Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Undergraduate Medical Students Regarding Surgical Correction of Refractive Errors; a Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Syedah Kanza Batool, Rabisa Batool, Kanwal Jamal, Muhammad Waqaruddin Sheroze, Muhammad Adil Ramzan, Syeda Afia Siddiqui","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i430239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i430239","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding refractive error correction surgeries among undergraduate medical students. \u0000Study Design: In this study cross-sectional study design was used. \u0000Duration and Place of Study: The study was conducted amongst the undergraduate MBBS students studying at Dow Medical College, Karachi. The duration of study was seven months (August, 2019 till February, 2020). \u0000Methods: A sample size of 189 was calculated for the study with confidence level 95% and confidence limit 5%. Data was collected through a validated self-administered questionnaire which was divided in five subsections used to gain information regarding participant’s demographics, knowledge, attitude and practices regarding refractive error surgeries. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS V.22. \u0000Results: In our study 189 students with a mean age of 21±1.8 years were included. Among the participants 112 (59.3%) had refractive errors. Glasses were used by majority 76 (67.9%) of participants for visual correction. Use of refractive error correction methods at all times was reported by 72 (66.7%) participants. Majority of respondents 142 (75.5%) had heard about surgery being used for correction of refractive errors. A large number of students 117 (66%) refused for surgery and fear of the outcomes was one of the reason for this refusal. \u0000Conclusion: We found that majority of the participants were aware about refractive error correction surgeries yet most of them showed unwillingness for these procedures. This negative attitude must be changed to positive in order to enhance the practice for these procedures.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"82 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120892813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy Analysis of Corneal Photo-vitrification (CPV) for Improved Vision of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Eyes","authors":"Jui-Teng Lin, Michael J. Berry","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i330238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i330238","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To analyze the safety and efficacy of corneal photovitrification (CPV) for improved visions of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes. \u0000Study Design: Using CPV for improved visions of AMD eyes. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, and Austin, TX, USA; between \u0000April, 2022 and June, 2022. \u0000Methodology: The CPV efficacy is calculated based on the rate equation given by dM/dt=-k(t) M(t), where M(t) is the PCV-treated corneal stroma; and k(t) is the rate coefficient given by an Arrhenius formula, k(t) = A0 exp[−Ea/(RT(t,z)], where t and z are the laser irradiation time and depth of the cornea stroma; Ea  is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The temperature spatial and temporal profiles are given by the numerical solutions of a heat diffusion equation with a volume heating source. Various effective depths including the tissue damage depth, temperature penetration depth and conversion depth, governed by the tissue absorption coefficient, light intensity and dose (or irradiation time), and the related threshold values, are introduced in replacing the conventional penetration depth based on a Beer's law. \u0000Results: The suggested protocol for CPV treatments include: a diode laser at about 2 µm wavelength (with absorption coefficient about 100 cm-1). The laser dose is about 25 J/cm2/spot and irradiation time of 150 ms. \u0000Conclusion: The efficacy of CPV may be predicted/calculated by our modeling based on rate equation and the corneal stroma temperature rise due to laser heating. The preferred retinal locus (PRL) movement observed post-CPV is caused mainly by neuroadaptation.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134119475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethambutol Effect on Retinal and Optic Nerve Structural Changes in Toxic Optic Neuropathy Case: A Literature Review","authors":"Itzar Chaidir Islam, B. Umar, Rahmawati Minhajat, A. Bukhari, D. K. Sari, C. Kaelan","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i330237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i330237","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs that reported to cause toxic effects on the eye structure. This study aims to elucidate the histological mechanism of retinal and optic nerve damage in toxic optic neuropathy cases. \u0000Reference Sources: The literature search was conducted in the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases using the latest publication of the 2012-2022 series. \u0000Studies Selection: The observational and randomized controlled trial studies analyzing the effect of ethambutol on retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion