Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113689
Shock-tube experiments at elevated pressures between 2.0 and 2.7 bar were carried out to study H-atom abstractions between D atoms and selected ether compounds: dimethyl ether (DME), diethyl ether (DEE), dimethoxymethane (DMM), and methyl propyl ether (MPE). D-atom resonance absorption spectrometry (D-ARAS) behind reflected shock waves was used to monitor the consumption of D atoms. To study the bimolecular reactions between D atoms and the specific ether, gas mixtures of the selected ether compound and C2D5I diluted in argon (bath gas) were prepared; C2D5I was used as a precursor for D atoms. This innovative approach using Dual ARAS (D-ARAS and H-ARAS) allows the distinct detection of precursor decay followed by H-atom abstraction reactions and ether decay followed by H-atom release. For the study of the reaction D + DME → HD + products, the experiments covered a temperature range of 940–1050 K; for the reaction D + DEE → HD + products, the temperature range was 980–1260 K; for the reaction D + DMM → HD + products, the temperature range was 930–1300 K; and for the reaction D + MPE → HD + products, the temperature spans a range of 1000–1350 K. Experimentally determined rate coefficients have been expressed by the following Arrhenius equations:
and ktotal(D+MPE)(T) = 5.1×10−10 exp (−31.5 kJ/mol / RT) cm3s−1.
The experimental results show an uncertainty of ±30 % and were supplemented by transition-state theory (TST) calculations based on molecular properties and energies from computations at the G4 level of theory. TST computations were conducted for H-atom abstraction from various types of primary and secondary carbon bonds. Bond-specific reaction rate-coefficient expressions were derived from theory and compared with experimental results to establish correlations between molecular structure and reactivity.
在 2.0 至 2.7 巴的高压下进行了冲击管实验,以研究 D 原子与选定的醚化合物(二甲醚 (DME)、二乙醚 (DEE)、二甲氧基甲烷 (DMM) 和甲基丙基醚 (MPE))之间的 H 原子抽取。利用反射冲击波背后的 D 原子共振吸收光谱(D-ARAS)来监测 D 原子的消耗。为了研究 D 原子和特定醚之间的双分子反应,制备了选定醚化合物和在氩气(浴气)中稀释的 C2D5I 的气体混合物;C2D5I 被用作 D 原子的前体。这种使用双原子吸收光谱分析仪(D-ARAS 和 H-ARAS)的创新方法可以对前体衰变后的 H 原子抽取反应和醚衰变后的 H 原子释放反应进行不同的检测。在研究 D + DME → HD + 产物反应时,实验温度范围为 940-1050 K;在研究 D + DEE → HD + 产物反应时,温度范围为 980-1260 K;在研究 D + DMM → HD + 产物反应时,温度范围为 930-1300 K;在研究 D + MPE → HD + 产物反应时,温度范围为 1000-1350 K。实验测定的速率系数用以下阿伦尼乌斯方程表示:ktotal(D+DME)(T) = 1.9×10-10 exp (-31.4 kJ/mol / RT) cm3s-1,ktotal(D+DEE)(T) = 1.7×10-10 exp (-22.4 kJ/mol / RT) cm3s-1,ktotal(D+DMM)(T) = 2.7×10-10 exp (-27.3 kJ/mol / RT) cm3s-1,以及 ktotal(D+MPE)(T) = 5.1×10-10 exp (-31. 5 kJ/mol / RT) cm3s-1。实验结果的不确定性为 ±30 %,并根据 G4 理论水平计算得出的分子性质和能量,通过过渡态理论 (TST) 计算进行了补充。TST 计算针对从各种类型的一级和二级碳键中抽离 H 原子。根据理论推导出了特定键的反应速率系数表达式,并与实验结果进行了比较,从而建立了分子结构与反应性之间的相关性。
{"title":"Structure-reactivity correlations for reactions between H/D atoms with selected ethers: Reaction-rate coefficients from direct shock-tube measurements and transition-state theory","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shock-tube experiments at elevated pressures between 2.0 and 2.7 bar were carried out to study H-atom abstractions between D atoms and selected ether compounds: dimethyl ether (DME), diethyl ether (DEE), dimethoxymethane (DMM), and methyl propyl ether (MPE). D-atom resonance absorption spectrometry (D-ARAS) behind reflected shock waves was used to monitor the consumption of D atoms. To study the bimolecular reactions between D atoms and the specific ether, gas mixtures of the selected ether compound and C<sub>2</sub>D<sub>5</sub>I diluted in argon (bath gas) were prepared; C<sub>2</sub>D<sub>5</sub>I was used as a precursor for D atoms. This innovative approach using Dual ARAS (D-ARAS and H-ARAS) allows the distinct detection of precursor decay followed by H-atom abstraction reactions and ether decay followed by H-atom release. For the study of the reaction D + DME → HD + products, the experiments covered a temperature range of 940–1050 K; for the reaction D + DEE → HD + products, the temperature range was 980–1260 K; for the reaction D + DMM → HD + products, the temperature range was 930–1300 K; and for the reaction D + MPE → HD + products, the temperature spans a range of 1000–1350 K. Experimentally determined rate coefficients have been expressed by the following Arrhenius equations:</p><p><em>k<sub>total</sub></em><sub>(D+DME)</sub>(<em>T</em>) = 1.9×10<sup>−10</sup> exp (−31.4 kJ/mol / <em>RT</em>) cm<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>,</p><p><em>k<sub>total</sub></em><sub>(D+DEE)</sub>(<em>T</em>) = 1.7×10<sup>−10</sup> exp (−22.4 kJ/mol / <em>RT</em>) cm<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>,</p><p><em>k<sub>total</sub></em><sub>(D+DMM)</sub>(<em>T</em>) = 2.7×10<sup>−10</sup> exp (−27.3 kJ/mol / <em>RT</em>) cm<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>,</p><p>and <em>k<sub>total</sub></em><sub>(D+MPE)</sub>(<em>T</em>) = 5.1×10<sup>−10</sup> exp (−31.5 kJ/mol / <em>RT</em>) cm<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>.</p><p>The experimental results show an uncertainty of ±30 % and were supplemented by transition-state theory (TST) calculations based on molecular properties and energies from computations at the G4 level of theory. TST computations were conducted for H-atom abstraction from various types of primary and secondary carbon bonds. Bond-specific reaction rate-coefficient expressions were derived from theory and compared with experimental results to establish correlations between molecular structure and reactivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218024003985/pdfft?md5=f63ba77add35e72891a8a28c7be74bdc&pid=1-s2.0-S0010218024003985-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113694
