Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.750489
G. Carli
A dual modulation control scheme is employed to generate two tightly controlled output voltages in an asymmetrical half-bridge PWM converter. The main output is controlled via duty ratio modulation while the second output via frequency modulation. Such a combination provides a cost-effective circuit with an optimal balance between operating frequency (thus size of magnetic components) and efficiency. In this paper, the circuit operation of the converter is described and its small signal behavior analyzed. Design constraints due to frequency-dependent nature of the power stage and some practical design considerations are also discussed.
{"title":"Dual modulation using the half bridge with complementary control","authors":"G. Carli","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.750489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.750489","url":null,"abstract":"A dual modulation control scheme is employed to generate two tightly controlled output voltages in an asymmetrical half-bridge PWM converter. The main output is controlled via duty ratio modulation while the second output via frequency modulation. Such a combination provides a cost-effective circuit with an optimal balance between operating frequency (thus size of magnetic components) and efficiency. In this paper, the circuit operation of the converter is described and its small signal behavior analyzed. Design constraints due to frequency-dependent nature of the power stage and some practical design considerations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132582468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.750519
R. Radys, J. Hall, J. Hayes, G. Skutt
Removing heat from the windings of a high power (>100 kW) transformer is a significant thermal challenge, especially in the case of the ultra-compact electric vehicle inductive charging transformer. In this paper, nine different transformer design techniques are outlined, analyzed and compared for optimization of the primary and secondary winding resistances to minimize copper losses in a high-power, high-frequency transformer. For the inductive charging transformer example illustrated, these techniques reduce the total winding losses by as much as 5 to 1 and the AC winding losses by 14 to 1. The techniques used are a mixture of well-known approaches, such as winding interleaving, and other lesser-known approaches, such as flux shaping. The winding losses are calculated using a two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) program, and using one-dimensional equations for comparative purposes. These techniques result in a high-power transformer with a power density greater than 1300 W/in/sup 3/.
{"title":"Optimizing AC and DC winding losses in ultra-compact, high-frequency, high-power transformers","authors":"R. Radys, J. Hall, J. Hayes, G. Skutt","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.750519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.750519","url":null,"abstract":"Removing heat from the windings of a high power (>100 kW) transformer is a significant thermal challenge, especially in the case of the ultra-compact electric vehicle inductive charging transformer. In this paper, nine different transformer design techniques are outlined, analyzed and compared for optimization of the primary and secondary winding resistances to minimize copper losses in a high-power, high-frequency transformer. For the inductive charging transformer example illustrated, these techniques reduce the total winding losses by as much as 5 to 1 and the AC winding losses by 14 to 1. The techniques used are a mixture of well-known approaches, such as winding interleaving, and other lesser-known approaches, such as flux shaping. The winding losses are calculated using a two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) program, and using one-dimensional equations for comparative purposes. These techniques result in a high-power transformer with a power density greater than 1300 W/in/sup 3/.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"40 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132639822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.749483
A. Lidow
The author looks at a few of the applications that can benefit most from the adoption of power conversion and examine some of the developments that will accelerate the adoption of power conversion technology. As environmental and other concerns slow the growth of electrical energy generation in coming years, it becomes essential that we conserve and use this limited and precious resource more efficiently. Conserving electricity and making it a better fuel relies on the widespread adoption of the power conversion process, which takes electricity from a source, such as the electrical wall socket or a battery, and converts it to a form exactly suited to the electrical load. The author looks at three of the applications that drive the growth of power conversion (motors, lighting and power supplies), and examines the key developments in semiconductors (standardised architecture, packaging, MOSFETs and IGBTs) that will enable the applications to flourish.
{"title":"The power conversion process as a prosperity machine. II. Power semiconductor road maps","authors":"A. Lidow","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.749483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.749483","url":null,"abstract":"The author looks at a few of the applications that can benefit most from the adoption of power conversion and examine some of the developments that will accelerate the adoption of power conversion technology. As environmental and other concerns slow the growth of electrical energy generation in coming years, it becomes essential that we conserve and use this limited and precious resource more efficiently. Conserving electricity and making it a better fuel relies on the widespread adoption of the power conversion process, which takes electricity from a source, such as the electrical wall socket or a battery, and converts it to a form exactly suited to the electrical load. The author looks at three of the applications that drive the growth of power conversion (motors, lighting and power supplies), and examines the key developments in semiconductors (standardised architecture, packaging, MOSFETs and IGBTs) that will enable the applications to flourish.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133215283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.749725
J. Zhou, L. Ma, Z. Qian
This paper presented a novel testing method for identifying acoustic resonance (AR) of HID lamps. It was successfully used in a control loop of a ballast of 250 W metal halide lamps. The line voltage feedforward (LVFF) method was adopted to ensure the testing precision. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme makes the examination of AR simple and reliable.
