Three bitumens obtained from crude oils widely differing in chemical nature were analyzed for generic composition. Separation into group components was carried out by liquid chromatography, using a new procedure. With this method, five fractions were separated, i.e. saturates, cyclics, light resins, heavy resins and asphaltenes. The size distribution of the asphaltene particles in the bitumens and the Heithaus parameters characterizing the colloidal stability of bitumen were determined. The results suggest that the role of the light resins in bitumen differs from that of the heavy resins, as they are constituents of the dispersing and dispersed phase, respectively. The cyclic components and light resins form the dispersing medium of bitumen while the heavy resins and asphaltenes constitute the dispersed material. Saturates are the bitumen components that deteriorate the peptization of asphaltene particles.
{"title":"Colloidal Stability of Bitumens Related to their Generic Composition","authors":"C. F.","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000322","url":null,"abstract":"Three bitumens obtained from crude oils widely differing in chemical nature were analyzed for generic composition. Separation into group components was carried out by liquid chromatography, using a new procedure. With this method, five fractions were separated, i.e. saturates, cyclics, light resins, heavy resins and asphaltenes. The size distribution of the asphaltene particles in the bitumens and the Heithaus parameters characterizing the colloidal stability of bitumen were determined. The results suggest that the role of the light resins in bitumen differs from that of the heavy resins, as they are constituents of the dispersing and dispersed phase, respectively. The cyclic components and light resins form the dispersing medium of bitumen while the heavy resins and asphaltenes constitute the dispersed material. Saturates are the bitumen components that deteriorate the peptization of asphaltene particles.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123884369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drilling specific energy (DSE) is an important factor for improving the drilling performance after reaching the maximum energy that is necessary to remove and destroy the rock volume underneath the bit. Therefore, field data are used to optimize and analyze the drilling performance by combining between hydraulic data and mechanical data to obtain the maximum DSE on different types of bits used to drill the Colibași stratigraphic column. These bits are tricone and PDC. Furthermore, Two sections (17 1/2" and 12 1/4") are optimized based on DSE equation and the 8 1/2" hole section was optimized based on simulation analysis done by Landmark software. Well 268 drilling data are used to perform this study and verify the results. It was found that DSE from various equations with different parameters has reach the same results. Also, DSE shows higher values for lower ROP and vise verse, and three different hole conditions' zones. Additionally, the simulation study showed another bit optimization through determining the variation of bit power, impact forces, and pressure losses with various pumping rates.
{"title":"Real Time Optimization of Drilling Operations and Performance Based on Drilling Specific Energy Determined from Actual Field Data","authors":"Halafawi M","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000323","url":null,"abstract":"Drilling specific energy (DSE) is an important factor for improving the drilling performance after reaching the maximum energy that is necessary to remove and destroy the rock volume underneath the bit. Therefore, field data are used to optimize and analyze the drilling performance by combining between hydraulic data and mechanical data to obtain the maximum DSE on different types of bits used to drill the Colibași stratigraphic column. These bits are tricone and PDC. Furthermore, Two sections (17 1/2\" and 12 1/4\") are optimized based on DSE equation and the 8 1/2\" hole section was optimized based on simulation analysis done by Landmark software. Well 268 drilling data are used to perform this study and verify the results. It was found that DSE from various equations with different parameters has reach the same results. Also, DSE shows higher values for lower ROP and vise verse, and three different hole conditions' zones. Additionally, the simulation study showed another bit optimization through determining the variation of bit power, impact forces, and pressure losses with various pumping rates.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126327142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unconventional plays development requires multistage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells; the wells’ trajectories are complexes and follow different patterns, such as toe-up, toe-down, hold-toe-up, and hold-toe- down. The trajectories patterns and undulations are caused by different factors and do have different consequences on the production performances, literature lacks field data highlighting the effect of the wells’ trajectories on production performance, thus the importance of the present paper’s statistical analysis. The objective of the study is to identify the influence of wells trajectories on their performances based on the public production database provided by the North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) for Williston Basin wells. To achieve the objective, it is required to characterize the undulation and trajectories, Firstly, based on the literature review, drilling methods and technologies used during the lateral section drilling do have an impact, and their selection is crucial for final undulations status and trajectories which influences the production behavior of the wells. Secondly, using an in-house developed code, 22,867 North Dakota Williston Basin drilled horizontal wells are analyzed, and the average angle change (AAC) is calculated for each individual lateral leg, along with the angles arithmetic average (AAA) and Sinuosity Index (SI). Due to the apparent erratic production behavior, a parameter has been defined called Normalized Production Efficiency (NPE) for Oil, Water, and Gas phases, specifically defined to remove 1) the effect of spatially distributed productivity variation, i.e. center of the basin is more productive than the basin periphery. 