Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813821
Mark Scott, Will Perdikakis, Chase Kitzmiller, K. Yost, Chad Miller
This paper examines the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by a two-level voltage-source inverter (VSI) that performs active rectification. The paper evaluates two test configurations. The first configuration uses an aerospace wound-field synchronous (WF) machine as the active-rectifier’s power source. For the second configuration, the active rectifier’s power source is an automotive interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. Each machine provides a nominal 115Vac at a power level of 40kW, and the active rectifier converts the ac-voltage to a nominal 270Vdc. The research evaluates each active rectifier configuration against MIL-STD-461G and DO-160G, and in both cases, the active rectifier produces higher EMI when the IPM machine is the power source. Finally, this study designs and analyzes four second-order common-mode filters and four fourth-order common-mode filters. The result is that each machine has two filters to pass MIL-STD-461G and two filters to comply with DO-160G. As expected, the IPM-based active rectification systems needs a larger common-mode inductance under every testing condition. It requires a second-order filter inductance that is 12-times higher than the WF-based active rectifier system. The second-order filter’s inductance is 80-times larger for DO-160G compliance.
{"title":"Conducted EMI Comparison of Two Electric Machines used in Electrified Transportation","authors":"Mark Scott, Will Perdikakis, Chase Kitzmiller, K. Yost, Chad Miller","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813821","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by a two-level voltage-source inverter (VSI) that performs active rectification. The paper evaluates two test configurations. The first configuration uses an aerospace wound-field synchronous (WF) machine as the active-rectifier’s power source. For the second configuration, the active rectifier’s power source is an automotive interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. Each machine provides a nominal 115Vac at a power level of 40kW, and the active rectifier converts the ac-voltage to a nominal 270Vdc. The research evaluates each active rectifier configuration against MIL-STD-461G and DO-160G, and in both cases, the active rectifier produces higher EMI when the IPM machine is the power source. Finally, this study designs and analyzes four second-order common-mode filters and four fourth-order common-mode filters. The result is that each machine has two filters to pass MIL-STD-461G and two filters to comply with DO-160G. As expected, the IPM-based active rectification systems needs a larger common-mode inductance under every testing condition. It requires a second-order filter inductance that is 12-times higher than the WF-based active rectifier system. The second-order filter’s inductance is 80-times larger for DO-160G compliance.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134299999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813849
Alice Dong, Danial Sadeghpour, J. Bauman
Electric vehicle (EV) on-board chargers (OBCs) should have high efficiency and high power density. Since the transformers in isolated OBCs generally lower both of these metrics, this paper proposes a novel non-isolated OBC with very high efficiency and a low component count. Active filtering is proposed to allow the use of smaller dc-link film capacitors to further improve power density. This paper discusses the design process for the dc-link capacitors and the operation of the active filtering control. Simulation results show that for level 2 charging, the proposed converter has a peak efficiency of 98.8% and efficiency of 98.6% at full 3.3 kW load. Furthermore, the simulation results confirm acceptable THD and power factor performance of the proposed topology.
{"title":"High Efficiency GaN-based Non-isolated Electric Vehicle On-board Charger with Active Filtering","authors":"Alice Dong, Danial Sadeghpour, J. Bauman","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813849","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) on-board chargers (OBCs) should have high efficiency and high power density. Since the transformers in isolated OBCs generally lower both of these metrics, this paper proposes a novel non-isolated OBC with very high efficiency and a low component count. Active filtering is proposed to allow the use of smaller dc-link film capacitors to further improve power density. This paper discusses the design process for the dc-link capacitors and the operation of the active filtering control. Simulation results show that for level 2 charging, the proposed converter has a peak efficiency of 98.8% and efficiency of 98.6% at full 3.3 kW load. Furthermore, the simulation results confirm acceptable THD and power factor performance of the proposed topology.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115797720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813871
Cem Ünlübayir, Payas Dinesh Vartak, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Stricter emissions norms, especially on CO2 posed by international organizations encourage the maritime sector to seek new cleaner propulsion technologies. A hybrid propulsion system powered by a fuel cell system and a battery system offers the potential to eliminate exhaust gas emissions and is a promising technology to achieve the complete drivetrain electrification of maritime propulsion systems. In this work, a real-time capable energy management strategy that takes into account the aging of the propulsion components is introduced. The energy management strategy achieves the cost-effective operation of a hybrid drive train powered by a battery and a fuel cell for a large-scale propulsion application of a cruise ship. To achieve this, a Q-learning-based agent has been trained with multiple power demand profiles. In this novel method, a reduction in fuel cell degradation is achieved by decreasing its dynamic operation, while the battery pack degradation is reduced by minimizing its capacity drop and resistance. The aging of both components was performed using parameterized aging models. As a result, intelligent power control rules are obtained which can be directly implemented with comparatively low computational effort for real-time control. The developed energy management strategy improves the fuel economy and reduces the degradation of the propulsion components compared to conventional real-time capable rule-based operation strategies.