<div><p>Reaction mechanisms of <span><math><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span> and RO<span><math><mover><mi>O</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span> radicals derived from low-temperature oxidation of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (CH<sub>3</sub>O(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>) were investigated using speciation from multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS) measurements via Cl-initiated oxidation, in conjunction with electronic structure calculations. The experiments were conducted at 5 bar, from 450 K – 650 K, and O<sub>2</sub> concentrations from 1 · 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> – 6 · 10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> to probe the effects on competing reaction channels of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl (<span><math><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span>) and 1,2-dimethoxyethanylperoxy (RO<span><math><mover><mi>O</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span>) isomers. Several species were detected with photoionization spectral fitting – ethene, formaldehyde, methyl vinyl ether, and 2-methoxyacetaldehyde – and, as determined by electronic structure calculations, may form via unimolecular decomposition of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl or 1,2-dimethoxyethanylperoxy. O<sub>2</sub>-dependent yield ratios show that the formation pathways for all species undergo a competition between O<sub>2</sub>-addition and unimolecular decomposition. Adiabatic ionization energies were also calculated and utilized along with exact mass determinations to infer contributions for other species derived exclusively from first- and second-O<sub>2</sub>-addition, including 1,2-dimethoxyethene, cyclic ethers, and dicarbonyls.</p><p>In addition to species formed from conventional low-temperature oxidation pathways, an important conclusion is derived from the detection of species produced from an O<sub>2</sub>-addition step involving ĊH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub> (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>), which forms via prompt dissociation of the primary 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl radical (ĊH<sub>2</sub>O(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>). Species derived from <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></math></span> + O<sub>2</sub> – 1,3-dioxolane and methyl acetate – were detected at [O<sub>2</sub>] = 1.2 · 10<sup>17</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> and formed on timescales parallel to the main <span><math><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span> + O<sub>2</sub> reactions. In addition, ion signal at <em>m/z</em> 106 was detected and increased with O<sub>2</sub> concentration from which connections are drawn to ketohydroperoxides produced by <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>OOH + O<sub>2</sub>. Detection of such species indicate that <em>β</em>-scission of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl is sufficiently facile such that timescales of <span><math><mrow><mover><m
{"title":"O2-Dependence of reactions of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl and 1,2-dimethoxyethanylperoxy isomers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reaction mechanisms of <span><math><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span> and RO<span><math><mover><mi>O</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span> radicals derived from low-temperature oxidation of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (CH<sub>3</sub>O(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>) were investigated using speciation from multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS) measurements via Cl-initiated oxidation, in conjunction with electronic structure calculations. The experiments were conducted at 5 bar, from 450 K – 650 K, and O<sub>2</sub> concentrations from 1 · 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> – 6 · 10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> to probe the effects on competing reaction channels of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl (<span><math><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span>) and 1,2-dimethoxyethanylperoxy (RO<span><math><mover><mi>O</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span>) isomers. Several species were detected with photoionization spectral fitting – ethene, formaldehyde, methyl vinyl ether, and 2-methoxyacetaldehyde – and, as determined by electronic structure calculations, may form via unimolecular decomposition of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl or 1,2-dimethoxyethanylperoxy. O<sub>2</sub>-dependent yield ratios show that the formation pathways for all species undergo a competition between O<sub>2</sub>-addition and unimolecular decomposition. Adiabatic ionization energies were also calculated and utilized along with exact mass determinations to infer contributions for other species derived exclusively from first- and second-O<sub>2</sub>-addition, including 1,2-dimethoxyethene, cyclic ethers, and dicarbonyls.</p><p>In addition to species formed from conventional low-temperature oxidation pathways, an important conclusion is derived from the detection of species produced from an O<sub>2</sub>-addition step involving ĊH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub> (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>), which forms via prompt dissociation of the primary 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl radical (ĊH<sub>2</sub>O(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>). Species derived from <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></math></span> + O<sub>2</sub> – 1,3-dioxolane and methyl acetate – were detected at [O<sub>2</sub>] = 1.2 · 10<sup>17</sup> cm<sup>–3</sup> and formed on timescales parallel to the main <span><math><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span> + O<sub>2</sub> reactions. In addition, ion signal at <em>m/z</em> 106 was detected and increased with O<sub>2</sub> concentration from which connections are drawn to ketohydroperoxides produced by <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>OOH + O<sub>2</sub>. Detection of such species indicate that <em>β</em>-scission of 1,2-dimethoxyethanyl is sufficiently facile such that timescales of <span><math><mrow><mover><m","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113737