layer, inner cell plexiform layer thickness, optic nerve tissue, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception, visual evoked response, and patients' visual field were included. \u0000Data Extraction Method: Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent a specific evaluation, whereby the main focus was the ethambutol on retinal and optic nerve tissue. \u0000Results: The results showed that ethambutol affects the thinning of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL), decreasing the amount of Ganglion Cells and changing the optic nerve's histological function by damaging the mitochondria and axonal fiber. \u0000Conclusion: It was concluded that ethambutol has adverse effects on retinal and optic nerve tissue due to several mechanisms and significantly affects the patient's visual outcome.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117317409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Visual Acuity among Commercial Motorcyclists (Okada Riders) in the Main Campus of Abia State University Uturu Abia State Nigeria","authors":"C. D. Ubani, A. Amah, C. Ofoegbu, Chijioke, I. Ugboaja","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i330236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i330236","url":null,"abstract":"The visual ability of road users is fundamental to traffic safety. Despite the high burden of traffic crashes and associated mortality in low-income countries such as Nigeria, evidence for an association between vision function and traffic safety outcomes is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the visual acuity of commercial motorcyclists operating within the main campus of Abia State University, Uturu. Two hundred operators who had been on the job for at least one year constituted the test population, while staff and students of Abia State University, Uturu, who were sex and aged-matched and who are not commercial motor cyclists constituted the control group. Data were obtained with the aid of a structured questionnaire and clinical examinations were carried out by standard procedures. Results showed that Snellen’s fraction which is a indicator of visual acuity for the left eye of control and test groups  was recorded as 0.98+- 0.30 and 0.88+- 0.35 respectively and for the right eyes 0.99+- 0.10 and 0.87+- 0.50 respectively. Only 38% of test group had normal visual acuity of 6/6 compared to 73% of control. Visual acuity correlated negatively with age for the left (r = - 0.712) and right (r = - 0.740) eyes as well as with length of service for left (r = -0.623 and right (r = - 0.632) eyes of motorcyclist operators. In conclusion, visual acuity was inversely proportional to age and length of service.   ","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124898229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oculo-visual Assessment of Children and Adolescents with Special Needs in Selected Schools within IMO State, Nigeria","authors":"Chioma Lilian Owunna, Chigozie John Ekenze, Ifeoma Kate Okorie, A. U. Akujobi, J. Obioma-Elemba, Oyinyechi Lilian Umunnakwe, M. Ramyil, T. Ogundeko","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i330235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i330235","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This was a cross-sectional study conducted to assess the oculo-visual status of children with special needs in three selected special schools in Imo State, Nigeria. \u0000Children with special needs are at a higher risk of visual impairment as compared to normal population. Interestingly, majority of the ocular disorders are treatable. \u0000Methodology: The study was conducted on children ages 5-25years (mean 12.0 ± 3.2 years) and detailed ocular examination on 296 children using standard examination techniques was recorded. Results: Results revealed that oculo-visual disorders were seen in 196 (66.2%) children. Oculo-visual disorders were found in 75.5% of children with hearing impairment, 83.3% in children with cerebral palsy, 75% in children with autism, 85.7% in children with Down syndrome, 38.6% in children with speech disability, and 64% in children who are deaf and dumb. The most common ocular disorders seen in these children were refractive errors (30.5%), strabismus (12.7%), amblyopia (8.9%) and cataract (7.7%). Children requiring further evaluation were referred to base hospitals in Imo State, Nigeria. \u0000Conclusion: Oculo-visual problem is highly prevalent among children with special needs in Imo State, most commonly, the problems were refractive errors, strabismus, amblyopia, cataract and cornea disorders. The prevalence was predominant among the female teenagers (15-19years). Government and stakeholders in the health care and humanitarian sectors should place more priority on the ocular-health status of children with special needs.