2) different stimulation treatment sizes, and 3) Early time production peaks. And then the Normalized Production Efficiency was plotted through heat maps and through scatter plots to observe its dependence on the undulations-related parameters. First, it is found that the Williston basin is dominated by toe-down wells and based on the literature review the following statements are inferred, 1) In terms of production performances when compared to the toe-up trajectories, fewer flow instabilities are expected. 2) Higher risk of water and solids accumulation are to be considered, and 3) Larger gas-oil-ratio variation during well production is to be expected. Second, the Normalized production efficiency exhibits a weak inverse correlation to the AAC, where higher AAC tends to correspond to lower normalized production efficiency meaning lower cumulative oil produced. Interestingly the normalized production efficiency parameter forms a bell-shaped scatter plot with the AAA parameter suggesting a spatial dependency as it is expected to see fewer deviated wells in the basin center compared to its flanks. After plotting the NPE for oil, AVG, and AAC on a heat map across the basin, it is shown that no special dependency is exhibited. Similar results are observed for NPE of Water
{"title":"Statistical and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Wellbore Trajectories in Williston Basin Horizontal Wells and their Effects on Production Performance","authors":"K. Y.","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000320","url":null,"abstract":"Unconventional plays development requires multistage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells; the wells’ trajectories are complexes and follow different patterns, such as toe-up, toe-down, hold-toe-up, and hold-toe- down. The trajectories patterns and undulations are caused by different factors and do have different consequences on the production performances, literature lacks field data highlighting the effect of the wells’ trajectories on production performance, thus the importance of the present paper’s statistical analysis. The objective of the study is to identify the influence of wells trajectories on their performances based on the public production database provided by the North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) for Williston Basin wells. To achieve the objective, it is required to characterize the undulation and trajectories, Firstly, based on the literature review, drilling methods and technologies used during the lateral section drilling do have an impact, and their selection is crucial for final undulations status and trajectories which influences the production behavior of the wells. Secondly, using an in-house developed code, 22,867 North Dakota Williston Basin drilled horizontal wells are analyzed, and the average angle change (AAC) is calculated for each individual lateral leg, along with the angles arithmetic average (AAA) and Sinuosity Index (SI). Due to the apparent erratic production behavior, a parameter has been defined called Normalized Production Efficiency (NPE) for Oil, Water, and Gas phases, specifically defined to remove 1) the effect of spatially distributed productivity variation, i.e. center of the basin is more productive than the basin periphery. 2) different stimulation treatment sizes, and 3) Early time production peaks. And then the Normalized Production Efficiency was plotted through heat maps and through scatter plots to observe its dependence on the undulations-related parameters. First, it is found that the Williston basin is dominated by toe-down wells and based on the literature review the following statements are inferred, 1) In terms of production performances when compared to the toe-up trajectories, fewer flow instabilities are expected. 2) Higher risk of water and solids accumulation are to be considered, and 3) Larger gas-oil-ratio variation during well production is to be expected. Second, the Normalized production efficiency exhibits a weak inverse correlation to the AAC, where higher AAC tends to correspond to lower normalized production efficiency meaning lower cumulative oil produced. Interestingly the normalized production efficiency parameter forms a bell-shaped scatter plot with the AAA parameter suggesting a spatial dependency as it is expected to see fewer deviated wells in the basin center compared to its flanks. After plotting the NPE for oil, AVG, and AAC on a heat map across the basin, it is shown that no special dependency is exhibited. Similar results are observed for NPE of Water","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125999125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work summarises the results of the research program at the Renewable Energy Group (GER) of the University of Buenos Aires on alternative properties for the characterization of liquid fuels. The study included fossil fuels: diesel fuel, gasoline, and methanol, and biofuels: biodiesel from different feedstocks and bioethanol. Blends of diesel fuel/biodiesel, gasoline/bioethanol, gasoline/methanol, biodiesel/butanol, and diesel fuel/biodiesel/butanol were also studied. The electrical, acoustical, and optical properties of fuels and blends were determined as a function of temperature and composition. From these results, the composition of blends was accurately estimated from measurements of permittivity and temperature. The research program included the study of correlations of the alternative properties with those indicated in the international quality standards for liquid fuels (kinematic viscosity, methanol content, flash point). These correlations make possible to verify the quality of liquid fuels with simpler and more convenient measurements in industrial settings, and also in the laboratory.
