This paper addresses a one-layer model predictive control (MPC) strategy that simultaneously deals with safety and economic issues for natural gas networks (NGN). The simulations consider a nonlinear pipeline model based on the non-isothermal flow and non-deal gas behavior. The proposed NGN-oriented MPC strategy uses an adaptive scheme that relies upon the successive linearization of the nonlinear NGN model and the surge prevention constraints of the compression stations, incorporated into the control law to avoid unsafe operating conditions. The controller has the guarantee of feasibility by incorporating a suitable set of slack variables into its formulation, mainly in the surge avoidance constraints. At the same time, the resulting control law is more flexible by adopting output zone tracking cases rather than setpoint tracking. The simulated study, aiming at minimizing the power consumption of the centrifugal compressors, sought to control the pressures in the consumer nodes of NGN into a predefined zone while meeting the process constraints. In all scenarios of zone changes, the controller could lead the controlled outputs in their respective zones, accommodating the operation in steady states with a minimal power consumption of three compression stations considered in NGN. By respecting the surge prevention constraints flexibly, and using the slack variables when necessary, immediately after perturbation, the proposed NGN-oriented adaptive zone MPC controller has proved to be a suitable tool to manage the NGN with control performance, operational safe and economic competitivity.
{"title":"A Gradient-Based Economic Model Predictive Controller with Zone Control Scheme Applied to Natural Gas Pipeline Networks","authors":"M. A. Martins","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000342","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses a one-layer model predictive control (MPC) strategy that simultaneously deals with safety and economic issues for natural gas networks (NGN). The simulations consider a nonlinear pipeline model based on the non-isothermal flow and non-deal gas behavior. The proposed NGN-oriented MPC strategy uses an adaptive scheme that relies upon the successive linearization of the nonlinear NGN model and the surge prevention constraints of the compression stations, incorporated into the control law to avoid unsafe operating conditions. The controller has the guarantee of feasibility by incorporating a suitable set of slack variables into its formulation, mainly in the surge avoidance constraints. At the same time, the resulting control law is more flexible by adopting output zone tracking cases rather than setpoint tracking. The simulated study, aiming at minimizing the power consumption of the centrifugal compressors, sought to control the pressures in the consumer nodes of NGN into a predefined zone while meeting the process constraints. In all scenarios of zone changes, the controller could lead the controlled outputs in their respective zones, accommodating the operation in steady states with a minimal power consumption of three compression stations considered in NGN. By respecting the surge prevention constraints flexibly, and using the slack variables when necessary, immediately after perturbation, the proposed NGN-oriented adaptive zone MPC controller has proved to be a suitable tool to manage the NGN with control performance, operational safe and economic competitivity.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125548859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sand production is one of the major challenges in oil and gas production from sandstone reservoirs. Production losses, formation damage, corrosion, and equipment failure are all consequences of sand production. Various mechanical and chemical methods are used to control sand production. One of the most efficient chemical methods is the injection of hydrogels, but its application has been constrained by the hydrogels' weak stability in the harsh conditions of the reservoir. A Co [AMAMPS-MALEIC-AAC]/PEI-MBA nanocomposite hydrogel with superior viscoelastic properties and double crosslinking was developed and synthesized to overcome these restrictions. Swelling, rheology, and morphology tests were utilized to predict the produced nanocomposite's effectiveness and performance in the harsh Iranian reservoirs. According to the obtained results, at ambient temperature (25°C, during injection) and reservoir temperature (90°C, placed in a porous medium), in distilled water, the maximum swelling ratio was 8.5 and 94, and in formation water, the maximum swelling ratio was 5.4 and 10.8, respectively. The X-ray diffraction test findings show that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the structure. Also, according to the results of the thermal strength test, the sample’s thermal stability up to 90°C was confirmed with less than 0.6 wt% degradation. The results of the strain sweep, frequency sweep and stress-strain tests demonstrate the existence of a robust, three-dimensional, and viscoelastic structure up to a strain of 100% and a frequency of 100 Hz. In the strain sweep test with a constant frequency of 1 Hz, the maximum storage modulus was reported as 27,000 Pa, and in the frequency sweep test with a constant strain of 1%, 18,000 Pascals were reported. The stress-strain test revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the synthesized material was 4630 pascals. These characteristics make the aforementioned nanocomposite hydrogel ideal for usage in porous media.