{"title":"A novel method for testing acoustic resonance of HID lamps","authors":"J. Zhou, L. Ma, Z. Qian","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.749725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.749725","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presented a novel testing method for identifying acoustic resonance (AR) of HID lamps. It was successfully used in a control loop of a ballast of 250 W metal halide lamps. The line voltage feedforward (LVFF) method was adopted to ensure the testing precision. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme makes the examination of AR simple and reliable.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133686996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.750475
D. Rendusara, K.J. Slater, B.S. Lee, P. Enjeti, I. Pitel, W. Gray
Auto-connected multipulse (12/24 pulse) rectifier schemes are cost-effective methods for reducing line current harmonics in PWM motor drive systems. Employing these schemes to enhance utility power quality requires careful attention to several design considerations. In particular: excursion of DC-link voltage at no load; effect of pre-existing voltage distortion; impedance mismatches; unequal diode drops on rectifier current sharing; and performance are fully analyzed. Several corrective measures to improve the performance of 12/24-pulse rectifier systems are also discussed. Finally, experimental results on a 460 V, 60 Hz, 400 kVA commercial ASD, retrofitted with 12/24 pulse rectifier systems, are discussed in detail.
{"title":"Design considerations for 12/24-pulse auto-connected rectifiers for large VA, PWM drive systems","authors":"D. Rendusara, K.J. Slater, B.S. Lee, P. Enjeti, I. Pitel, W. Gray","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.750475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.750475","url":null,"abstract":"Auto-connected multipulse (12/24 pulse) rectifier schemes are cost-effective methods for reducing line current harmonics in PWM motor drive systems. Employing these schemes to enhance utility power quality requires careful attention to several design considerations. In particular: excursion of DC-link voltage at no load; effect of pre-existing voltage distortion; impedance mismatches; unequal diode drops on rectifier current sharing; and performance are fully analyzed. Several corrective measures to improve the performance of 12/24-pulse rectifier systems are also discussed. Finally, experimental results on a 460 V, 60 Hz, 400 kVA commercial ASD, retrofitted with 12/24 pulse rectifier systems, are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134524637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.749508
Q. Li, F. Lee, T. Wilson, C.A. Qunn
This paper demonstrates a simulation procedure that can be used to verify both the component and the system level performance of a complex power supply design. The design verification of a bias power supply and its interactions in a multiple-converter power supply system operating at different switching frequencies is selected as an example to show the simulation capability to detect problems in a highly interactive power supply system.
{"title":"Using simulation for design verification of bias power supply and its interactions in a multiple-converter system","authors":"Q. Li, F. Lee, T. Wilson, C.A. Qunn","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.749508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.749508","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates a simulation procedure that can be used to verify both the component and the system level performance of a complex power supply design. The design verification of a bias power supply and its interactions in a multiple-converter power supply system operating at different switching frequencies is selected as an example to show the simulation capability to detect problems in a highly interactive power supply system.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"176 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134088611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.749702
S. Waikar, T. Gopalarathnam, H. Toliyat, J. Moreira
This paper analyzes the behavior of 2-phase, 3-phase, and 5-phase brushless permanent magnet (BPM) motors when supplied by suitable variable speed drives. The objective is to evaluate the suitability of these BPM motors for different applications. Nonlinear finite element method (FEM) is used for studying the flux density at various points of the machines and for calculating the developed static torque. The effect of the number of phases on the developed torque and the flux distribution in the back-iron and stator teeth is studied. Also, the effect of different current excitation waveforms on the developed electromagnetic torque generated in 2-phase, 3-phase, and 5-phase BPM motors at full load is studied. Further, dynamic simulation is used to predict the torque ripple in these BPM motors. Simulation results are verified by experimental results obtained from 2-phase and 3-phase BPM motors. It is shown that for the same amount of copper loss, the 2-phase BPM motor is more cost effective as it gives higher average torque as well as peak torque. However, it generates deeper notches in the developed torque, Iron utilization is better in the 5-phase BPM motor. The peak back-iron flux density remains the same as in the 2-phase and 3-phase BPM motors.