{"title":"Alternative Properties in Liquid Fuels and Blends","authors":"Romano Sd","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000321","url":null,"abstract":"This work summarises the results of the research program at the Renewable Energy Group (GER) of the University of Buenos Aires on alternative properties for the characterization of liquid fuels. The study included fossil fuels: diesel fuel, gasoline, and methanol, and biofuels: biodiesel from different feedstocks and bioethanol. Blends of diesel fuel/biodiesel, gasoline/bioethanol, gasoline/methanol, biodiesel/butanol, and diesel fuel/biodiesel/butanol were also studied. The electrical, acoustical, and optical properties of fuels and blends were determined as a function of temperature and composition. From these results, the composition of blends was accurately estimated from measurements of permittivity and temperature. The research program included the study of correlations of the alternative properties with those indicated in the international quality standards for liquid fuels (kinematic viscosity, methanol content, flash point). These correlations make possible to verify the quality of liquid fuels with simpler and more convenient measurements in industrial settings, and also in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114494426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The profiles of gas in reservoirs of the Nene Oil Field in the Lower Congo Basin was modelled and evaluated for the objective of delineating the reservoir structure. The wells are NNM Well 6, NNM Well 301 and NNM Well 302. The C1 profiles show significant difference between wells 6 and 301 relative to well 302. The C1 profile for Well 302 unravels gas migrations from different compartments at the reservoir depth and mixes at a depth of 1.5KM. The observation also indicates the presence of a fracture that allow homogenization of the gases at that depth. The iC4/nC4 ratio for NNM Well 302 showed a profile for which the ratio is greater than 1.0 throughout the well section downdip. The observation portrays biodegradation throughout the well section generation from an immature source. The study shows that the NNM Well 6 reservoir is laterally compartmentalized from others, while all the well shoe some potential for vertical continuity of the wells
{"title":"Gas Profiles Unravel Fractured and Compartmentalized Reservoirs","authors":"Takyi B","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000311","url":null,"abstract":"The profiles of gas in reservoirs of the Nene Oil Field in the Lower Congo Basin was modelled and evaluated for the objective of delineating the reservoir structure. The wells are NNM Well 6, NNM Well 301 and NNM Well 302. The C1 profiles show significant difference between wells 6 and 301 relative to well 302. The C1 profile for Well 302 unravels gas migrations from different compartments at the reservoir depth and mixes at a depth of 1.5KM. The observation also indicates the presence of a fracture that allow homogenization of the gases at that depth. The iC4/nC4 ratio for NNM Well 302 showed a profile for which the ratio is greater than 1.0 throughout the well section downdip. The observation portrays biodegradation throughout the well section generation from an immature source. The study shows that the NNM Well 6 reservoir is laterally compartmentalized from others, while all the well shoe some potential for vertical continuity of the wells","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133201298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleven (11) core samples from Agbada and Akata formations in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate their paleodepositional conditions and source input as well as to determine their thermal maturity. The distribution of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and biomarkers indicate a mixture (marine/terrigenous) organic matter source input for Agbada and Akata formation sediments deposited in marine environment. Low values of Phytane/nC18 (0.45 to 1.32) and Pristane/nC17 (0.37 to 1.8) indicates Marine organic matter contribution and anoxic-suboxic (Type II/III kerogens) depositional conditions of extract for Agbada and Akata Formations. The Carbon Preference Index (CPI) values for all analysed samples are slightly greater than 1.0 indicate a mixed input of marine and terrigenous organic matter deposited under relatively reducing (dysoxic) conditions. The high concentration of Oleanane in studied samples reveals that source rocks are tertiary age and belong to marine deltaic depositional environment. Moderate to higher Gammacerane index values ranging from 0.06 to 0.11, suggests water-column stratification, potentially due to hypersalinity for Isan oilfield well samples from Agbada formation. Biomarker maturity parameters suggest that the sediments have reached the early stages of hydrocarbon generation.