{"title":"Investigating the Performance of Co [AM-AMPS-MALEIC-AAC]/ PEI-MBA Nanocomposite Hydrogel in Sand Control from Oil Reservoirs","authors":"Baghban Salehi M","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000347","url":null,"abstract":"Sand production is one of the major challenges in oil and gas production from sandstone reservoirs. Production losses, formation damage, corrosion, and equipment failure are all consequences of sand production. Various mechanical and chemical methods are used to control sand production. One of the most efficient chemical methods is the injection of hydrogels, but its application has been constrained by the hydrogels' weak stability in the harsh conditions of the reservoir. A Co [AMAMPS-MALEIC-AAC]/PEI-MBA nanocomposite hydrogel with superior viscoelastic properties and double crosslinking was developed and synthesized to overcome these restrictions. Swelling, rheology, and morphology tests were utilized to predict the produced nanocomposite's effectiveness and performance in the harsh Iranian reservoirs. According to the obtained results, at ambient temperature (25°C, during injection) and reservoir temperature (90°C, placed in a porous medium), in distilled water, the maximum swelling ratio was 8.5 and 94, and in formation water, the maximum swelling ratio was 5.4 and 10.8, respectively. The X-ray diffraction test findings show that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the structure. Also, according to the results of the thermal strength test, the sample’s thermal stability up to 90°C was confirmed with less than 0.6 wt% degradation. The results of the strain sweep, frequency sweep and stress-strain tests demonstrate the existence of a robust, three-dimensional, and viscoelastic structure up to a strain of 100% and a frequency of 100 Hz. In the strain sweep test with a constant frequency of 1 Hz, the maximum storage modulus was reported as 27,000 Pa, and in the frequency sweep test with a constant strain of 1%, 18,000 Pascals were reported. The stress-strain test revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the synthesized material was 4630 pascals. These characteristics make the aforementioned nanocomposite hydrogel ideal for usage in porous media.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the subcratonic lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath Leningrad pipe (West Ukukit field), Yakutia garnet thermobarometry allows us to identify seven horizons (paleo subduction slab). Microprobe data for Cr-bearing amphiboles >500 grains from mantle xenoliths and concentrates reveal a broad range of compositions changing from Cr- pargasitic hornblendes to pargasites, edinites, kataforites, К-richterites with increasing pressure determined with new amphibole thermobarometer constructed by the first author The low pressure (LP) Cr-hornblendes and pargasites compiles the high-temperature branch (90-60 mw/m2) from 3.5 GPa to Moho traced by basaltic cumulates. In the middle part of SCLM edinites mark 35 to 40 mw/ m2 geotherms. At high pressures kataforites also vary in thermal conditions. Richterites near the lithosphere base trace both low –and high temperature convective branches. The amphiboles reveal divisions into 9 chemical groups. The melts coexistion with amphiboles has concave patters typical for subduction related melts. LP varieties reveal Eu inflection U, Rb, Ba, Sr peaks and deep troughs in HFSE (except Zr), Pb. The pargasites show high U peaks and relativle less HFSE depressions. Encreasing in pressure for edinites, kataforites and richterise are accompanied byrise in U and Zr peak gentling of depressions in Th, Sr, Nb and Hf and less in Nb,Ta, Hf and peak in Zr and also decrease in LREE and REE. Clinopyroxenes and garnets show variable trace element patterns and divisions in groups with the plume and subduction signatures. The contrasting behaviour of Ta and Nb is regulated by the rutile partition coefficients likely for primary eclogites. A subduction and Na and K (siliceous) type of fluids percolated through the mantle with abundant eclogites possibly was accompanied by amphibolization at the different levels through all the mantle column. The plume melts produced hybridism with the mantle metasomatic assembleges which created smoother trace element patterns in reacted minerals, clinopyroxene. The new version of monomineral amphibole thermobarometry is suggested.