<div><p>Simultaneous, <em>in-situ</em>, optical diagnostics are performed to measure initial diameters and the temporal temperature evolution of iron microparticles burning in hot laminar oxidizing atmospheres with 10–30<!--> <!-->vol% O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The pre-ignition particle diameter and temperature evolution during combustion are monitored using synchronized high-speed diffuse backlight-illumination and two-color pyrometry techniques, respectively. Average temperature histories are obtained for particles sorted into three size fractions centered at 40, 45, and 50<!--> <!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m with a span of 5<!--> <!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m. Increasing the oxygen level from 10 to 30<!--> <!-->vol%, particles burn faster and reach a higher peak temperature that increases approximately from 2400 to 3200<!--> <!-->K. From their temperature trajectories, the peak temperatures of individual particles are extracted and correlated with their initial diameters. It is observed that the maximum particle temperature decreases with the increasing particle diameter, attributed to the enlarged radiative and evaporative heat losses relative to the chemical heat release of the larger particles that burn in the diffusion-limited regime. In addition, the size dependence of the maximum particle temperature enhances considerably when the particle peak temperature increases from approximately <span><math><mrow><mn>2400</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>K to around <span><math><mrow><mn>2800</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>K, but its further variation is small as the particle peak temperature continues approaching the boiling point of the particles. This observation does not align with previous non-size-resolved measurements that have lower temporal resolutions and wider particle size distributions. Possible reasons for this inconsistency are discussed. A theoretical analysis is performed to quantitatively reveal the role of surface radiation and evaporation in the size dependence of the particle peak temperature. The results suggest that at relatively low particle temperatures the size dependence is determined mainly by radiation and that the effect of evaporation becomes more dominant at higher particle temperatures. Moreover, with increasing particle temperature, radiation strengthens the size dependence of the particle peak temperature. On the contrary, evaporation weakens the size dependence at higher temperatures because of the increasing sensitivity of vapor pressure (evaporative heat loss) to the temperature according to Clausius–Clapeyron relation.</p><p><strong>Novelty and significance statement</strong></p><p>This work presents, for the first time, the simultaneous, <em>in-situ</em> measurements of the initial sizes and time-resolved temperatures of micrometer-sized iron particles burning at elevated gas temperatures. Using current size-res
{"title":"Temperature of burning iron microparticles with in-situ resolved initial sizes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Simultaneous, <em>in-situ</em>, optical diagnostics are performed to measure initial diameters and the temporal temperature evolution of iron microparticles burning in hot laminar oxidizing atmospheres with 10–30<!--> <!-->vol% O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The pre-ignition particle diameter and temperature evolution during combustion are monitored using synchronized high-speed diffuse backlight-illumination and two-color pyrometry techniques, respectively. Average temperature histories are obtained for particles sorted into three size fractions centered at 40, 45, and 50<!--> <!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m with a span of 5<!--> <!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m. Increasing the oxygen level from 10 to 30<!--> <!-->vol%, particles burn faster and reach a higher peak temperature that increases approximately from 2400 to 3200<!--> <!-->K. From their temperature trajectories, the peak temperatures of individual particles are extracted and correlated with their initial diameters. It is observed that the maximum particle temperature decreases with the increasing particle diameter, attributed to the enlarged radiative and evaporative heat losses relative to the chemical heat release of the larger particles that burn in the diffusion-limited regime. In addition, the size dependence of the maximum particle temperature enhances considerably when the particle peak temperature increases from approximately <span><math><mrow><mn>2400</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>K to around <span><math><mrow><mn>2800</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>K, but its further variation is small as the particle peak temperature continues approaching the boiling point of the particles. This observation does not align with previous non-size-resolved measurements that have lower temporal resolutions and wider particle size distributions. Possible reasons for this inconsistency are discussed. A theoretical analysis is performed to quantitatively reveal the role of surface radiation and evaporation in the size dependence of the particle peak temperature. The results suggest that at relatively low particle temperatures the size dependence is determined mainly by radiation and that the effect of evaporation becomes more dominant at higher particle temperatures. Moreover, with increasing particle temperature, radiation strengthens the size dependence of the particle peak temperature. On the contrary, evaporation weakens the size dependence at higher temperatures because of the increasing sensitivity of vapor pressure (evaporative heat loss) to the temperature according to Clausius–Clapeyron relation.</p><p><strong>Novelty and significance statement</strong></p><p>This work presents, for the first time, the simultaneous, <em>in-situ</em> measurements of the initial sizes and time-resolved temperatures of micrometer-sized iron particles burning at elevated gas temperatures. Using current size-res","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218024004462/pdfft?md5=7f71944ceaddeadd9eaa34f556327590&pid=1-s2.0-S0010218024004462-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113727