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128719179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Secondary to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria","authors":"Thiago Sande Miguel, Ermes Rodrigues Machado Filho, Bruna Sande Miguel, Daniel Almeida da Costa, Maurício B Pereira","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i330234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i330234","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To describe a Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Secondary to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. \u0000Presentation of Case: A 25 years old, male, student, in regular follow-up in the Hematology sector due to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria in regular use of Eculizumab. He reports a month ago that he suddenly noticed, upon waking up in the morning, blurring and decreased visual acuity in her left eye. \u0000Discussion: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder characterized by hemolysis, thrombosis, and bone marrow failure caused by defective expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) complement inhibitors. Most commonly, PNH is caused by the loss of PIGA function, which is necessary for GPI biosynthesis. \u0000Conclusions: Patients with hemolytic anemia, unexplained thrombosis, especially in uncommon sites, cytopenias and bone marrow failure syndromes, dysphagia, and unexplained abdominal pain should be screened for PNH. PNH patients can benefit greatly from the treatments available, with a reduction in the risk of serious sequelae and a considerable improvement in their quality of life. So that the patient continues to be followed up in the ophthalmology department, with decreased visual acuity ipsilateral to the lesion, with a relative afferent pupillary defect on that side.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"261 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Monochromatic Aberrations of the Cornea on Contrast Sensitivity under Photopic and Mesopic Conditions","authors":"E. Pateras, K. Ladopoulos, P. Drakopoulos","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i230233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i230233","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Vision is one of the most important senses. The first stage of vision is the creation of the observed object’s image on the retina. The quality of the retinal image is affected by several factors, such as   diffraction, sampling on the retina, chromatic aberration, scattering and higher order aberrations. The measurement of the quality is achieved both with subjective (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity) and objective methods (PSF, MTF, Strehl ratio, RMS). The purpose of this project is the measurement of higher order aberrations of the anterior corneal surface (with a Placido corneal topographer) and of the contrast sensitivity (with a Pelli Robson optotype). Then, we will try to find if there is a correlation between them. \u0000Methods and Materials: 20 persons participated in this survey, divided in two groups of 10 persons each. The first group (group 1) included subjects up to 39 years old and the second group (group 2) from 40 years and up. The participants didn’t have any pathological problems, except lower order refractive errors. Both eyes of each individual were included in the procedure. First, the higher order aberrations of the anterior corneal surface were measured, with the implementation of a Placido corneal topographer. This was followed by a measurement of the contrast sensitivity. The whole procedure took place under two lighting conditions, both photopic and mesopic. The examination presentation of the higher order aberrations is performed with the use of Zernike polynomials. \u0000Results: The results of the measuring procedure showed that for the first group, under photopic conditions (luminance 32.70 cd/m2) the mean value (± standard deviation) for the higher order aberrations RMS and decimal logarithm contrast sensitivity was 0.073 ± 0.018μm and 1.54 ± 0,16 (contrast 2.88 ± 1.24%) respectively. For the second group the corresponding values were 0.080 ± 0.036μm and 1.59 ± 0.16 (contrast 2.57 ± 1.24%). Accordingly, under mesopic conditions (luminance 1.14 cd/m2) the values for the first group were 0.252 ± 0.064 μm and 1.27 ± 0.15 (contrast 5.37 ± 2.06%), while for the second were 0.253 ± 0.069μm and 1.32 ± 0.12 (contrast 4.79 ± 1.35%). Spherical aberration and coma (horizontal and vertical) were also measured for both groups under photopic and mesopic conditions. The results showed that for the first group, under photopic conditions, RMS for coma and spherical aberration is 0.033 ± 0.014 μm and 0.022 ± 0.011 μm respectively, while for the second group 0.041 ± 0.027 μm and 0.024 ± 0.008 μm. Under mesopic conditions, the relevant results are 0.139 ± 0.065 μm and 0.124 ± 0.035μm for the first group and 0.149 ± 0.066 μm and 0.107 ± 0.038 μm for the second group. \u0000Finally, we should mention here that the equivalent defocus error corresponding to the higher order aberration RMS was estimated. The results for all the participants (without age separation), are 0.23 ± 0.09D (photopic conditions) and 0.28 ± 0.07D (mesopic conditions)","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126130007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital Ocular Melanocytosis: Case Report","authors":"Thiago Sande Miguel, Fernanda Bekman Diniz Mitleg Rocha, Tais Cristina Rossett, Felipe Bekman Diniz Mitleg Rocha, Eduardo F Damasceno, Daniel Almeida da