{"title":"Evaluation of multiphase brushless permanent magnet (BPM) motors using finite element method (FEM) and experiments","authors":"S. Waikar, T. Gopalarathnam, H. Toliyat, J. Moreira","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.749702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.749702","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the behavior of 2-phase, 3-phase, and 5-phase brushless permanent magnet (BPM) motors when supplied by suitable variable speed drives. The objective is to evaluate the suitability of these BPM motors for different applications. Nonlinear finite element method (FEM) is used for studying the flux density at various points of the machines and for calculating the developed static torque. The effect of the number of phases on the developed torque and the flux distribution in the back-iron and stator teeth is studied. Also, the effect of different current excitation waveforms on the developed electromagnetic torque generated in 2-phase, 3-phase, and 5-phase BPM motors at full load is studied. Further, dynamic simulation is used to predict the torque ripple in these BPM motors. Simulation results are verified by experimental results obtained from 2-phase and 3-phase BPM motors. It is shown that for the same amount of copper loss, the 2-phase BPM motor is more cost effective as it gives higher average torque as well as peak torque. However, it generates deeper notches in the developed torque, Iron utilization is better in the 5-phase BPM motor. The peak back-iron flux density remains the same as in the 2-phase and 3-phase BPM motors.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115788608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.750481
A. Brockschmidt, R. Carpenter, F. Shi
Worst case analysis (WCA) assignments are often considered to be daunting tasks, with a comprehensive analysis for a power converter often being 500 pages long. In this paper, the authors intend to show how to apply common analytical techniques for power supply designs, rather than presenting new or exotic analysis methods or models. Presented are tutorial guidelines to streamline that process, showing procedures and techniques to perform a WCA that will not only fulfill requirements, but also help find most hidden design problems.
{"title":"Guidelines and examples for performing worst case analysis","authors":"A. Brockschmidt, R. Carpenter, F. Shi","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.750481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.750481","url":null,"abstract":"Worst case analysis (WCA) assignments are often considered to be daunting tasks, with a comprehensive analysis for a power converter often being 500 pages long. In this paper, the authors intend to show how to apply common analytical techniques for power supply designs, rather than presenting new or exotic analysis methods or models. Presented are tutorial guidelines to streamline that process, showing procedures and techniques to perform a WCA that will not only fulfill requirements, but also help find most hidden design problems.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121590852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.750514
D. Casadei, G. Grandi, U. Reggiani, C. Rossi
Two shunt active power filter configurations are analyzed in this paper in order to define new control methods characterized by simple control algorithms and minimum voltage and current transducer requirements. The transfer functions for the two control schemes are determined and analyzed to emphasize the active filter behavior in both steady-state and transient conditions. The performance obtained by the proposed control schemes is similar to that of standard solutions. The experimental results substantially confirm the numerical results obtained by Simulink of Matlab.
{"title":"Control methods for active power filters with minimum measurement requirements","authors":"D. Casadei, G. Grandi, U. Reggiani, C. Rossi","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.750514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.750514","url":null,"abstract":"Two shunt active power filter configurations are analyzed in this paper in order to define new control methods characterized by simple control algorithms and minimum voltage and current transducer requirements. The transfer functions for the two control schemes are determined and analyzed to emphasize the active filter behavior in both steady-state and transient conditions. The performance obtained by the proposed control schemes is similar to that of standard solutions. The experimental results substantially confirm the numerical results obtained by Simulink of Matlab.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122783924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-03-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC.1999.749752
M. Jovanovic, Y. Jang
A technique which improves the performance of the boost converter by reducing the reverse-recovery-related losses in the boost switch and rectifier with an active snubber that is implemented with a minimum number of components is presented. This minimum-component count snubber consists of a snubber inductor, an auxiliary switch, and a rectifier. The proposed technique reduces the reverse-recovery-related losses by controlling the turn-off di/dt rate of the rectifier current with the snubber inductor connected in series with the boost switch and rectifier. The voltage and current stresses of the components in the proposed active-snubber boost converter are similar to those in its conventional "hard-switched" counterpart.
{"title":"A novel active snubber for high-power boost converters","authors":"M. Jovanovic, Y. Jang","doi":"10.1109/APEC.1999.749752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.1999.749752","url":null,"abstract":"A technique which improves the performance of the boost converter by reducing the reverse-recovery-related losses in the boost switch and rectifier with an active snubber that is implemented with a minimum number of components is presented. This minimum-component count snubber consists of a snubber inductor, an auxiliary switch, and a rectifier. The proposed technique reduces the reverse-recovery-related losses by controlling the turn-off di/dt rate of the rectifier current with the snubber inductor connected in series with the boost switch and rectifier. The voltage and current stresses of the components in the proposed active-snubber boost converter are similar to those in its conventional \"hard-switched\" counterpart.","PeriodicalId":287192,"journal":{"name":"APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123942413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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