{"title":"Development of an intelligent real-time capable energy management strategy for a hybrid maritime propulsion system considering component aging","authors":"Cem Ünlübayir, Payas Dinesh Vartak, Dirk Uwe Sauer","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813871","url":null,"abstract":"Stricter emissions norms, especially on CO2 posed by international organizations encourage the maritime sector to seek new cleaner propulsion technologies. A hybrid propulsion system powered by a fuel cell system and a battery system offers the potential to eliminate exhaust gas emissions and is a promising technology to achieve the complete drivetrain electrification of maritime propulsion systems. In this work, a real-time capable energy management strategy that takes into account the aging of the propulsion components is introduced. The energy management strategy achieves the cost-effective operation of a hybrid drive train powered by a battery and a fuel cell for a large-scale propulsion application of a cruise ship. To achieve this, a Q-learning-based agent has been trained with multiple power demand profiles. In this novel method, a reduction in fuel cell degradation is achieved by decreasing its dynamic operation, while the battery pack degradation is reduced by minimizing its capacity drop and resistance. The aging of both components was performed using parameterized aging models. As a result, intelligent power control rules are obtained which can be directly implemented with comparatively low computational effort for real-time control. The developed energy management strategy improves the fuel economy and reduces the degradation of the propulsion components compared to conventional real-time capable rule-based operation strategies.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134200958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/itec53557.2022.9813818
J. Kratz, J. Connolly, Aria E. Amthor, Halle E. Buescher, S. Bianco, Dennis E. Culley
Electrified aircraft propulsion technology is being developed to reduce the environmental impacts of the aviation industry. This is prompting the exploration of potential uses and benefits of hybrid systems in which electric powertrains are integrated with more traditional gas turbine propulsion systems. Turbine Electrified Energy Management (TEEM) is an energy management approach for hybrid-electric architectures in which electric machines are connected to the turbofan shafts and used to suppress the off-design operation naturally associated with engine transients. This reduces the need to maintain a large amount of compressor operability margin, thus allowing further exploration of the engine design space. In this study, a 19,000 lbf engine within a parallel hybrid propulsion system is considered along with a 30,000 lbf standalone engine. Data from prior TEEM applications are used to approximate the electric machine sizing required to achieve operability benefits. The TEEM controller is shown to improve operability during transients through the reduction of stall margin undershoots and the decrease of transient variations in component performance maps by over 29%.
{"title":"Turbine Electrified Energy Management for Single Aisle Aircraft","authors":"J. Kratz, J. Connolly, Aria E. Amthor, Halle E. Buescher, S. Bianco, Dennis E. Culley","doi":"10.1109/itec53557.2022.9813818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itec53557.2022.9813818","url":null,"abstract":"Electrified aircraft propulsion technology is being developed to reduce the environmental impacts of the aviation industry. This is prompting the exploration of potential uses and benefits of hybrid systems in which electric powertrains are integrated with more traditional gas turbine propulsion systems. Turbine Electrified Energy Management (TEEM) is an energy management approach for hybrid-electric architectures in which electric machines are connected to the turbofan shafts and used to suppress the off-design operation naturally associated with engine transients. This reduces the need to maintain a large amount of compressor operability margin, thus allowing further exploration of the engine design space. In this study, a 19,000 lbf engine within a parallel hybrid propulsion system is considered along with a 30,000 lbf standalone engine. Data from prior TEEM applications are used to approximate the electric machine sizing required to achieve operability benefits. The TEEM controller is shown to improve operability during transients through the reduction of stall margin undershoots and the decrease of transient variations in component performance maps by over 29%.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133190918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814024
Sebastian Menner, M. Buchholz
Knowledge of local temperature-dependent current distributions helps battery management systems (BMS) to ensure an optimal operation. However, current measurements for all cells within a battery pack are technically not feasible and common model-based methods are too complex for a real-time application on simple BMS computing hardware. We already published a model to determine local cell currents based on the linearization of temperature-current dependencies. During evaluation with different cells, however, this model exhibited weaknesses for longer cycles with high discharge current. Therefore, we propose an extended version of this model that ensures reliable results also for such load profiles. For this purpose, subspace identification methods are used, which allow a purely data-based, user-friendly and robust model identification. We compare two different algorithms, which both will be shown to provide good results. The parameterization of this extended model is still based on only few measurement data, which can be easily determined. The memory requirement remains very low and the calculation of the model is simple enough to meet real-time requirements even on simple control units.
