Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814011
Haixia Tan, Xiaofeng Yang, Yan Liu, Chengzhang Yan, T. Zheng, Qian Chen
Short-circuit fault is one of the serious challenges of resonant switched-capacitor converters (RSCC). By comparing the frequency control and duty ratio control, a combination short-circuit current control strategy is proposed to suppress the RSCC short-circuit current and transient oscillation. Based on the analysis of RSCC operation principle and short-circuit mechanism, the operation performances under frequency control and duty ratio control are compared. Then the theoretical analysis of the proposed combination control is presented, and the resonant characteristics are depicted with state trajectory analysis. In addition, the soft switching conditions of three control strategies are discussed. Finally, the feasibility and correctness of the proposed method are verified through experiments. The results show that the combination control strategy avoids narrow pulse issue and achieves better short-circuit current suppressing performance. Moreover, soft switching is realized and the resonant current oscillation during transient process is alleviated.
{"title":"Comparison of Short-Circuit Current Control of Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converter","authors":"Haixia Tan, Xiaofeng Yang, Yan Liu, Chengzhang Yan, T. Zheng, Qian Chen","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814011","url":null,"abstract":"Short-circuit fault is one of the serious challenges of resonant switched-capacitor converters (RSCC). By comparing the frequency control and duty ratio control, a combination short-circuit current control strategy is proposed to suppress the RSCC short-circuit current and transient oscillation. Based on the analysis of RSCC operation principle and short-circuit mechanism, the operation performances under frequency control and duty ratio control are compared. Then the theoretical analysis of the proposed combination control is presented, and the resonant characteristics are depicted with state trajectory analysis. In addition, the soft switching conditions of three control strategies are discussed. Finally, the feasibility and correctness of the proposed method are verified through experiments. The results show that the combination control strategy avoids narrow pulse issue and achieves better short-circuit current suppressing performance. Moreover, soft switching is realized and the resonant current oscillation during transient process is alleviated.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134507913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813827
Yuqi Wei, M. Hossain, H. Alan Mantooth
Semiconductor characterizations are normally required to understand the device performance under different operating conditions. Furthermore, these characterization results can be used to estimate the power converter loss and help design the power electronics converters’ thermal management system. In some applications, multiple device characterizations should be made for comparison purposes. In order to enable multiple device characterization capability, in this article, a power relays based novel characterization circuit is proposed for the cryogenic applications. By turning on or off the power relays, different device under test (DPT) can be selected, which can save great amount of energy and time to cool down the cryogenic chamber. The characterization results demonstrate that power relays can work properly at liquid nitrogen temperature. The operational principles, key design considerations, and experimental results are demonstrated.
{"title":"Power Relays Based Novel Circuit with Multiple Device Characterization Capability for Cryogenic Applications","authors":"Yuqi Wei, M. Hossain, H. Alan Mantooth","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813827","url":null,"abstract":"Semiconductor characterizations are normally required to understand the device performance under different operating conditions. Furthermore, these characterization results can be used to estimate the power converter loss and help design the power electronics converters’ thermal management system. In some applications, multiple device characterizations should be made for comparison purposes. In order to enable multiple device characterization capability, in this article, a power relays based novel characterization circuit is proposed for the cryogenic applications. By turning on or off the power relays, different device under test (DPT) can be selected, which can save great amount of energy and time to cool down the cryogenic chamber. The characterization results demonstrate that power relays can work properly at liquid nitrogen temperature. The operational principles, key design considerations, and experimental results are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130575876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814039
Shahab Afshar, Z. Pecenak, V. Disfani
The advancement of new fixed charging stations (FCS) has facilitated electric vehicle (EV) charging and increased EV adoption. However, FCSs construction is constrained by budget, power grid facilities, site size, etc. Thus, many places are not suitable for building FCSs. Moreover, EV users still deal with high charging time and low charger availability challenges, especially in urban areas with huge populations and various types of charging demands. A solution to address these challenges is utilizing different EV charging technologies. This paper proposes mobile charging stations (MCS) as complementary charging technology to FCSs. A mixed-integer linear model is developed to solve the EV charging management (EVCM) problem. In addition to receiving the charging services at FCSs, the proposed optimization model lets MCSs serve EV users at their convenient times and locations. The results confirm that MCSs are more economical than FCSs for many users, considering the EV users’ time value. Moreover, MCSs can reduce the users’ cost and the stress on the power network during peak hours, considering their energy arbitrage capability.