Understanding the fundamental characteristics of high-pressure cool flames is crucial for the development of advanced and efficient low-temperature combustion engine technologies. The pressure dependency of multi-oxygen addition branching reactions in low-temperature chemistry significantly influences the dynamics, structure, and reactivity of cool flame. This study investigates the non-premixed cool flame of diethyl ether (DEE) at elevated pressures. The results show that pressure rise promotes low-temperature chemistry and significantly extends the extinction limit of cool flame. It is found that the cool flame heat release rate is correlated with the product of pressure and the square root of the pressure-weighted strain rate, , which is different from that of hot flames, . The radical index concept for atmospheric cool flames is extended to high-pressure cool flames allowing to decouple the mass and thermal transports from the chemical kinetics term to evaluate the fuel reactivity at elevated pressures. The radical index shows that the low-temperature reactivity of DEE is enhanced with the pressure and is higher than n-dodecane by a factor of 19, 18.3, and 16.4 for 1, 3, and 5 atm, respectively. Kinetic analysis reveals that pressure rise results in QOOH stabilization and promotions of the second O2 addition and the chain-branching reaction pathway for multiple OH radical productions.
{"title":"Low-temperature reactivity, extinction, and heat release rate of non-premixed cool flame at elevated pressures","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the fundamental characteristics of high-pressure cool flames is crucial for the development of advanced and efficient low-temperature combustion engine technologies. The pressure dependency of multi-oxygen addition branching reactions in low-temperature chemistry significantly influences the dynamics, structure, and reactivity of cool flame. This study investigates the non-premixed cool flame of diethyl ether (DEE) at elevated pressures. The results show that pressure rise promotes low-temperature chemistry and significantly extends the extinction limit of cool flame. It is found that the cool flame heat release rate is correlated with the product of pressure and the square root of the pressure-weighted strain rate, <span><math><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>∼</mo><msqrt><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>·</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></math></span>, which is different from that of hot flames, <span><math><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>∼</mo><msqrt><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math></span>. The radical index concept for atmospheric cool flames is extended to high-pressure cool flames allowing to decouple the mass and thermal transports from the chemical kinetics term to evaluate the fuel reactivity at elevated pressures. The radical index shows that the low-temperature reactivity of DEE is enhanced with the pressure and is higher than n-dodecane by a factor of 19, 18.3, and 16.4 for 1, 3, and 5 atm, respectively. Kinetic analysis reveals that pressure rise results in QOOH stabilization and promotions of the second O<sub>2</sub> addition and the chain-branching reaction pathway for multiple OH radical productions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113736
RP-3 kerosene is currently the primary jet fuel used in China. However, limited attention has been paid to development of surrogate models that can predict formations of aromatics during RP-3 oxidation in a detailed way, such as by species mole fraction profiles. The present study aims to enrich the experimental database by measuring species mole fraction profiles, particularly focusing on aromatic intermediates, and propose a new surrogate model with a detailed kinetic model to enhance predictive accuracy for these intermediates. Oxidation experiments of real RP-3 kerosene were conducted using an atmospheric flow reactor at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1150 K and equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 2.0. The mole fraction profiles of species including oxygen, major products, important small molecular intermediates and several primary aromatic intermediates were measured using online gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Based on the chemical composition and fundamental physical properties of RP-3 kerosene, a surrogate consisting of 55.0 % n-undecane, 18.7 % trans-decalin, 19.8 % p-xylene and 6.5 % tetralin (by weight) was formulated. A detailed kinetic model of the surrogate was developed and validated against the measured data. Compared to the surrogate models proposed in the previous studies, the current model demonstrates superior predictive capabilities in forecasting the generation of major aromatic intermediates. According to the rate of production (ROP) analysis for the model, benzene generation is associated with three components: decalin, p-xylene and n-undecane. Decalin exhibits the highest contribution to benzene formation under both lean and rich conditions. Toluene predominantly originates from p-xylene, while indene and naphthalene are primarily produced by tetralin. These findings emphasize the significance of decalin as a representative bicyclic cycloalkane component and tetralin as a representative indane/tetralin component in establishing a surrogate for RP-3 fuel to enhance prediction of aromatic intermediates. Furthermore, validation through experimental data from the literature including species mole fraction profiles and ignition delay times confirms the broad applicability of this model.
