the control strategy.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128720496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt105oa
Nabil Nassif, S. Kajl, Robert Sabourin
The set points of supervisory control strategy are optimized with respect to energy use and thermal comfort for existing HVAC systems. The set point values of zone temperatures, supply duct static pressure, and supply air temperature are the problem variables, while energy use and thermal comfort are the objective functions. The HVAC system model includes all the individual component models developed and validated against the monitored data of an existing VAV system. It serves to calculate energy use during the optimization process, whereas the actual energy use is determined by using monitoring data and the appropriate validated component models. A comparison, done for one summer week, of actual and optimal energy use shows that the on-line implementation of a genetic algorithm optimization program to determine the optimal set points of supervisory control strategy could save energy by 19.5%, while satisfying the minimum zone airflow rates and the thermal comfort. The results also indicate that the application of the two-objective optimization problem can help control daily energy use or daily building thermal comfort, thus saving more energy than the application of the one-objective optimization problem.
{"title":"Two-objective on-line optimization of supervisory control strategy","authors":"Nabil Nassif, S. Kajl, Robert Sabourin","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt105oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt105oa","url":null,"abstract":"The set points of supervisory control strategy are optimized with respect to energy use and thermal comfort for existing HVAC systems. The set point values of zone temperatures, supply duct static pressure, and supply air temperature are the problem variables, while energy use and thermal comfort are the objective functions. The HVAC system model includes all the individual component models developed and validated against the monitored data of an existing VAV system. It serves to calculate energy use during the optimization process, whereas the actual energy use is determined by using monitoring data and the appropriate validated component models. A comparison, done for one summer week, of actual and optimal energy use shows that the on-line implementation of a genetic algorithm optimization program to determine the optimal set points of supervisory control strategy could save energy by 19.5%, while satisfying the minimum zone airflow rates and the thermal comfort. The results also indicate that the application of the two-objective optimization problem can help control daily energy use or daily building thermal comfort, thus saving more energy than the application of the one-objective optimization problem.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115504571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt103oa
V. Leal, E. Erell, E. Maldonado, Y. Etzion
Whole building simulation may play a key role in the optimization and assessment of the market potential of new building components. ESP-r was used for these purposes in the development of a novel ventilated reversible glazing system. The innovative character of the ‘SOLVENT’ window required the development of a specific simulation approach within this whole building simulation software, in order to account for buoyancy in the air channel. A multi-zone approach with an air flow network was developed, and several variations studied. Parametric studies assessed the effect of the number of zones into which the window is divided, heat transfer correlations for the air gap and for the external surface of the window, local loss coefficients for the air flow network and the use of the ISH module for detailed solar radiation treatment. An experimental measurement campaign performed in the PASSYS test cell in Porto allowed calibration and verification of the simulation model, as well as an analysis of the accuracy achieved.
{"title":"Modelling the SOLVENT ventilated window for whole building simulation","authors":"V. Leal, E. Erell, E. Maldonado, Y. Etzion","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt103oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt103oa","url":null,"abstract":"Whole building simulation may play a key role in the optimization and assessment of the market potential of new building components. ESP-r was used for these purposes in the development of a novel ventilated reversible glazing system. The innovative character of the ‘SOLVENT’ window required the development of a specific simulation approach within this whole building simulation software, in order to account for buoyancy in the air channel. A multi-zone approach with an air flow network was developed, and several variations studied. Parametric studies assessed the effect of the number of zones into which the window is divided, heat transfer correlations for the air gap and for the external surface of the window, local loss coefficients for the air flow network and the use of the ISH module for detailed solar radiation treatment. An experimental measurement campaign performed in the PASSYS test cell in Porto allowed calibration and verification of the simulation model, as well as an analysis of the accuracy achieved.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114567883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt082oa
HM Loy, GA John, DJ Clements-Croome, V. Fairey, K. Neale
The application of prediction theories has been widely practised for many years in many industries such as manufacturing, defence and aerospace. Although these theories are not new, their application has not been widely used within the building services industry. Collectively, the building services industry should take a deeper look at these approaches in comparison with the traditional deterministic approaches currently being practised. By extending the application into this industry, this paper seeks to provide the industry with an overview of how simplified stochastic modelling coupled with availability and reliability predictions using historical data compiled from various sources could enhance the quality of building services systems.
{"title":"Achieving quality through statistical prediction for building services systems","authors":"HM Loy, GA John, DJ Clements-Croome, V. Fairey, K. Neale","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt082oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt082oa","url":null,"abstract":"The application of prediction theories has been widely practised for many years in many industries such as manufacturing, defence and aerospace. Although these theories are not new, their application has not been widely used within the building services industry. Collectively, the building services industry should take a deeper look at these approaches in comparison with the traditional deterministic approaches currently being practised. By extending the application into this industry, this paper seeks to provide the industry with an overview of how simplified stochastic modelling coupled with availability and reliability predictions using historical data compiled from various sources could enhance the quality of building services systems.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124062568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt080oa
J. Swaffield, LB Jack, D. Campbell, M. Gormley
A major objective of drainage research over the past 100 years has been a reduction in the complexity of building drainage vent systems associated with the retention of appliance trap seals. Further simplification requires that the system operation is recognized as time dependent, where changes in water flow conditions result in the propagation of air pressure transients. Negative pressure transients that reduce trap seal levels by induced siphonage are well understood. More problematic is the propagation of positive air pressure transients, generated by stack or branch surcharge. The paper identifies the sources of positive air pressure transient propagation and demonstrates that such transients may be described by the St Venant equations of unsteady flow. Solutions are provided based on the proven finite difference methods and the method of characteristics and an understanding of the boundary conditions that represent the constituent components of a building drainage and vent system.