{"title":"Extended Gradient-Based Model for Real-Time Determination of Local Temperature-Dependent Currents Within Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Sebastian Menner, M. Buchholz","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814024","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of local temperature-dependent current distributions helps battery management systems (BMS) to ensure an optimal operation. However, current measurements for all cells within a battery pack are technically not feasible and common model-based methods are too complex for a real-time application on simple BMS computing hardware. We already published a model to determine local cell currents based on the linearization of temperature-current dependencies. During evaluation with different cells, however, this model exhibited weaknesses for longer cycles with high discharge current. Therefore, we propose an extended version of this model that ensures reliable results also for such load profiles. For this purpose, subspace identification methods are used, which allow a purely data-based, user-friendly and robust model identification. We compare two different algorithms, which both will be shown to provide good results. The parameterization of this extended model is still based on only few measurement data, which can be easily determined. The memory requirement remains very low and the calculation of the model is simple enough to meet real-time requirements even on simple control units.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132767512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814063
M. Bradley
Aviation has been investigating and developing alternate electrified propulsion and power system architectures in earnest for more than 15 years. Until more recently, most architectures have utilized batteries or generators, often in a hybrid system with jet fuel burning turbines or internal combustion engines. Interest has increased significantly in architectures using fuel cell systems alone or as hybrid systems, especially using Hydrogen as a fuel. This paper reviews previous work on non-fuel cell architectures and then identifies and classifies various options for fuel cell powertrain architectures that are most suitable to the unique requirements of aviation applications. These include high altitude operation, high sensitivities to system weight and volume, high differences in power during different mission phases, and compatibility with the current aviation infrastructure and certification processes. Seven different pure fuel cell and fuel cell hybrid architectures are identified and illustrated schematically. Features and benefits are discussed, but there is no clear best choice. Recommendations are made for future activities and development.
{"title":"Identification and Descriptions of Fuel Cell Architectures for Aircraft Applications","authors":"M. Bradley","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814063","url":null,"abstract":"Aviation has been investigating and developing alternate electrified propulsion and power system architectures in earnest for more than 15 years. Until more recently, most architectures have utilized batteries or generators, often in a hybrid system with jet fuel burning turbines or internal combustion engines. Interest has increased significantly in architectures using fuel cell systems alone or as hybrid systems, especially using Hydrogen as a fuel. This paper reviews previous work on non-fuel cell architectures and then identifies and classifies various options for fuel cell powertrain architectures that are most suitable to the unique requirements of aviation applications. These include high altitude operation, high sensitivities to system weight and volume, high differences in power during different mission phases, and compatibility with the current aviation infrastructure and certification processes. Seven different pure fuel cell and fuel cell hybrid architectures are identified and illustrated schematically. Features and benefits are discussed, but there is no clear best choice. Recommendations are made for future activities and development.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121289568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814050
Atriya Biswas, Yue Wang, A. Emadi
The performance of reinforcement learning-based energy management system for a pure hybrid electric vehicle critically depends on the articulation of immediate reward function. The current brief systematically unveils the fundamental reliance of reinforcement learning-based agent’s performance on the articulation of immediate reward function. Third generation Toyota hybrid system is chosen as the electrified powertrain for formulating the energy management problem. An asynchronous advantage actor-critic-based reinforcement learning framework is chosen as the control strategy for the energy management system of the aforementioned powertrain. The chosen powertrain architecture offers two degrees-of-freedom, i.e., engine speed and engine torque. Since reinforcement learning agent is solely responsible for controlling these two variables over a given drive cycle without any tactical controllers, reinforcement learning-based agent not only has to find the near-optimal trajectory for the control variables, but should also consider the feasibility criteria for practical operation. Since reinforcement learning agent chooses the control variables randomly without any feasibility check, immediate reward function should be articulated in such a way so that the agent is discouraged to choose any control variable resulting in infeasible powertrain operation.