{"title":"Origin, Depositional Environment and Thermal Maturity of some Source Rocks from Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Kouadio Ke","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000318","url":null,"abstract":"Eleven (11) core samples from Agbada and Akata formations in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate their paleodepositional conditions and source input as well as to determine their thermal maturity. The distribution of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and biomarkers indicate a mixture (marine/terrigenous) organic matter source input for Agbada and Akata formation sediments deposited in marine environment. Low values of Phytane/nC18 (0.45 to 1.32) and Pristane/nC17 (0.37 to 1.8) indicates Marine organic matter contribution and anoxic-suboxic (Type II/III kerogens) depositional conditions of extract for Agbada and Akata Formations. The Carbon Preference Index (CPI) values for all analysed samples are slightly greater than 1.0 indicate a mixed input of marine and terrigenous organic matter deposited under relatively reducing (dysoxic) conditions. The high concentration of Oleanane in studied samples reveals that source rocks are tertiary age and belong to marine deltaic depositional environment. Moderate to higher Gammacerane index values ranging from 0.06 to 0.11, suggests water-column stratification, potentially due to hypersalinity for Isan oilfield well samples from Agbada formation. Biomarker maturity parameters suggest that the sediments have reached the early stages of hydrocarbon generation.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131271965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This mini-review aims to provide a methodology for practical solutions to improve the existing natural gas combustion through dilution using ammonia/hydrogen/nitrogen for industrial and domestic applications. The dilution of ammonia-hydrogen with natural gas greatly influences its combustion characteristics. The characteristics of natural gas-hydrogen and natural gasammonia are discussed briefly in this mini-review. Soot emission has a severe adverse effect on the environment and human health. A major solution to mitigate this problem is fuel dilution using hydrogen, nitrogen, or even ammonia. Hydrogen is the least emissive fuel which does not produce soot or carbon dioxide. The feasible alternative for emission and soot control is to reduce carbon footprint by fuel dilution.