{"title":"Unique Amphibole-Bearing Mantle Column Beneath the Leningrad Kimberlite Pipe, West Ukukit Field, NE Yakutia","authors":"Ashchepkov Iv","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000345","url":null,"abstract":"In the subcratonic lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath Leningrad pipe (West Ukukit field), Yakutia garnet thermobarometry allows us to identify seven horizons (paleo subduction slab). Microprobe data for Cr-bearing amphiboles >500 grains from mantle xenoliths and concentrates reveal a broad range of compositions changing from Cr- pargasitic hornblendes to pargasites, edinites, kataforites, К-richterites with increasing pressure determined with new amphibole thermobarometer constructed by the first author The low pressure (LP) Cr-hornblendes and pargasites compiles the high-temperature branch (90-60 mw/m2) from 3.5 GPa to Moho traced by basaltic cumulates. In the middle part of SCLM edinites mark 35 to 40 mw/ m2 geotherms. At high pressures kataforites also vary in thermal conditions. Richterites near the lithosphere base trace both low –and high temperature convective branches. The amphiboles reveal divisions into 9 chemical groups. The melts coexistion with amphiboles has concave patters typical for subduction related melts. LP varieties reveal Eu inflection U, Rb, Ba, Sr peaks and deep troughs in HFSE (except Zr), Pb. The pargasites show high U peaks and relativle less HFSE depressions. Encreasing in pressure for edinites, kataforites and richterise are accompanied byrise in U and Zr peak gentling of depressions in Th, Sr, Nb and Hf and less in Nb,Ta, Hf and peak in Zr and also decrease in LREE and REE. Clinopyroxenes and garnets show variable trace element patterns and divisions in groups with the plume and subduction signatures. The contrasting behaviour of Ta and Nb is regulated by the rutile partition coefficients likely for primary eclogites. A subduction and Na and K (siliceous) type of fluids percolated through the mantle with abundant eclogites possibly was accompanied by amphibolization at the different levels through all the mantle column. The plume melts produced hybridism with the mantle metasomatic assembleges which created smoother trace element patterns in reacted minerals, clinopyroxene. The new version of monomineral amphibole thermobarometry is suggested.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124246081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first in the series of Azuberths Game Changer publications “Synergy of the Conventional Crude Oil and the FT-GTL Processes for Sustainable Synfuels Production: The Game Changer Approach-Phase One Category” a.k.a. (DOI: 10.23880/ppej16000330) is targeted at reducing 80 per cent CO2 emissions from the internal combustion engines by upgrading from the conventional crude oil refinery products to the synthetic fuels products (ultra-low-carbon fuels). This paper will focus on the complete elimination of the remaining 20 per cent CO2 emissions (i.e. to achieve zero- CO2 emissions) in transportation and power generating internal combustion engines as well as in the other centralized emissions/emitters such as petroleum industry flare lines, industrial process and big technology industries scrubber flue gas, et cetera. This invention stems from similar biblical quote {Isaiah 6:8-New International Version (NIV)} which states, and then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, “Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?” And I (Isaiah) said, “Here am I. Send me!” Laterally, in this case I (Azunna) said, “Here am I. Please use me”. Hence the aftermath, IJN-Universal Emissions Liquefiers is a plug and play units for all categories of pollutants discharge into the atmosphere. The work is motivated by the scientific facts that (i) The release of CO2 from automotive exhaust effluents, industry vents and flue gas emissions into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) accumulation causing global warming hence climate changes issues such as flooding of coastlines/sea-rising, melting of the glaciers, disrupted weather patterns, bushburning/wildfire, depletion of Ozone layer, smog and air pollution, acidification of water bodies, runaway greenhouse effect, etc. (ii) Every gas stream (e.g., flue gas) can be made liquid by e.g. a series of compression, cooling and expansion steps and once in liquid form, the components of the gas can be separated in a distillation column. (iii) Captured liquefied gases can be put to various