{"title":"Positive air pressure transient propagation in building drainage and vent systems","authors":"J. Swaffield, LB Jack, D. Campbell, M. Gormley","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt080oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt080oa","url":null,"abstract":"A major objective of drainage research over the past 100 years has been a reduction in the complexity of building drainage vent systems associated with the retention of appliance trap seals. Further simplification requires that the system operation is recognized as time dependent, where changes in water flow conditions result in the propagation of air pressure transients. Negative pressure transients that reduce trap seal levels by induced siphonage are well understood. More problematic is the propagation of positive air pressure transients, generated by stack or branch surcharge. The paper identifies the sources of positive air pressure transient propagation and demonstrates that such transients may be described by the St Venant equations of unsteady flow. Solutions are provided based on the proven finite difference methods and the method of characteristics and an understanding of the boundary conditions that represent the constituent components of a building drainage and vent system.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125136226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt092oa
SE Potter, CP Underwood
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used extensively for the prediction of air movement in buildings. In many cases buoyancy forces generated at heated surfaces that dissipate their energy by an interactive process of convection, radiation and conduction dominate air movement. In this work a new method for calculating conjugate fluxes at surfaces involving coupled short-wave and long-wave radiation, convection and conduction is developed as part of the CFD eld problem. The method is based on translating surface radiant exchanges into local volumetric fluxes. Results for a test room with a heated surface compared with data generated within the framework of IEA Annex 20 show that the method produces better results than might be expected from conventional models that use simplified radiant treatments.
{"title":"A modelling method for conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow in building spaces","authors":"SE Potter, CP Underwood","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt092oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt092oa","url":null,"abstract":"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used extensively for the prediction of air movement in buildings. In many cases buoyancy forces generated at heated surfaces that dissipate their energy by an interactive process of convection, radiation and conduction dominate air movement. In this work a new method for calculating conjugate fluxes at surfaces involving coupled short-wave and long-wave radiation, convection and conduction is developed as part of the CFD eld problem. The method is based on translating surface radiant exchanges into local volumetric fluxes. Results for a test room with a heated surface compared with data generated within the framework of IEA Annex 20 show that the method produces better results than might be expected from conventional models that use simplified radiant treatments.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123703605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt081oa
XS Lü, T. Lu, V Penttala, T. Lehtinen
This paper presents a mathematical model for simulation of transient heat and moisture transfer in concrete sandwich panel wall constructions with variable outdoor temperature and humidity as boundary conditions. The objective is to evaluate the possibility of diminishing moisture content in constructions in order to reduce deterioration risks. Some control strategies involving installation of heating cables in the air gap are proposed and investigated. Simulations demonstrate that the moisture condition of the construction can be improved by using the control regulation developed in this paper. This study improves the understanding of the heat and moisture transport properties of concrete sandwich panels and provides useful information on the decision making in solving the construction's moisture problems.
{"title":"Study of heat and moisture transport for concrete sandwich panel wall construction","authors":"XS Lü, T. Lu, V Penttala, T. Lehtinen","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt081oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt081oa","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a mathematical model for simulation of transient heat and moisture transfer in concrete sandwich panel wall constructions with variable outdoor temperature and humidity as boundary conditions. The objective is to evaluate the possibility of diminishing moisture content in constructions in order to reduce deterioration risks. Some control strategies involving installation of heating cables in the air gap are proposed and investigated. Simulations demonstrate that the moisture condition of the construction can be improved by using the control regulation developed in this paper. This study improves the understanding of the heat and moisture transport properties of concrete sandwich panels and provides useful information on the decision making in solving the construction's moisture problems.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"abs/1807.05729 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121649628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-05-01DOI: 10.1191/0143624404bt091oa
C. Mak, C. Tse
There is an increasing concern about the sound emitted into the indoor environment due to the vibration of rooftop building services equipment. Force transmissibility or isolation efficiency is a performance indicator of vibration isolators for building services equipment. In the derivation of the force transmissibility, floor structure is usually assumed to be rigid and immovable. The floor structural dynamic characteristics are therefore neglected. It is used in situations for a single contact point or symmetrical arrangement of symmetrical contact points. In the most common situation where a machine with four symmetrical contact points is placed asymmetrically on a floor, dynamic forces transmitted to the floor through each contact point are different. A force transmissibility vector, which comprises these different dynamic forces transmitted to the floor, is introduced. Measurements of the floor mobility have been conducted in several sites. The effect of floor mobility on force transmissibility vector particularly at disturbing frequencies near the resonant frequencies of the floor is also discussed.
{"title":"A performance indicator for vibration isolation of building services equipment","authors":"C. Mak, C. Tse","doi":"10.1191/0143624404bt091oa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624404bt091oa","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing concern about the sound emitted into the indoor environment due to the vibration of rooftop building services equipment. Force transmissibility or isolation efficiency is a performance indicator of vibration isolators for building services equipment. In the derivation of the force transmissibility, floor structure is usually assumed to be rigid and immovable. The floor structural dynamic characteristics are therefore neglected. It is used in situations for a single contact point or symmetrical arrangement of symmetrical contact points. In the most common situation where a machine with four symmetrical contact points is placed asymmetrically on a floor, dynamic forces transmitted to the floor through each contact point are different. A force transmissibility vector, which comprises these different dynamic forces transmitted to the floor, is introduced. Measurements of the floor mobility have been conducted in several sites. The effect of floor mobility on force transmissibility vector particularly at disturbing frequencies near the resonant frequencies of the floor is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":272488,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research and Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126176913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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