{"title":"Experimental and kinetic modeling study of RP-3 kerosene: Development of a four-component surrogate for enhanced prediction of aromatic intermediates","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>RP-3 kerosene is currently the primary jet fuel used in China. However, limited attention has been paid to development of surrogate models that can predict formations of aromatics during RP-3 oxidation in a detailed way, such as by species mole fraction profiles. The present study aims to enrich the experimental database by measuring species mole fraction profiles, particularly focusing on aromatic intermediates, and propose a new surrogate model with a detailed kinetic model to enhance predictive accuracy for these intermediates. Oxidation experiments of real RP-3 kerosene were conducted using an atmospheric flow reactor at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1150 K and equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 2.0. The mole fraction profiles of species including oxygen, major products, important small molecular intermediates and several primary aromatic intermediates were measured using online gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Based on the chemical composition and fundamental physical properties of RP-3 kerosene, a surrogate consisting of 55.0 % n-undecane, 18.7 % trans-decalin, 19.8 % p-xylene and 6.5 % tetralin (by weight) was formulated. A detailed kinetic model of the surrogate was developed and validated against the measured data. Compared to the surrogate models proposed in the previous studies, the current model demonstrates superior predictive capabilities in forecasting the generation of major aromatic intermediates. According to the rate of production (ROP) analysis for the model, benzene generation is associated with three components: decalin, p-xylene and n-undecane. Decalin exhibits the highest contribution to benzene formation under both lean and rich conditions. Toluene predominantly originates from p-xylene, while indene and naphthalene are primarily produced by tetralin. These findings emphasize the significance of decalin as a representative bicyclic cycloalkane component and tetralin as a representative indane/tetralin component in establishing a surrogate for RP-3 fuel to enhance prediction of aromatic intermediates. Furthermore, validation through experimental data from the literature including species mole fraction profiles and ignition delay times confirms the broad applicability of this model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113741
The soot formation characteristics of laminar nitrogen-diluted n-butylcyclohexane and n-butylbenzene diffusion flames were experimentally and numerically investigated at pressures from 2 to 7 bar. In the experiment, laser-induced incandescence (LII), time-resolved LII, and color-ratio pyrometry were used to measure soot volume fraction, soot particle diameter, and flame temperature. The results show that n-butylbenzene has a significantly higher soot propensity than n-butylcyclohexane. The soot growth and oxidation in both flames are enhanced with increasing pressure. The difference is that the promotion effect of pressure on the soot formation in the n-butylcyclohexane flame continues to weaken as the pressure increases, while this phenomenon does not occur in n-butylbenzene flames. Within the studied pressure range, the mean particle sizes (Dpmean) in n-butylcyclohexane and n-butylbenzene flames show a good linear relationship with pressure. The pressure dependence of Dpmean in n-butylbenzene flames is stronger than that of n-butylcyclohexane flames at pressures between 2 and 6 bar. The experiment and simulation results indicate that the enhancement of the promotion effect of pressure on the soot formation in the n-butylbenzene flame may be due to the combined effect of an increase in the soot surface reactivity and an increase in the number density of soot particles. The reaction pathway analysis suggests that the stepwise dehydrogenation reactions of cyclohexene are the main source of benzene formation in n-butylcyclohexane flames and pyrene is mainly formed via the reaction between indenyl and benzyl radicals in n-butylbenzene flames.