uses, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ), which can be used for the production of renewable energy via Synfuels such as the e-fuel/solar fuel. The natural atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and only about 0.1% natural greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and many others. Although a small amount, these greenhouse gases make a big difference - they are the gases that allow the greenhouse effect to exist by trapping in some heat that would otherwise escape to space. Carbon dioxide, although not the most potent of the greenhouse gases, is the most important because of the huge volumes emitted into the air by combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, coal, natural gas). In general, the major contributors to the greenhouse effect are: Burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, deforestation, farming processi
Azuberths改变游戏规则系列出版物中的第一篇“传统原油和FT-GTL工艺对可持续合成燃料生产的协同作用:改变游戏规则的方法-第一阶段类别”(DOI: 10.23880/ppej16000330)旨在通过从传统原油炼油产品升级到合成燃料产品(超低碳燃料)，减少80%的二氧化碳排放。本文将侧重于完全消除运输和发电内燃机中剩余的20%二氧化碳排放(即实现零二氧化碳排放)，以及其他集中排放/排放者，如石油工业火炬线，工业过程和大型技术工业洗涤器烟气等。这个发明源于类似的圣经引用{以赛亚书6:8-新国际版(NIV)}，它说，然后我听到主的声音说，“我可以差遣谁呢?谁会为我们去呢?”我说:“我在这里，请差遣我!”从侧面来说，在这种情况下，我(Azunna)说，“我在这里，请使用我”。因此，ijn -通用排放液化器是一种即插即用的装置，可将所有类别的污染物排放到大气中。这项工作的动机是基于以下科学事实:(i)汽车尾气排放、工业排放口和烟道气体排放到大气中的二氧化碳会导致温室气体(GHG)积累，导致全球变暖，从而导致气候变化问题，如海岸线洪水/海平面上升、冰川融化、天气模式紊乱、丛林燃烧/野火、臭氧层消耗、烟雾和空气污染、水体酸化、失控的温室效应;(ii)每一种气流(如烟道气)都可以通过一系列压缩、冷却和膨胀步骤制成液体，一旦变成液体，气体的成分就可以在精馏塔中分离。(iii)收集的液化气体可作不同用途，特别是二氧化碳，可通过合成燃料，如电子燃料/太阳能燃料，用于生产可再生能源。自然大气由78%的氮气、21%的氧气、0.9%的氩气和大约0.1%的天然温室气体组成，其中包括二氧化碳、称为氯氟烃(CFCs)的有机化学品、甲烷、一氧化二氮、臭氧和许多其他气体。虽然数量很少，但这些温室气体却有很大的不同——它们是通过捕获一些原本会逃逸到太空的热量而使温室效应存在的气体。二氧化碳虽然不是最强大的温室气体，但却是最重要的温室气体，因为燃烧化石燃料(如汽油、柴油、燃料油、煤、天然气)会向空气中排放大量二氧化碳。一般来说，温室效应的主要贡献者是:汽车燃烧化石燃料、森林砍伐、农业加工和制造工厂、工业废物和垃圾填埋场、增加动物和人类的呼吸等。工厂、汽车和人口的增加增加了大气中这些气体的含量。温室气体不会让辐射从地球大气中逸出，从而增加地球表面的温度。这就导致了全球变暖。石油工业井场排放/耀斑气体(甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、H2 O (g)、O2、N2等)。内燃机(汽车——汽车、车辆、轮船、火车、飞机等)排放的废气(含有H2 O (g)、CO2、O2和N2);大型发电厂的蒸汽发生器和大型炼油厂、石化和化工厂的工艺炉以及焚化炉燃烧大量化石燃料，因此向周围大气排放大量烟道气。一般来说，烟气是通过“烟道”排出大气的气体，“烟道”是用于输送壁炉、烤箱、炉子、锅炉或蒸汽发生器排出的气体的管道或通道。排放的烟气中含有二氧化碳CO2、一氧化碳CO、氧化硫SO2、氧化亚氮NO和微粒。此外，GTL装置产生CO2、H2 O和废热，而热解和气化装置产生的气体产物由室温下H2、CO2和CO等不可冷凝气体与轻烃(如CH4)以及H2 O (g)、O2和复合烃(如C2 H2、C2 H4等)的混合物组成。一般来说，所有的燃烧都是空气-燃料混合燃烧的结果(即空气或氧气直接与生物质/煤或内燃机内的液态/气态碳氢化合物混合)，将二氧化碳和蒸汽(H2 O)释放回大气中，并产生用于工作的能量。具体来说，在燃烧过程中，碳与氧结合产生二氧化碳(CO2)。 运输和发电内燃机的主要排放物是二氧化碳(CO2)。二氧化碳排放水平与燃料消耗量、燃料类型以及单个发动机的运行特性有关。例如，柴油发动机比汽油/汽油发动机排放更高。虽然重点更多地放在二氧化碳上，但这项调查最终关注的是与空气污染/健康问题有关的气体释放/排放的所有组成部分的实时液化。据信，每年空气污染造成的死亡率是车祸造成的死亡率的八倍。最能证明引起公共卫生关注的污染物包括颗粒物(PM)、臭氧(O3)、二氧化氮(NO2)和二氧化硫(SO2)。所有废气/烟道气和排放口/耀斑气体都通过液化加以收集，然后用于各种用途，以实现“净零”排放。从根本上说，本发明的目标是开发一种紧凑的装置(通用排放液化器)，它可以改装到内燃机(柴油动力、汽油动力和混合动力汽车)的排气管末端，汽车、车辆、SUV、卡车、摩托车、三轮车、便携式发电机、海运和货船/船、火车、飞机、火箭、通过排气/洗涤通道释放烟道气的工业机器的出口，以及向大气排放温室气体的原油、成品油储罐、煤炭处理装置/工厂并将其转化为液体{CO2 (l)、N2 (l)、O2 (l)等}或粉状成分，或使用选择性催化剂将其实时化学转化为任何其他特定化合物，例如用氢气(H2)处理CO2可产生甲醇(CH3 OH)、甲烷(CH4)、或甲酸(HCOOH)，而二氧化碳与碱(如NaOH)反应可生成碳酸盐(NaHCO3)和重碳酸盐(na2co3)。氮(N2)变成氨(NH3)或者联氨(N2 H4)分子氧(O2)变成过氧化氢(H2 O2)等等。或者，在新的汽车设计中，通用排放液化器装置可以直接与催化转换器一起在地板上联网，并且可能消除对消声器/消音器/谐振器的需求。这是通过应用五种主要气体捕获/分离技术中的任何一种来实现的:液体吸收，固体吸附，膜分离(有和没有溶剂-有机或无机)，低温制冷/蒸馏和电化学ph -摆动分离或它们的组合来选择性地捕获和液化单个污染物。根据CarBuster的数据，每燃烧一加仑汽油会产生近0.009公吨的二氧化碳，这意味着平均每个汽车用户每年仅从他们的汽车中就产生约11.7吨的二氧化碳
{"title":"Universal “Plug and Play” Real-Time Entire Automotive Exhaust Effluents, Industry Vents and Flue Gas Emissions Liquefiers: The Game Changer Approach-Phase Two Category","authors":"Ekejiuba Aib","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000349","url":null,"abstract":"The first in the series of Azuberths Game Changer publications “Synergy of the Conventional Crude Oil and the FT-GTL Processes for Sustainable Synfuels Production: The Game Changer Approach-Phase One Category” a.k.a. (DOI: 10.23880/ppej16000330) is targeted at reducing 80 per cent CO2 emissions from the internal combustion engines by upgrading from the conventional crude oil refinery products to the synthetic fuels products (ultra-low-carbon fuels). This paper will focus on the complete elimination of the remaining 20 per cent CO2 emissions (i.e. to achieve zero- CO2 emissions) in transportation and power generating internal combustion engines as well as in the other centralized emissions/emitters such as petroleum industry flare lines, industrial process and big technology industries scrubber flue gas, et cetera. This invention stems from similar biblical quote {Isaiah 6:8-New International Version (NIV)} which states, and then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, “Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?” And