{"title":"Mobile Charging Station: A Complementary Charging Technology for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Shahab Afshar, Z. Pecenak, V. Disfani","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814039","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of new fixed charging stations (FCS) has facilitated electric vehicle (EV) charging and increased EV adoption. However, FCSs construction is constrained by budget, power grid facilities, site size, etc. Thus, many places are not suitable for building FCSs. Moreover, EV users still deal with high charging time and low charger availability challenges, especially in urban areas with huge populations and various types of charging demands. A solution to address these challenges is utilizing different EV charging technologies. This paper proposes mobile charging stations (MCS) as complementary charging technology to FCSs. A mixed-integer linear model is developed to solve the EV charging management (EVCM) problem. In addition to receiving the charging services at FCSs, the proposed optimization model lets MCSs serve EV users at their convenient times and locations. The results confirm that MCSs are more economical than FCSs for many users, considering the EV users’ time value. Moreover, MCSs can reduce the users’ cost and the stress on the power network during peak hours, considering their energy arbitrage capability.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125846353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813977
Rachit Pradhan, Mohamed I. Hassan, Alan Dorneles Callegaro, P. Suntharalingam, M. F. Cruz, A. Emadi
The number of high current carrying interfaces originating from power-dense electronic sub-systems is increasing with the rise of electrified transportation. The order of magnitude of currents handled by these interfaces is in hundreds of amperes, and is generally beyond the power-handling capability of a single power switch. To manage these high current levels, discrete switch paralleling is a preferred practice compared to usage of power modules for two reasons; flexibility in packaging based on available thermal interfaces, and eliminating the need to over-design the solution. While the challenges in MOSFET paralleling and their mitigation techniques have been addressed in literature, this paper focuses on presenting a generalized framework that can be applied for the practical design of any switching node with parallel-connected MOSFETs. Utilizing this design framework aims to reduce the risk of revising hardware designs due to non-compliance with performance expectations on the electrical and thermo-mechanical fronts.
{"title":"A Framework for Practical Design of Switching Nodes with Parallel-Connected MOSFETs","authors":"Rachit Pradhan, Mohamed I. Hassan, Alan Dorneles Callegaro, P. Suntharalingam, M. F. Cruz, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813977","url":null,"abstract":"The number of high current carrying interfaces originating from power-dense electronic sub-systems is increasing with the rise of electrified transportation. The order of magnitude of currents handled by these interfaces is in hundreds of amperes, and is generally beyond the power-handling capability of a single power switch. To manage these high current levels, discrete switch paralleling is a preferred practice compared to usage of power modules for two reasons; flexibility in packaging based on available thermal interfaces, and eliminating the need to over-design the solution. While the challenges in MOSFET paralleling and their mitigation techniques have been addressed in literature, this paper focuses on presenting a generalized framework that can be applied for the practical design of any switching node with parallel-connected MOSFETs. Utilizing this design framework aims to reduce the risk of revising hardware designs due to non-compliance with performance expectations on the electrical and thermo-mechanical fronts.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124775891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814058
Jubair Yusuf, A. S. M. Jahid Hasan, S. Ula
The recent advancement of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) has escalated their integrations behind the meter and into the power system. The impacts of DERs on the transmission system while coupled with the distribution system are required to be investigated to assess their roles thoroughly. Electric Vehicles (EV) being one of the widely adopted DERs at the customer end has been making the task of maintaining the regular peak demand in a distribution feeder more challenging and affecting the transmission system as well. This paper utilizes the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) co-simulation approach to analyze the EV integration impacts on the transmission system. An iterative co-simulation approach is deployed and the EPRI distribution feeder ckt-24 is integrated with the IEEE 9-bus transmission system to study the EV integration impacts on the transmission system. The analysis is carried out for uncoordinated EV charging activities and different levels of EV penetration in the distribution feeder. Later on, distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) resources are also integrated to investigate their combined impacts. The results show that the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) stays within the limit despite having maximum EV and PV penetration.