{"title":"Effects of Natural Gas Dilution with Hydrogen-Ammonia Addition for Industrial and Domestic Applications","authors":"Hariharan V","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000313","url":null,"abstract":"This mini-review aims to provide a methodology for practical solutions to improve the existing natural gas combustion through dilution using ammonia/hydrogen/nitrogen for industrial and domestic applications. The dilution of ammonia-hydrogen with natural gas greatly influences its combustion characteristics. The characteristics of natural gas-hydrogen and natural gasammonia are discussed briefly in this mini-review. Soot emission has a severe adverse effect on the environment and human health. A major solution to mitigate this problem is fuel dilution using hydrogen, nitrogen, or even ammonia. Hydrogen is the least emissive fuel which does not produce soot or carbon dioxide. The feasible alternative for emission and soot control is to reduce carbon footprint by fuel dilution.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121721089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Residual oil can be mobilized by reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water and/or by altering the wettability of the rock through surfactant flooding. Recently natural surfactants have been considered as opposite to synthetic surfactants due to environmental problems associated with synthetic surfactants. This work introduces a plant-based natural surfactant named Matricaria Chamomilla as an agent of reservoir rock wettability alteration. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to measure rock samples' wettability. For this purpose, flotation wettability, separation wettability, and the pendant drop method were used. The results show that Matricaria Chamomilla extract (MCE) changes the reservoir rock wettability to some degree equivalent to other natural surfactants. The highest wettability variation was observed at 12%wt MCE concentration with 28% change and 21% for critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 5.5%wt.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Reservoir Rock Wettability Alteration by Matricaria Chamomilla Extract","authors":"K. R.","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000308","url":null,"abstract":"Residual oil can be mobilized by reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water and/or by altering the wettability of the rock through surfactant flooding. Recently natural surfactants have been considered as opposite to synthetic surfactants due to environmental problems associated with synthetic surfactants. This work introduces a plant-based natural surfactant named Matricaria Chamomilla as an agent of reservoir rock wettability alteration. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to measure rock samples' wettability. For this purpose, flotation wettability, separation wettability, and the pendant drop method were used. The results show that Matricaria Chamomilla extract (MCE) changes the reservoir rock wettability to some degree equivalent to other natural surfactants. The highest wettability variation was observed at 12%wt MCE concentration with 28% change and 21% for critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 5.5%wt.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130682384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K10 montmorillonite was used as the raw clay to prepare porous clay heterostructures (PCH) by organic template intercalation and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was used as silicone source. Fe was load on the PCH support by impregnation method to prepare Fe-PCH catalysts. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in a fixed bed micro-reactor in the atmosphere of 0.1% C3 H6 , 0.1%NO, 0~10%O2 in N2 balance. The total flow rate was 100ml/min and corresponding gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) was 15000h-1. The mircro-reaction pathways were studied by Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (DRIFTS). The influence of O2 on the SCR-C3 H6 reactivity over Fe-PCH was analyzed. The results showed that FePCH catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance without oxygen, which reached the maximum NO conversion of 100% at 4000 C. When the concentration of O2 is below a critical value, [O2 ]crit, the catalytic activity gradually decreased with the increasing concentration of O2 . When the concentration of O2 is above [O2 ]crit, the NO conversion was only 20%~30%. Fe-PCH catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results showed that Fe-PCH had supermicroporous and mesoporous structures. The active components on Fe-PCH catalyst were mainly α-Fe2 O3 nanorods, exposing (024) and (104) planes. The in situ DRIFTS technique was used to detect the reactive intermediates over the surface of Fe-PCH catalyst, which could help analyze the mechanism of the influence of oxygen on catalytic activity. The results presented that oxygen could inhibit the formation of isocyanate species over Fe-PCH catalyst during C3 H6 -SCR, which might be the reason for the decrease of NO conversion. Finally, a reasonable reaction path of C3 H6 -SCR over Fe-PCH catalyst was proposed.