I (Isaiah) said, “Here am I. Send me!” Laterally, in this case I (Azunna) said, “Here am I. Please use me”. Hence the aftermath, IJN-Universal Emissions Liquefiers is a plug and play units for all categories of pollutants discharge into the atmosphere. The work is motivated by the scientific facts that (i) The release of CO2 from automotive exhaust effluents, industry vents and flue gas emissions into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) accumulation causing global warming hence climate changes issues such as flooding of coastlines/sea-rising, melting of the glaciers, disrupted weather patterns, bushburning/wildfire, depletion of Ozone layer, smog and air pollution, acidification of water bodies, runaway greenhouse effect, etc. (ii) Every gas stream (e.g., flue gas) can be made liquid by e.g. a series of compression, cooling and expansion steps and once in liquid form, the components of the gas can be separated in a distillation column. (iii) Captured liquefied gases can be put to various uses, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ), which can be used for the production of renewable energy via Synfuels such as the e-fuel/solar fuel. The natural atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and only about 0.1% natural greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and many others. Although a small amount, these greenhouse gases make a big difference - they are the gases that allow the greenhouse effect to exist by trapping in some heat that would otherwise escape to space. Carbon dioxide, although not the most potent of the greenhouse gases, is the most important because of the huge volumes emitted into the air by combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, coal, natural gas). In general, the major contributors to the greenhouse effect are: Burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, deforestation, farming processi","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128617135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing need for alternative energy sources due to rising concerns about global warming, the depletion of fossil fuels, and the consequences of particulates generated during their usage. In this regard, biodiesel serves as a renewable and comparatively clean alternative to fossil fuels because it is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, sustainable, biodegradable, and made from renewable sources like animal fats or edible/inedible oils. Additionally, it requires minimal modification to be used with the current fuel infrastructure when blended with petrodiesel. Animal fat or oil is (trans)esterified with a catalyst to produce biodiesel. Due to their improved adherence to the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry, solid catalysts are currently surpassing homogeneous catalysts. Besides, bifunctional solid catalysts are more highly desired than their monofunctionalized analogues because they can enhance product selectivity and make it easier for coordinated, one-pot processes to convert nonedible oils to biodiesel. The objective of this mini- review is to evaluate the developments in bio-waste-derived bifunctional catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible oils between 2019 to the present.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Biowaste-Derived Bifunctional Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Mini-Review","authors":"Changmai B","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000352","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing need for alternative energy sources due to rising concerns about global warming, the depletion of fossil fuels, and the consequences of particulates generated during their usage. In this regard, biodiesel serves as a renewable and comparatively clean alternative to fossil fuels because it is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, sustainable, biodegradable, and made from renewable sources like animal fats or edible/inedible oils. Additionally, it requires minimal modification to be used with the current fuel infrastructure when blended with petrodiesel. Animal fat or oil is (trans)esterified with a catalyst to produce biodiesel. Due to their improved adherence to the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry, solid catalysts are currently surpassing homogeneous catalysts. Besides, bifunctional solid catalysts are more highly desired than their monofunctionalized analogues because they can enhance product selectivity and make it easier for coordinated, one-pot processes to convert nonedible oils to biodiesel. The objective of this mini- review is to evaluate the developments in bio-waste-derived bifunctional catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible oils between 2019 to the present.