{"title":"EV Penetration Impact Analysis on Transmission System using Co-Simulation","authors":"Jubair Yusuf, A. S. M. Jahid Hasan, S. Ula","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814058","url":null,"abstract":"The recent advancement of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) has escalated their integrations behind the meter and into the power system. The impacts of DERs on the transmission system while coupled with the distribution system are required to be investigated to assess their roles thoroughly. Electric Vehicles (EV) being one of the widely adopted DERs at the customer end has been making the task of maintaining the regular peak demand in a distribution feeder more challenging and affecting the transmission system as well. This paper utilizes the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) co-simulation approach to analyze the EV integration impacts on the transmission system. An iterative co-simulation approach is deployed and the EPRI distribution feeder ckt-24 is integrated with the IEEE 9-bus transmission system to study the EV integration impacts on the transmission system. The analysis is carried out for uncoordinated EV charging activities and different levels of EV penetration in the distribution feeder. Later on, distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) resources are also integrated to investigate their combined impacts. The results show that the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) stays within the limit despite having maximum EV and PV penetration.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125064360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813910
Jack Gillies, T. Lambert, A. Emadi, B. Bilgin
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is an attractive candidate for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems due to the lack of rare-earth materials and its robust construction. In this paper, a double-rotor, axial-flux switched reluctance motor is designed for a light electric vehicle (LEV) propulsion application. A target LEV drive cycle is selected for validating the motor sizing. The motor design is realized from a baseline topology and the geometry is adjusted for manufacturability and performance. A novel structural winding is proposed to maximize the axial space available for conductors. A numerical iron loss model is developed that correlates transient finite element analysis (FEA) data to generate representative coefficients for a Bertotti model. The efficiency and torque ripple are simulated using the iron loss model and an electromagnetic torque model. The current control switching angles are optimized for both efficiency and torque quality. It was determined that the vehicle could save 19.6 Wh/km if the torque quality is sacrificed. A lumped-parameter thermal network is constructed to represent the transient thermal behavior of the motor. The transient and continuous torque limits are determined using coupled electromagnetic and thermal models.
{"title":"Axial-Flux Switched Reluctance Motor Design for a Light Electric Vehicle Application","authors":"Jack Gillies, T. Lambert, A. Emadi, B. Bilgin","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813910","url":null,"abstract":"The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is an attractive candidate for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems due to the lack of rare-earth materials and its robust construction. In this paper, a double-rotor, axial-flux switched reluctance motor is designed for a light electric vehicle (LEV) propulsion application. A target LEV drive cycle is selected for validating the motor sizing. The motor design is realized from a baseline topology and the geometry is adjusted for manufacturability and performance. A novel structural winding is proposed to maximize the axial space available for conductors. A numerical iron loss model is developed that correlates transient finite element analysis (FEA) data to generate representative coefficients for a Bertotti model. The efficiency and torque ripple are simulated using the iron loss model and an electromagnetic torque model. The current control switching angles are optimized for both efficiency and torque quality. It was determined that the vehicle could save 19.6 Wh/km if the torque quality is sacrificed. A lumped-parameter thermal network is constructed to represent the transient thermal behavior of the motor. The transient and continuous torque limits are determined using coupled electromagnetic and thermal models.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123951392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814014
Alexander Rambetius
The use of electrical drives in automotive applications requires a high overload capability. The DC-link capacitor and the DC-busbars are components, which often determine nominal performance and are frequently operated above nominal conditions. Consequently, thermal protection for these components is mandatory. This paper therefore suggests a thermal model for online temperature estimation of the DC-link capacitor and the DC-busbars. Firstly, the complex thermal couplings between different parts of the busbars and the DC-link capacitor are analyzed using special measurements that omit certain loss sources. Based on these measurements, a thermal network is derived. Since the DC-link temperature depends on the switching frequency, the modulation method and the coolant flow rate, these quantities are incorporated into the model. This is of major importance since modern e-drives dynamically vary these quantities depending on the operating point to improve efficiency and hence increase the driving range of an electric vehicle. The parameters of the suggested thermal model are tuned using an optimization algorithm and stationary operating points as training data. Finally, the temperature estimation accuracy is validated under overload situations and dynamic vehicle drives.