{"title":"Effect of immediate reward function on the performance of reinforcement learning-based energy management system","authors":"Atriya Biswas, Yue Wang, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814050","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of reinforcement learning-based energy management system for a pure hybrid electric vehicle critically depends on the articulation of immediate reward function. The current brief systematically unveils the fundamental reliance of reinforcement learning-based agent’s performance on the articulation of immediate reward function. Third generation Toyota hybrid system is chosen as the electrified powertrain for formulating the energy management problem. An asynchronous advantage actor-critic-based reinforcement learning framework is chosen as the control strategy for the energy management system of the aforementioned powertrain. The chosen powertrain architecture offers two degrees-of-freedom, i.e., engine speed and engine torque. Since reinforcement learning agent is solely responsible for controlling these two variables over a given drive cycle without any tactical controllers, reinforcement learning-based agent not only has to find the near-optimal trajectory for the control variables, but should also consider the feasibility criteria for practical operation. Since reinforcement learning agent chooses the control variables randomly without any feasibility check, immediate reward function should be articulated in such a way so that the agent is discouraged to choose any control variable resulting in infeasible powertrain operation.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121354961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813780
T. Tallerico, Jeffryes W. Chapman, Andrew D. Smith
Electric and hybrid electric aircraft require high performance and reliable electric motor drivetrains. These drivetrains, consisting of a motor, an inverter, a gearbox, and a thermal management system, are highly coupled systems where the design of individual components in the drivetrain will significantly affect the sizing and performance of the other components in the system. In this paper, a preliminary co-optimization tool for electric motor drivetrains for Urban Air Mobility vehicles is presented. An example study with the tool is completed for NASA’s RVLT quadrotor concept vehicle.
{"title":"Preliminary Electric Motor Drivetrain Optimization Studies for Urban Air Mobility Vehicles","authors":"T. Tallerico, Jeffryes W. Chapman, Andrew D. Smith","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813780","url":null,"abstract":"Electric and hybrid electric aircraft require high performance and reliable electric motor drivetrains. These drivetrains, consisting of a motor, an inverter, a gearbox, and a thermal management system, are highly coupled systems where the design of individual components in the drivetrain will significantly affect the sizing and performance of the other components in the system. In this paper, a preliminary co-optimization tool for electric motor drivetrains for Urban Air Mobility vehicles is presented. An example study with the tool is completed for NASA’s RVLT quadrotor concept vehicle.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123878612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814032
Eduardo Louback, Fabricio A. Machado, Lucas Bruck, P. Kollmeyer, A. Emadi
Due to the electric machine torque bandwidth characteristic and good efficiency throughout its operational points, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are typically equipped with a single-speed gearbox (SSG). Nevertheless, multi-speed gearboxes have been investigated for BEVs’ powertrain application as multiple gear ratios add the possibility of keeping the EM operating in a better efficiency region, thus reducing vehicle energy consumption and increasing dynamic performance. At the same time, driving simulators have gained momentum in industry and academia. Simulators render a faster, cheaper, and safer research and development process since it is possible to analyze the project at a system level before building prototypes. In addition, driving simulators allow the driver’s perception of gear shifting times, shift hunting, and vehicle jerk to be considered during the development phase. Combining the trends mentioned above in the automotive segment, we modeled single-and two-speed BEV models in MATLAB/Simulink. We performed a performance and driveability analysis in a static driving simulator. The preliminary results of adopting an efficiency-based shifting schedule and testing different gear shifting duration times indicate the importance of considering the vehicle’s dynamic behavior when employing multi-speed gearbox in BEVs.