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128808716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A universal and multifunctional method for developing problematic oil and gas fields with low-permeability reservoirs is presented in this paper. The method is based on maintaining reservoir pressure and identifying the hydrogen formation mechanism. According to the analysis of previous laboratory experiments, the article summarizes the results of a computer simulation of a method for developing oil and gas fields with low permeable reservoirs using the commercial software product tNavigator from Rock Flow Dynamics. The proposed method results in multiple times more oil production per each studied well than its production using the depletion mode. Using CO2 in this manner results in additional, useful utilization, and laboratory experiments have indicated that saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic hydrogen are produced as by-products of CO2 injection. Moreover, the proposed method offers similar technological and technical solutions as those that have long been used in the oil and gas industry
{"title":"A New Approach for Enhancing Oil and Gas Recovery of the Hydrocarbon Fields with Low Permeability Reservoirs","authors":"AL-Obaidi Sh","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000343","url":null,"abstract":"A universal and multifunctional method for developing problematic oil and gas fields with low-permeability reservoirs is presented in this paper. The method is based on maintaining reservoir pressure and identifying the hydrogen formation mechanism. According to the analysis of previous laboratory experiments, the article summarizes the results of a computer simulation of a method for developing oil and gas fields with low permeable reservoirs using the commercial software product tNavigator from Rock Flow Dynamics. The proposed method results in multiple times more oil production per each studied well than its production using the depletion mode. Using CO2 in this manner results in additional, useful utilization, and laboratory experiments have indicated that saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic hydrogen are produced as by-products of CO2 injection. Moreover, the proposed method offers similar technological and technical solutions as those that have long been used in the oil and gas industry","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132333579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petrophysical properties provide a comprehensive approach to reservoir characterization, in which reservoir quality is of paramount importance. The main controllers for reservoir quality are porosity, permeability and clay content. Petrophysical models are used by utilizing the correlation between tool response (logging) and rock and fluid properties. These petrophysical results will be cut-off to distinguish productive and unproductive parts of a reservoir. Petrophysical and cut-off calculations in the Betung Field are applied to determine the quality and productive zone of the Air Benakat Formation reservoir. The direction of field development (infill wells) is based on the quality of the reservoir and productive zone obtained based on the results of petrophysical and cut-off calculations. This research was conducted in Layer 5 (L-5) of the Betung Field using the main data, namely well logs (Gamma ray, density, neutron, resistivity). Well logs were processed to obtain petrophysical values using Interactive Petrophysic and Microsoft Excel software. Petrophysical results were then cut-off on clay content, porosity and water saturation, so that a productive zone was obtained from the Betung L-5 field. Petrophysical and cut-off results show L-5 is a Hydrocarbon prospect zone with an average petrophysic value for well 210 (Vclay: 32%, porosity: 25% and water saturation: 65%); well 220 (Vclay: 35%, porosity: 30% and water saturation: 38%); well 222 (Vclay: 8.2%, porosity: 31% and water saturation: 28%). The resulting cut-off values for well 210 (Vclay: 42.6%, porosity: 17% and water saturation: 98%); well 220 (Vclay: 26.6%, porosity: 22.4% and water saturation: 50.3%); well 222 (Vclay: 18%, porosity: 17% and water saturation: 70.4%).