{"title":"Thermal model for online temperature estimation of DC-link capacitor and DC-busbars considering variable switching frequency, variable modulation method and variable coolant flow rate","authors":"Alexander Rambetius","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814014","url":null,"abstract":"The use of electrical drives in automotive applications requires a high overload capability. The DC-link capacitor and the DC-busbars are components, which often determine nominal performance and are frequently operated above nominal conditions. Consequently, thermal protection for these components is mandatory. This paper therefore suggests a thermal model for online temperature estimation of the DC-link capacitor and the DC-busbars. Firstly, the complex thermal couplings between different parts of the busbars and the DC-link capacitor are analyzed using special measurements that omit certain loss sources. Based on these measurements, a thermal network is derived. Since the DC-link temperature depends on the switching frequency, the modulation method and the coolant flow rate, these quantities are incorporated into the model. This is of major importance since modern e-drives dynamically vary these quantities depending on the operating point to improve efficiency and hence increase the driving range of an electric vehicle. The parameters of the suggested thermal model are tuned using an optimization algorithm and stationary operating points as training data. Finally, the temperature estimation accuracy is validated under overload situations and dynamic vehicle drives.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127290028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/itec53557.2022.9813927
Chrysoula L. Pastra, Christopher Hall, Gokcin Cinar, Jonathan C. Gladin, D. Mavris
The purpose of this paper is to generate specific power and efficiency projections through the year 2050 for electric machines for aircraft applications. A general literature review was performed to identify the types of electric machines that are commonly used and which types have the biggest potential for future aircraft applications due to their high specific power and efficiency. A database with historical data was built to include parameters such as weight [kg], rated power [kW], specific power [kW/kg], RPM, efficiency, year, motor cooling type, application type and motor type to allow for trend identification and accurate projections. Once the data was gathered, multiple curve fits on the historical data were generated and extrapolated to produce the projections for specific power according to conservative, nominal and aggressive projection scenarios. A different process was followed for the efficiency projections due to the scattered nature of the data. A state of the art (SoA) value for efficiency was identified through literature review and was used to create the conservative, nominal and aggressive projections for the time frames of 2030, 2040, and 2050. The efficiency and the specific power projections of EMs for 2050 are 0.989 and 50kW/kg respectively. This paper will also be examining circuit protection as it is an additional component of electric powertrains.
{"title":"Specific Power and Efficiency Projections of Electric Machines and Circuit Protection Exploration for Aircraft Applications","authors":"Chrysoula L. Pastra, Christopher Hall, Gokcin Cinar, Jonathan C. Gladin, D. Mavris","doi":"10.1109/itec53557.2022.9813927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itec53557.2022.9813927","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to generate specific power and efficiency projections through the year 2050 for electric machines for aircraft applications. A general literature review was performed to identify the types of electric machines that are commonly used and which types have the biggest potential for future aircraft applications due to their high specific power and efficiency. A database with historical data was built to include parameters such as weight [kg], rated power [kW], specific power [kW/kg], RPM, efficiency, year, motor cooling type, application type and motor type to allow for trend identification and accurate projections. Once the data was gathered, multiple curve fits on the historical data were generated and extrapolated to produce the projections for specific power according to conservative, nominal and aggressive projection scenarios. A different process was followed for the efficiency projections due to the scattered nature of the data. A state of the art (SoA) value for efficiency was identified through literature review and was used to create the conservative, nominal and aggressive projections for the time frames of 2030, 2040, and 2050. The efficiency and the specific power projections of EMs for 2050 are 0.989 and 50kW/kg respectively. This paper will also be examining circuit protection as it is an additional component of electric powertrains.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129158967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813938
Alexander Allca-Pekarovic, P. Kollmeyer, Alexander Forsyth, A. Emadi
This paper investigates a popular off-the shelf performance traction machine, the yokeless and segmented armature YASA axial flux permanent magnet machine. A series of manual measurements and automated dynamometer tests were performed at various conditions. From these tests parameters are determined including friction and windage torque, phase resistance, permanent magnet flux linkage, and inductance. The efficiency, phase current, phase voltage, and power factor of the machine was measured over a wide torque and speed range, and these measurements were used to validate an analytical model of the machine. The measured efficiency map of the machine was integrated with a model of the Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicle (EV). The modeled performance of the YASA machine and of the Chevrolet Bolt EV machine were then compared, showing that for the HWFET drive cycle the YASA machine had about double the loss of the Bolt EV machine, translating to around 7% less range. The higher loss of the YASA machine likely has several causes, including higher phase resistance, significant friction, windage, and no-load iron losses, and the fact that Bolt EV machine was heavily optimized for this application while the YASA was optimized to be a highly power dense more general purpose machine.