{"title":"Experimental and numerical study of soot formation in laminar n-butylcyclohexane and n-butylbenzene diffusion flames at elevated pressures","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The soot formation characteristics of laminar nitrogen-diluted n-butylcyclohexane and n-butylbenzene diffusion flames were experimentally and numerically investigated at pressures from 2 to 7 bar. In the experiment, laser-induced incandescence (LII), time-resolved LII, and color-ratio pyrometry were used to measure soot volume fraction, soot particle diameter, and flame temperature. The results show that n-butylbenzene has a significantly higher soot propensity than n-butylcyclohexane. The soot growth and oxidation in both flames are enhanced with increasing pressure. The difference is that the promotion effect of pressure on the soot formation in the n-butylcyclohexane flame continues to weaken as the pressure increases, while this phenomenon does not occur in n-butylbenzene flames. Within the studied pressure range, the mean particle sizes (Dp<sub>mean</sub>) in n-butylcyclohexane and n-butylbenzene flames show a good linear relationship with pressure. The pressure dependence of Dp<sub>mean</sub> in n-butylbenzene flames is stronger than that of n-butylcyclohexane flames at pressures between 2 and 6 bar. The experiment and simulation results indicate that the enhancement of the promotion effect of pressure on the soot formation in the n-butylbenzene flame may be due to the combined effect of an increase in the soot surface reactivity and an increase in the number density of soot particles. The reaction pathway analysis suggests that the stepwise dehydrogenation reactions of cyclohexene are the main source of benzene formation in n-butylcyclohexane flames and pyrene is mainly formed via the reaction between indenyl and benzyl radicals in n-butylbenzene flames.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113720
Olefins are important components in gasoline fuels as well as essential intermediates in the combustion of carbon-based fuels and oxy-fuels. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the oxidation chemistry of olefins, especially of long-chain olefins, to gain a deeper insight into the combustion of these fuels. 1-Decene is an important industrial chemical product and is often regarded as one of the representatives of long-chain olefins. This work investigated the low-temperature oxidation of 1-decene in a jet-stirred reactor with atmospheric pressure, temperature range of 700 – 900 K and equivalence ratio of 1.0. Twelve main oxidation species were detected and measured, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, including carbon dioxide, ethylene, ethane, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and benzene, etc. Based on previous reports, a detailed low-temperature oxidation kinetic model of 1-decene was developed and validated against the experimental data and literature data. In the model of 1-decene, the rate of production analysis revealed that the majority of 1-decene was consumed by H-abstractions to generate the primary radicals and OH-addition reaction onto C(1) to generate 1-decanol-2-yl radical. Sensitivity analyses show that H2O2 (+ M) = OH + OH (+ M) was the most sensitive reaction to promote 1-decene consumption. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was the main source of the hydroxyl radical. Simulation results indicate that ignition delay time of 1-decene is higher than that of n-decane in the low-temperature at equivalence ratios of 0.5 – 2.0 and pressure of 20, 40 bar.
{"title":"Experimental and kinetic modeling studies on low-temperature oxidation of 1-decene in a jet-stirred reactor","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Olefins are important components in gasoline fuels as well as essential intermediates in the combustion of carbon-based fuels and oxy-fuels. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the oxidation chemistry of olefins, especially of long-chain olefins, to gain a deeper insight into the combustion of these fuels. 1-Decene is an important industrial chemical product and is often regarded as one of the representatives of long-chain olefins. This work investigated the low-temperature oxidation of 1-decene in a jet-stirred reactor with atmospheric pressure, temperature range of 700 – 900 K and equivalence ratio of 1.0. Twelve main oxidation species were detected and measured, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, including carbon dioxide, ethylene, ethane, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and benzene, etc. Based on previous reports, a detailed low-temperature oxidation kinetic model of 1-decene was developed and validated against the experimental data and literature data. In the model of 1-decene, the rate of production analysis revealed that the majority of 1-decene was consumed by H-abstractions to generate the primary radicals and OH-addition reaction onto C(1) to generate 1-decanol-2-yl radical. Sensitivity analyses show that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (+ M) = OH + OH (+ M) was the most sensitive reaction to promote 1-decene consumption. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was the main source of the hydroxyl radical. Simulation results indicate that ignition delay time of 1-decene is higher than that of <em>n</em>-decane in the low-temperature at equivalence ratios of 0.5 – 2.0 and pressure of 20, 40 bar.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113729
<div><p>The study investigates ammonia/coal co-firing using a non-adiabatic multi-stream flamelet/progress variable (FPV) approach on a 760 kWth semi-industrial test furnace of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI). The furnace features an advanced low NO<sub>x</sub> CI-α burner with preheated secondary, tertiary, and staged combustion air streams, closely resembling conditions in commercial-scale power plant burners. Two ammonia injection cases are investigated, one where ammonia is injected through the burner and the other where it is injected through a measurement port positioned 1.0 m downstream, both at a fixed ammonia co-firing ratio of 20 % based on LHV. To address varying oxidizer stream temperatures for primary, secondary, tertiary, and staged air streams, an additional dimension is introduced to the flamelet chemtable. The thermochemical space has seven dimensions, three for fuel mixture fractions (volatile matter, char off-gases, and ammonia), and dimensions for the mixture fraction variance, reaction progress variable, total enthalpy, and oxidizer temperature. The seven-dimensional non-adiabatic (7D-NA) FPV-LES model's accuracy is assessed by comparing its predictions with measured data as well as with previous modelling results that had certain limitations, such as six- dimensional non-adiabatic (6D-NA) FPV-LES model that ignored difference in oxidizer temperature and five-dimensional adiabatic (5D-AD) FPV-LES model that ignored both difference in oxidizer temperature and heat loss in flamelet chemtable. In both cases of ammonia injection, 7D NA-FPV-LES model improved over previous model's predictions by accurately capturing the burner exit flow field. It successfully identified trend between the two cases, predicting a slightly higher peak temperature near burner exit in case injecting ammonia through downstream due to development of stronger internal recirculation zone. Results showed peak NO notably higher and closer to burner when ammonia injected through downstream, consistent with measured data due to prevalence of NO reduction for ammonia injected through burner in proximity of burner.