{"title":"Petrophysical Calculation Analysis and Determination of Cut-Off in Betung Field, Jambi-Sub-Basin, South-Sumatera-Basin","authors":"Irmaya Ai","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000351","url":null,"abstract":"Petrophysical properties provide a comprehensive approach to reservoir characterization, in which reservoir quality is of paramount importance. The main controllers for reservoir quality are porosity, permeability and clay content. Petrophysical models are used by utilizing the correlation between tool response (logging) and rock and fluid properties. These petrophysical results will be cut-off to distinguish productive and unproductive parts of a reservoir. Petrophysical and cut-off calculations in the Betung Field are applied to determine the quality and productive zone of the Air Benakat Formation reservoir. The direction of field development (infill wells) is based on the quality of the reservoir and productive zone obtained based on the results of petrophysical and cut-off calculations. This research was conducted in Layer 5 (L-5) of the Betung Field using the main data, namely well logs (Gamma ray, density, neutron, resistivity). Well logs were processed to obtain petrophysical values using Interactive Petrophysic and Microsoft Excel software. Petrophysical results were then cut-off on clay content, porosity and water saturation, so that a productive zone was obtained from the Betung L-5 field. Petrophysical and cut-off results show L-5 is a Hydrocarbon prospect zone with an average petrophysic value for well 210 (Vclay: 32%, porosity: 25% and water saturation: 65%); well 220 (Vclay: 35%, porosity: 30% and water saturation: 38%); well 222 (Vclay: 8.2%, porosity: 31% and water saturation: 28%). The resulting cut-off values for well 210 (Vclay: 42.6%, porosity: 17% and water saturation: 98%); well 220 (Vclay: 26.6%, porosity: 22.4% and water saturation: 50.3%); well 222 (Vclay: 18%, porosity: 17% and water saturation: 70.4%).","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129839041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using acoustic wave propagation to analyze rocks in mining and geotechnical engineering, researchers have been looking into the link between dynamic and static elastic properties since the early twentieth century. The essential mechanical qualities of rock materials that are necessary for the analysis and design of rock digging operations are determined by their elastic properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio). Geomechanical applications rely on acoustic data to create a safe mud weight window, estimate rock strength parameters, sand management, and hydraulic fracturing. Ultrasonic lab and sonic log readings are often inconsistent because of the frequency differential and other considerations. Ultrasonic laboratory measurements and acoustic logs of shear wave velocity and compressional wave velocity for the Mishrif formation in the West Qurna-1 oil field are compared in this work to better understand how these critical measurements influence on the accuracy of calculating dynamic model. compressional (Vp) and shear (VS) wave velocities and density data were used to compute the porosity as well as elastic modulus. We observed a correlation between P wave velocity and sample elastic characteristics. Vp and elastic characteristics were correlated using regression analysis to generate empirical equations. Correlations between velocity data and the geological background of the region yielded excellent estimates of elastic characteristics. The results showed that there is a good agreement between Young's coefficient from the laboratory and the obtained log data, where the R2 value is 0.86. A good match between Vp and VS was also obtained for the laboratory data where the R2 value was 0.83.
{"title":"Empirical Correlation for Determination of Shear Wave Velocities from Wireline Logs in West Qurna Oil Field","authors":"Alameedy U","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000346","url":null,"abstract":"Using acoustic wave propagation to analyze rocks in mining and geotechnical engineering, researchers have been looking into the link between dynamic and static elastic properties since the early twentieth century. The essential mechanical qualities of rock materials that are necessary for the analysis and design of rock digging operations are determined by their elastic properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio). Geomechanical applications rely on acoustic data to create a safe mud weight window, estimate rock strength parameters, sand management, and hydraulic fracturing. Ultrasonic lab and sonic log readings are often inconsistent because of the frequency differential and other considerations. Ultrasonic laboratory measurements and acoustic logs of shear wave velocity and compressional wave velocity for the Mishrif formation in the West Qurna-1 oil field are compared in this work to better understand how these critical measurements influence on the accuracy of calculating dynamic model. compressional (Vp) and shear (VS) wave velocities and density data were used to compute the porosity as well as elastic modulus. We observed a correlation between P wave velocity and sample elastic characteristics. Vp and elastic characteristics were correlated using regression analysis to generate empirical equations. Correlations between velocity data and the geological background of the region yielded excellent estimates of elastic characteristics. The results showed that there is a good agreement between Young's coefficient from the laboratory and the obtained log data, where the R2 value is 0.86. A good match between Vp and VS was also obtained for the laboratory data where the R2 value was 0.83.