{"title":"Real-Time Performance and Driveability Analysis of a Clutchless Multi-Speed Gearbox for Battery Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"Eduardo Louback, Fabricio A. Machado, Lucas Bruck, P. Kollmeyer, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9814032","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the electric machine torque bandwidth characteristic and good efficiency throughout its operational points, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are typically equipped with a single-speed gearbox (SSG). Nevertheless, multi-speed gearboxes have been investigated for BEVs’ powertrain application as multiple gear ratios add the possibility of keeping the EM operating in a better efficiency region, thus reducing vehicle energy consumption and increasing dynamic performance. At the same time, driving simulators have gained momentum in industry and academia. Simulators render a faster, cheaper, and safer research and development process since it is possible to analyze the project at a system level before building prototypes. In addition, driving simulators allow the driver’s perception of gear shifting times, shift hunting, and vehicle jerk to be considered during the development phase. Combining the trends mentioned above in the automotive segment, we modeled single-and two-speed BEV models in MATLAB/Simulink. We performed a performance and driveability analysis in a static driving simulator. The preliminary results of adopting an efficiency-based shifting schedule and testing different gear shifting duration times indicate the importance of considering the vehicle’s dynamic behavior when employing multi-speed gearbox in BEVs.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124001234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813925
Eduardo Louback, Jigar N. Mistry, Peter Azer, B. Bilgin
One key aspect to be considered when designing an electric vehicle (EV) inverter is its dynamic response to vibrational loads. The source of these vibrational loads can be as simple as driving the vehicle, where the displacement of the suspension generates vibration that is transferred through the powertrain components, exciting the inverter. Additionally, with the increased adoption of integrated drives for EVs, the inverter is placed in close proximity to the motor or the gearbox, which can induce even more vibrations. Therefore, modal analysis is performed to extract the modal shapes and natural frequencies of the inverter. Ideally, an equipment should not be subjected to vibrations at its natural frequencies because that can lead to resonance, potentially causing a mechanical or operational failure. However, it is usually not possible to completely avoid the natural frequencies. In such cases, harmonic analysis is performed to understand the peak dynamic response of the inverter and ensure that it is within the operational limits. Nevertheless, only a few papers have discussed how to perform vibration analysis of traction inverters. Thus, this paper presents a brief overview of the fundamentals of mechanical vibrations, focusing on modal and harmonic analyses of a high-power traction inverter. Along with the vibration theory, simulation results carried out with ANSYS Mechanical are presented and used to assess the dynamic performance of the inverter under a wide range of vibration loads and excitation frequencies. The results indicate that the inverter is appropriate for in-vehicle operation and, although each inverter design presents different responses to vibrational loads, the results and assumptions adopted in this paper could serve as a reference for future work.
{"title":"Dynamic Vibrational Analysis of a Traction Inverter Housing","authors":"Eduardo Louback, Jigar N. Mistry, Peter Azer, B. Bilgin","doi":"10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813925","url":null,"abstract":"One key aspect to be considered when designing an electric vehicle (EV) inverter is its dynamic response to vibrational loads. The source of these vibrational loads can be as simple as driving the vehicle, where the displacement of the suspension generates vibration that is transferred through the powertrain components, exciting the inverter. Additionally, with the increased adoption of integrated drives for EVs, the inverter is placed in close proximity to the motor or the gearbox, which can induce even more vibrations. Therefore, modal analysis is performed to extract the modal shapes and natural frequencies of the inverter. Ideally, an equipment should not be subjected to vibrations at its natural frequencies because that can lead to resonance, potentially causing a mechanical or operational failure. However, it is usually not possible to completely avoid the natural frequencies. In such cases, harmonic analysis is performed to understand the peak dynamic response of the inverter and ensure that it is within the operational limits. Nevertheless, only a few papers have discussed how to perform vibration analysis of traction inverters. Thus, this paper presents a brief overview of the fundamentals of mechanical vibrations, focusing on modal and harmonic analyses of a high-power traction inverter. Along with the vibration theory, simulation results carried out with ANSYS Mechanical are presented and used to assess the dynamic performance of the inverter under a wide range of vibration loads and excitation frequencies. The results indicate that the inverter is appropriate for in-vehicle operation and, although each inverter design presents different responses to vibrational loads, the results and assumptions adopted in this paper could serve as a reference for future work.","PeriodicalId":275570,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124357061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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