</p></div><div><h3>Novelty and significance statement</h3><p>The novelty of this research is that it introduces an approach that can be accurately applied to the FPV-LES modeling of actual commercial power plant burners with highly complex oxidizer streams at varying temperatures. This approach has been validated on the complex CI-α burner of the CRIEPI test furnace of semi-industrial scale, which has preheated secondary, tertiary, and staged air streams, resembling actual conditions encountered in commercial power plant burners. The proposed approach can consider multiple oxidizer streams and it can also consider variation in oxidizer composition (although oxidizer composition is fixed in this study). This research will be significant in adoption of multi-mixture fraction FPV-LES approach to complex burners of commercial
{"title":"Multi-stream FPV-LES modeling of ammonia/coal co-firing on a semi-industrial scale complex burner with pre-heated secondary, tertiary, and staged combustion air","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study investigates ammonia/coal co-firing using a non-adiabatic multi-stream flamelet/progress variable (FPV) approach on a 760 kWth semi-industrial test furnace of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI). The furnace features an advanced low NO<sub>x</sub> CI-α burner with preheated secondary, tertiary, and staged combustion air streams, closely resembling conditions in commercial-scale power plant burners. Two ammonia injection cases are investigated, one where ammonia is injected through the burner and the other where it is injected through a measurement port positioned 1.0 m downstream, both at a fixed ammonia co-firing ratio of 20 % based on LHV. To address varying oxidizer stream temperatures for primary, secondary, tertiary, and staged air streams, an additional dimension is introduced to the flamelet chemtable. The thermochemical space has seven dimensions, three for fuel mixture fractions (volatile matter, char off-gases, and ammonia), and dimensions for the mixture fraction variance, reaction progress variable, total enthalpy, and oxidizer temperature. The seven-dimensional non-adiabatic (7D-NA) FPV-LES model's accuracy is assessed by comparing its predictions with measured data as well as with previous modelling results that had certain limitations, such as six- dimensional non-adiabatic (6D-NA) FPV-LES model that ignored difference in oxidizer temperature and five-dimensional adiabatic (5D-AD) FPV-LES model that ignored both difference in oxidizer temperature and heat loss in flamelet chemtable. In both cases of ammonia injection, 7D NA-FPV-LES model improved over previous model's predictions by accurately capturing the burner exit flow field. It successfully identified trend between the two cases, predicting a slightly higher peak temperature near burner exit in case injecting ammonia through downstream due to development of stronger internal recirculation zone. Results showed peak NO notably higher and closer to burner when ammonia injected through downstream, consistent with measured data due to prevalence of NO reduction for ammonia injected through burner in proximity of burner.</p></div><div><h3>Novelty and significance statement</h3><p>The novelty of this research is that it introduces an approach that can be accurately applied to the FPV-LES modeling of actual commercial power plant burners with highly complex oxidizer streams at varying temperatures. This approach has been validated on the complex CI-α burner of the CRIEPI test furnace of semi-industrial scale, which has preheated secondary, tertiary, and staged air streams, resembling actual conditions encountered in commercial power plant burners. The proposed approach can consider multiple oxidizer streams and it can also consider variation in oxidizer composition (although oxidizer composition is fixed in this study). This research will be significant in adoption of multi-mixture fraction FPV-LES approach to complex burners of commercial","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010218024004383/pdfft?md5=cbca95d18d8949a32685220bdf17434d&pid=1-s2.0-S0010218024004383-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113724
<div><p>In this study, we experimentally analyzed the influence of turbulence and thermal-diffusional effect on the morphology and turbulent flame speed of premixed expanding flames. The turbulent flames of the n-decane/air and decalin/air mixtures were measured using a fan-stirred constant volume combustion bomb generating near-isotropic turbulence at elevated pressures (1, 2, and 5 bar), temperature (443 K), and a wide range of equivalence ratios (0.8–1.6). The results found that the wrinkling degree of the flame front was greater for <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span><0 compared to <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>>0. However, the distribution patterns of the curvature radius of the flame contours exhibited similarities across different equivalence ratios. Furthermore, an increase in turbulence intensity would aggravate the randomness of flame contour distribution. The turbulent expanding flames of n-decane/air and decalin/air mixtures were self-similar under different turbulence intensities and pressures, and this self-similar propagation followed a correlation between the normalized turbulent flame speed and the turbulent flame Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) to the one-half power. The similarity in normalized turbulent flame speeds was extended from normal alkanes (C4-C8) and isomeric alkanes (C8, C16) to longer straight-chain alkane (n-decane) and cycloalkane (decalin). As the increase of equivalence ratio, their normalized turbulent flame speeds increased nonlinearly due to the thermal-diffusional effect. Additionally, it was found that the classical, effective, and experimental Lewis numbers were confirmed as unsuitable parameters for characterizing the role of thermal-diffusional effect on the turbulent flame speed for hydrocarbon fuels with large molecular weight. Finally, two possible unified correlations were proposed based on the Markstein number, <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>〈</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>〉</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.178</mn><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.231</mn><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msup><mi>R</mi><msubsup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>〈</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>〉</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0.170</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0.0447</mn><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>0.0067</mn><mi>M</mi><msup><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi><msubsu