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124586481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fishbone Drilling (FbD) consists of drilling several micro-holes in different directions from the main vertical or deviated wellbore. Similar to multilateral micro-hole drilling, FbD may be used to enhance hydrocarbon production in naturally fractured formations or in refracturing operations by interconnecting the existing natural fractures. When combined with underbalanced drilling using a coiled tubing rig, FbD enhances the production further by easing the natural flow of the hydrocarbon from the reservoir to the wellbore. The design aspects of the Fishbones include determining the number, length, distance between the branches, and the angle of sidetracking of the branches from the main borehole. In addition, the design of efficient drill string components to suit the FbD conditions are another important design aspect in FbD technology development. Examples of this include a high-performance small, diameter downhole motor and the use of High Voltage Pulsed Discharge (HVPD) plasma shock waves at different pulse frequencies and wave pressures to impose shear forces on the formation to break it more easily. This paper will present a comprehensive review of the FbD technology, including some of its current applications and design aspects. The possibility of using FbD in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing to boost production by creating a network of connected fractures will be discussed, and some of its technical and economic benefits and challenges will be compared
{"title":"Applications of Underbalanced Fishbone Drilling for Improved Recovery and Reduced Carbon Footprint in Unconventional Plays","authors":"","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000331","url":null,"abstract":"Fishbone Drilling (FbD) consists of drilling several micro-holes in different directions from the main vertical or deviated wellbore. Similar to multilateral micro-hole drilling, FbD may be used to enhance hydrocarbon production in naturally fractured formations or in refracturing operations by interconnecting the existing natural fractures. When combined with underbalanced drilling using a coiled tubing rig, FbD enhances the production further by easing the natural flow of the hydrocarbon from the reservoir to the wellbore. The design aspects of the Fishbones include determining the number, length, distance between the branches, and the angle of sidetracking of the branches from the main borehole. In addition, the design of efficient drill string components to suit the FbD conditions are another important design aspect in FbD technology development. Examples of this include a high-performance small, diameter downhole motor and the use of High Voltage Pulsed Discharge (HVPD) plasma shock waves at different pulse frequencies and wave pressures to impose shear forces on the formation to break it more easily. This paper will present a comprehensive review of the FbD technology, including some of its current applications and design aspects. The possibility of using FbD in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing to boost production by creating a network of connected fractures will be discussed, and some of its technical and economic benefits and challenges will be compared","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128462408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fines migration in reservoirs has a major impact on the oil industry, causing damage to formations due to micrometric particle mobilization and a consequent reduction in well productivity, thus resulting in significant economic damage. An emerging alternative for solving this problem is the use of nanofluids to mitigate fines migration. Due to their physicochemical properties, the mesoporous nanoparticles present in nanofluids interact with fines in the well, diminishing their mobility without an important decrease in permeability. In this work, the effect of a nanofluid composed of biogenic SiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles on fines migration control was studied. A biogenic mesoporous nanosilica was synthesized from rice husks and dispersed in a fluid composed of a mixture of diesel and xylene. Laboratory core-flooding experiments with crude oil were performed. The compositions of the crude oil and the collected material were measured to determine the changes in the crude oil after it interacted with the nanofluid. Fines production was significantly reduced by the use of the nanofluid. The results showed that 0.4% SiO2 nanoparticle fluid decreased fines migration by up to 60% with a small variation in permeability. The results of the GPC-ICP-HRMS analysis of the crude oil after treatment showed that the nanoparticles adsorbed a fraction of the asphaltenes in the crude oil and served as nucleation centers for the agglomeration of fines, forming larger structures with high porosity and allowing the fines to be retained in the core with a low decrease in permeability.
{"title":"Biogenic SiO2 Nanoparticle-based Nanofluid for Fines Migration Control","authors":"","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000339","url":null,"abstract":"Fines migration in reservoirs has a major impact on the oil industry, causing damage to formations due to micrometric particle mobilization and a consequent reduction in well productivity, thus resulting in significant economic damage. An emerging alternative for solving this problem is the use of nanofluids to mitigate fines migration. Due to their physicochemical properties, the mesoporous nanoparticles present in nanofluids interact with fines in the well, diminishing their mobility without an important decrease in permeability. In this work, the effect of a nanofluid composed of biogenic SiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles on fines migration control was studied. A biogenic mesoporous nanosilica was synthesized from rice husks and dispersed in a fluid composed of a mixture of diesel and xylene. Laboratory core-flooding experiments with crude oil were performed. The compositions of the crude oil and the collected material were measured to determine the changes in the crude oil after it interacted with the nanofluid. Fines production was significantly reduced by the use of the nanofluid. The results showed that 0.4% SiO2 nanoparticle fluid decreased fines migration by up to 60% with a small variation in permeability. The results of the GPC-ICP-HRMS analysis of the crude oil after treatment showed that the nanoparticles adsorbed a fraction of the asphaltenes in the crude oil and served as nucleation centers for the agglomeration of fines, forming larger structures with high porosity and allowing the fines to be retained in the core with a low decrease in permeability.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126373196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：