{"title":"Effect of O2 on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by C3H6 over Fe Catalysts Supported on Porous Clay Heterostructures (Fe-PCH)","authors":"S. Y","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000309","url":null,"abstract":"K10 montmorillonite was used as the raw clay to prepare porous clay heterostructures (PCH) by organic template intercalation and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was used as silicone source. Fe was load on the PCH support by impregnation method to prepare Fe-PCH catalysts. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in a fixed bed micro-reactor in the atmosphere of 0.1% C3 H6 , 0.1%NO, 0~10%O2 in N2 balance. The total flow rate was 100ml/min and corresponding gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) was 15000h-1. The mircro-reaction pathways were studied by Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (DRIFTS). The influence of O2 on the SCR-C3 H6 reactivity over Fe-PCH was analyzed. The results showed that FePCH catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance without oxygen, which reached the maximum NO conversion of 100% at 4000 C. When the concentration of O2 is below a critical value, [O2 ]crit, the catalytic activity gradually decreased with the increasing concentration of O2 . When the concentration of O2 is above [O2 ]crit, the NO conversion was only 20%~30%. Fe-PCH catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results showed that Fe-PCH had supermicroporous and mesoporous structures. The active components on Fe-PCH catalyst were mainly α-Fe2 O3 nanorods, exposing (024) and (104) planes. The in situ DRIFTS technique was used to detect the reactive intermediates over the surface of Fe-PCH catalyst, which could help analyze the mechanism of the influence of oxygen on catalytic activity. The results presented that oxygen could inhibit the formation of isocyanate species over Fe-PCH catalyst during C3 H6 -SCR, which might be the reason for the decrease of NO conversion. Finally, a reasonable reaction path of C3 H6 -SCR over Fe-PCH catalyst was proposed.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129159924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A secondary recovery techniques are those used after natural energy depletion of an oil or a gas reservoir to boost its production such as gas lift and water injection. Both methods have been proved their success and effectiveness for enhancing field production. However, each reservoir or field has its own criteria and they may be ineffective depending field criteria and future plans. Furthermore, a field development strategy is considered as a key activity for enhancing the field recovery. Therefore, the aim of this article is to do well thermal simulation and analysis during making gas lift and water injection for Magurele field development at different conditions such temperature, tubing size, and production parameters. Several strategies are suggested from putting a new drilled well (M#206) on production till abandonment. A sensitivity study is done to know the effect geothermal zones and tubing size on well performance and flow regimes. It was found that utilizing a reservoir temperature of 70°C and tubing 3 1/2, all production activities displayed normal fluid and wellbore temperature profiles, using larger tubing or producing from the high temperature (HT) zone has only a minimal impact on the pressure profile, only slightly increasing surface pressures and The suggested production activities are unaffected by the higher temperature. With regard to the flow regime created by strategies, starting usage circumstances for tubing 3 1/2", with the exception of injection, which is turbulent in all scenarios, the flow regime is slug flow between 70°C and HT zones. Additionally, it seems like the bubbly flow is at shallower depths. Due to the use of 4 1/2-inch, the flow regime is altered to transitional and bubbly flows at deeper depths. This study helps to maximize the reservoir output and keep the new drilled wells usable and useful as long as possible.
{"title":"Thermal Simulations of Gas Lift and Water Injection Wells for Magurele Field Development: Future Strategies","authors":"Halafawi M","doi":"10.23880/ppej-16000310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000310","url":null,"abstract":"A secondary recovery techniques are those used after natural energy depletion of an oil or a gas reservoir to boost its production such as gas lift and water injection. Both methods have been proved their success and effectiveness for enhancing field production. However, each reservoir or field has its own criteria and they may be ineffective depending field criteria and future plans. Furthermore, a field development strategy is considered as a key activity for enhancing the field recovery. Therefore, the aim of this article is to do well thermal simulation and analysis during making gas lift and water injection for Magurele field development at different conditions such temperature, tubing size, and production parameters. Several strategies are suggested from putting a new drilled well (M#206) on production till abandonment. A sensitivity study is done to know the effect geothermal zones and tubing size on well performance and flow regimes. It was found that utilizing a reservoir temperature of 70°C and tubing 3 1/2, all production activities displayed normal fluid and wellbore temperature profiles, using larger tubing or producing from the high temperature (HT) zone has only a minimal impact on the pressure profile, only slightly increasing surface pressures and The suggested production activities are unaffected by the higher temperature. With regard to the flow regime created by strategies, starting usage circumstances for tubing 3 1/2\", with the exception of injection, which is turbulent in all scenarios, the flow regime is slug flow between 70°C and HT zones. Additionally, it seems like the bubbly flow is at shallower depths. Due to the use of 4 1/2-inch, the flow regime is altered to transitional and bubbly flows at deeper depths. This study helps to maximize the reservoir output and keep the new drilled wells usable and useful as long as possible.","PeriodicalId":282073,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126976510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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