{"title":"Turbulent flame propagation of C10 hydrocarbons/air expanding flames: Possible unified correlation based on the Markstein number","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we experimentally analyzed the influence of turbulence and thermal-diffusional effect on the morphology and turbulent flame speed of premixed expanding flames. The turbulent flames of the n-decane/air and decalin/air mixtures were measured using a fan-stirred constant volume combustion bomb generating near-isotropic turbulence at elevated pressures (1, 2, and 5 bar), temperature (443 K), and a wide range of equivalence ratios (0.8–1.6). The results found that the wrinkling degree of the flame front was greater for <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span><0 compared to <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>>0. However, the distribution patterns of the curvature radius of the flame contours exhibited similarities across different equivalence ratios. Furthermore, an increase in turbulence intensity would aggravate the randomness of flame contour distribution. The turbulent expanding flames of n-decane/air and decalin/air mixtures were self-similar under different turbulence intensities and pressures, and this self-similar propagation followed a correlation between the normalized turbulent flame speed and the turbulent flame Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) to the one-half power. The similarity in normalized turbulent flame speeds was extended from normal alkanes (C4-C8) and isomeric alkanes (C8, C16) to longer straight-chain alkane (n-decane) and cycloalkane (decalin). As the increase of equivalence ratio, their normalized turbulent flame speeds increased nonlinearly due to the thermal-diffusional effect. Additionally, it was found that the classical, effective, and experimental Lewis numbers were confirmed as unsuitable parameters for characterizing the role of thermal-diffusional effect on the turbulent flame speed for hydrocarbon fuels with large molecular weight. Finally, two possible unified correlations were proposed based on the Markstein number, <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>〈</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>〉</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.178</mn><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.231</mn><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msup><mi>R</mi><msubsup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>〈</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>〉</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>σ</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0.170</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0.0447</mn><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>0.0067</mn><mi>M</mi><msup><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>R</mi><msubsu","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113716
A viable strategy to improve ammonia (NH3) combustion stability is blending ammonia with high-reactivity fuels. Propane (C3H8) is the prevalent component in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), emerging as a compelling choice for co-firing with ammonia in various practical applications. The ignition delay times (IDTs) of stoichiometric NH3/C3H8 mixtures in Ar dilution (90 %) with varying C3H8 fractions (XC3H8) of 0–30 % were conducted at pressures of 1.75 and 10 bar, and temperatures ranging from 1305 to 1890 K in a shock tube. The NH3-C3H8 model was developed based on the NH3 model optimized by Li et al., the C3H8 submodel in the NUIG 1.1 model, and some new cross-reactions were considered in the NH3-C3H8 model. The NH3-C3H8 model was extensively validated against IDTs measured in this work as well as laminar flame speeds (LFSs) and species profiles (SPs) of NH3/C3H8 from the literature. The comparison of the prediction performance between the NH3-C3H8 model and the M-NUIG model was conducted for ignition, flame propagation, and NH3 consumption. The effects of the cross-reactions on IDTs, LFSs, and SPs of NH3/C3H8 were studied in detail by the sensitivity analysis and rate of production (ROP) analysis using the NH3-C3H8 model. The newly added C/N cross-reactions play an important role in the prediction of the IDTs, LFSs, and SPs of NH3/C3H8 combustion.
{"title":"The effects of C/N cross-reactions on the NH3/C3H8 combustion: A shock-tube and modeling study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A viable strategy to improve ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) combustion stability is blending ammonia with high-reactivity fuels. Propane (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) is the prevalent component in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), emerging as a compelling choice for co-firing with ammonia in various practical applications. The ignition delay times (IDTs) of stoichiometric NH<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> mixtures in Ar dilution (90 %) with varying C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> fractions (<em>X<sub>C3H8</sub></em>) of 0–30 % were conducted at pressures of 1.75 and 10 bar, and temperatures ranging from 1305 to 1890 K in a shock tube. The NH<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> model was developed based on the NH<sub>3</sub> model optimized by Li et al., the C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> submodel in the NUIG 1.1 model, and some new cross-reactions were considered in the NH<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> model. The NH<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> model was extensively validated against IDTs measured in this work as well as laminar flame speeds (LFSs) and species profiles (SPs) of NH<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> from the literature. The comparison of the prediction performance between the NH<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> model and the M-NUIG model was conducted for ignition, flame propagation, and NH<sub>3</sub> consumption. The effects of the cross-reactions on IDTs, LFSs, and SPs of NH<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> were studied in detail by the sensitivity analysis and rate of production (ROP) analysis using the NH<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> model. The newly added C/N cross-reactions play an important role in the prediction of the IDTs, LFSs, and SPs of NH<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> combustion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":280,"journal":{"name":"Combustion and Flame","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}