Costa","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i230231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i230231","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To describe Congenital Ocular Melanocytosis. \u0000Presentation of Case: LPC, 7 years old, male, brown, with no previous comorbidities, was taken to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Brazil by parents who alleged the presence of bluish-looking lesions in the sclera of the child's right eye since birth. \u0000Discussion: Congenital Ocular Melanocytosis is a rare pathology characterized by an increase in the number, size and pigmentation of melanocytes. Its pathophysiological picture is unknown, but it is believed to be due to an alteration in the migration of melanocytes from the neural crest to the epidermis during the embryonic process. This condition can be complicated by glaucoma and uveal melanoma. Gonioscopy is essential in these cases to assess whether there is pigmentation of the trabeculae, so that the propaedeutics of investigation of glaucoma becomes essential in these patients, since 10% of cases can complicate this condition. \u0000Conclusions: Congenital Ocular Melanocytosis early in life and the importance of monitoring these patients should be emphasized. Comprehensive tests are important for early detection and treatment, in order to improve the prognosis and avoid more severe consequences than what can happen from melanocytosis.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132246527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression among Glaucoma Patients in a Tertiary Health Institution in South-South Nigeria","authors":"Nnenne N. Ani, Godswill Inye Nathaniel","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i230230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i230230","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with Anxiety and Depression among `glaucoma patients. \u0000Study Design: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital Port Harcourt, Nigeria. From February to June 2016. \u0000Patients and Methods: Glaucoma patients aged 18 years or older with no history of coexisting ocular pathology or chronic systemic illness were included in the study. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were administered. Ocular examinations done included visual acuity, applanation tonometry, and ophthalmoscopy. Perimetry was done using a standard achromatic perimetry with a fast threshold central 30-2 strategy. Data obtained from the subjects were analysed using SPSS (Version 20), and p value set at < 0.05. \u0000Results: There were 141 males (47%) and 158 females (53%) giving a male: female ratio 1:1.12. The age range was 20-86 years with mean age of 53.61± 14.23 years. The prevalence of Anxiety and Depression were 37.5% and 34.1% respectively, while 53 subjects (17.7%) had both anxiety and depression. The mean scores of anxiety and depression among the study subjects were 6.49±3.851 (CI 6.05-6.93) and 5.78±3.832 (95% CI 5.35-6.21) respectively. Family history (O.R=1.893;P-value=0.019), previous membership of a Glaucoma Society(O.R=2.633;P-value=0.007), and BCVA in the better eye(O.R=0.235;P-value=0.001), were significant predictors of anxiety while age(O.R=0.774;P-value=0.029), educational status (O.R=0.139;P-value=0.001), and BCVA in the better eye (O.R=4.865;P-value=0.001) were significant predictive factors for depression after adjustment for cofounding factors. \u0000Conclusion: There is high prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among this cohort of glaucoma patients. Combined management of glaucoma patients with Neuropsychiatrists will promote a holistic management with early detection of mental health challenges.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128643486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Case Report","authors":"Amanda Dinalli Francisco, Thiago Sande Miguel, Ana Luiza Mansur Souto, Daniel Almeida da Costa, Maurício Bastos Pereira","doi":"10.9734/or/2022/v16i230229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2022/v16i230229","url":null,"abstract":"Aims:To describe a Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome. \u0000Presentation of Case: MCL, 7 years old, female, brown, was taken to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Brazil by her parents, complaining of low visual acuity and malformation of the pupil perceived since birth. \u0000Discussion: Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome is a rare and hereditary disease. Clinically, Axenfeld's anomaly is characterized by the presence of posterior embryotoxon, and there may be adherence of iridian tissue in its periphery. In addition to Rieger's anomaly, posterior embryotoxon is added to iris hypoplasia and iris thickness defects, uveal ectropion and pupillary alterations, such as corectopia. Rieger's syndrome is associated with extraocular changes, of which hypodontia, myicrodontia, maxillary hypoplasia, telecanthus, hypertelorism and hypospadias stand out. \u0000Conclusions: Therefore, the importance of early diagnosis, follow-up and adequate treatment becomes evident in order to preserve the visual function of patients and thus avoid an unfavorable evolution.","PeriodicalId":287685,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126609366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}