{"title":"Experimental Characterization and Modeling of a YASA P400 Axial Flux PM Traction Machine for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Alexander Allca-Pekarovic, P. Kollmeyer, Alexander Forsyth, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813938","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a popular off-the shelf performance traction machine, the yokeless and segmented armature YASA axial flux permanent magnet machine. A series of manual measurements and automated dynamometer tests were performed at various conditions. From these tests parameters are determined including friction and windage torque, phase resistance, permanent magnet flux linkage, and inductance. The efficiency, phase current, phase voltage, and power factor of the machine was measured over a wide torque and speed range, and these measurements were used to validate an analytical model of the machine. The measured efficiency map of the machine was integrated with a model of the Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicle (EV). The modeled performance of the YASA machine and of the Chevrolet Bolt EV machine were then compared, showing that for the HWFET drive cycle the YASA machine had about double the loss of the Bolt EV machine, translating to around 7% less range. The higher loss of the YASA machine likely has several causes, including higher phase resistance, significant friction, windage, and no-load iron losses, and the fact that Bolt EV machine was heavily optimized for this application while the YASA was optimized to be a highly power dense more general purpose machine.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129719543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813787
P. G. Anselma, Federico Miretti, E. Spessa
Overheating of battery packs in electrified vehicles is detrimental to their lifetime and performance. Unfortunately, designing a control strategy that ensures battery protection without jeopardizing fuel economy is not a straightforward task. In this paper, we investigate battery temperature-sensitive optimal energy management for a 48V mild-hybrid electric vehicle to prevent overheating with minimal fuel consumption increase. Indeed, this family of hybrid architectures is challenging due to the absence of an active cooling system.In particular, we modeled a p0 parallel-hybrid with a 48V battery pack and we employed dynamic programming to numerically investigate the fuel economy capability while tracking the battery pack temperature.First, we tuned a battery current-constrained powertrain control strategy in order to avoid battery overheating, which could be easily implemented on-board. Then, we implemented a predictive temperature-constrained strategy that exploits the a priori knowledge of driving conditions and temperature constraints to maximize fuel economy.Results show that both strategies are able to meet the battery temperature constraints, although the predictive temperature-constrained control strategy outperforms the current-constrained strategy in terms of fuel economy. This case study demonstrates the theoretical benefits of a predictive battery thermal management for 48V mild hybrids.
{"title":"Impact of Predictive Battery Thermal Management for a 48V Hybrid Electric Vehicle","authors":"P. G. Anselma, Federico Miretti, E. Spessa","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813787","url":null,"abstract":"Overheating of battery packs in electrified vehicles is detrimental to their lifetime and performance. Unfortunately, designing a control strategy that ensures battery protection without jeopardizing fuel economy is not a straightforward task. In this paper, we investigate battery temperature-sensitive optimal energy management for a 48V mild-hybrid electric vehicle to prevent overheating with minimal fuel consumption increase. Indeed, this family of hybrid architectures is challenging due to the absence of an active cooling system.In particular, we modeled a p0 parallel-hybrid with a 48V battery pack and we employed dynamic programming to numerically investigate the fuel economy capability while tracking the battery pack temperature.First, we tuned a battery current-constrained powertrain control strategy in order to avoid battery overheating, which could be easily implemented on-board. Then, we implemented a predictive temperature-constrained strategy that exploits the a priori knowledge of driving conditions and temperature constraints to maximize fuel economy.Results show that both strategies are able to meet the battery temperature constraints, although the predictive temperature-constrained control strategy outperforms the current-constrained strategy in terms of fuel economy. This case study demonstrates the theoretical benefits of a predictive battery thermal management for 48V mild hybrids.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126301117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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