Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701823
S. Kohlmyer, T. Lewellen, D. Mankoff, M. S. Kaplan
As part of a project aimed at understanding and accounting for collimator effects in SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography) images, a robot and collimator system is being constructed to accurately position a narrow beam of radiation. The beam from the collimator will have a diameter of no more than 5 mm FWTM (full width tenth maximum) at a distance of 30 cm and will improve, due to penumbra effects, as the distance decreases. Positioning will be done by a wrist (two degrees of angular motion) on a Cartesian arm (three degrees of linear motion) controlled by a CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement and Control) system and LabView software on the Macintosh. Beam positioning error should be less than 2.5 mm at a distance of 30 cm. While the majority of the use will be in a bench environment, the design will also function within the tunnel of a whole body PET scanner or with a SPECT camera. With this in mind, the stepping motor drivers will toggle a signal, compatible with standard cardiac gating signals, to signify if the arm is stationary or in motion. This will allow sorting of many positions taken during the same acquisition on most PET and SPECT scanners. As a further convenience, the collimator assembly will have an internal laser that will aid in calibration of the robot and accurate positioning of the beam.
{"title":"Design And Development Of A Collimator And Robot For Use In Detector/collimator Studies","authors":"S. Kohlmyer, T. Lewellen, D. Mankoff, M. S. Kaplan","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701823","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a project aimed at understanding and accounting for collimator effects in SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography) images, a robot and collimator system is being constructed to accurately position a narrow beam of radiation. The beam from the collimator will have a diameter of no more than 5 mm FWTM (full width tenth maximum) at a distance of 30 cm and will improve, due to penumbra effects, as the distance decreases. Positioning will be done by a wrist (two degrees of angular motion) on a Cartesian arm (three degrees of linear motion) controlled by a CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement and Control) system and LabView software on the Macintosh. Beam positioning error should be less than 2.5 mm at a distance of 30 cm. While the majority of the use will be in a bench environment, the design will also function within the tunnel of a whole body PET scanner or with a SPECT camera. With this in mind, the stepping motor drivers will toggle a signal, compatible with standard cardiac gating signals, to signify if the arm is stationary or in motion. This will allow sorting of many positions taken during the same acquisition on most PET and SPECT scanners. As a further convenience, the collimator assembly will have an internal laser that will aid in calibration of the robot and accurate positioning of the beam.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125276593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701719
V. Jordanov, G. Knoll, H. Spieler, A. Huber, J.A. Pantazis
An alternative type of detector-preamplifier configuration (DuAmp) has been assembled and tested* . The circuit employs two identical charge sensitive preamplifiers with the detector connected between the two preamplifier inputs. One of the preamplifiers is powered by voltage supplies referenced to ground potential, while the second one is powered by isolated supplies referenced to the bias voltage of the detector. The detector is biased by the voltage difference between the inputs of the two preamplifiers. The output of one of the preamplifiers is inverted and added to the output signal of the other preamplifier. The resultant signal is processed by pulse shaping electronics. For our application, the circuit has been shown to exhibit an overall noise level that is lower than that obtained using an equivalent single preamplifier in a conventional manner. A preliminary analysis of the circuit shows that the improvements are to be expected only in circumstances in which the ratio of detector to preamplifier capacitance is small.
{"title":"The DuAmp - An Alternative Input Configuration For Detector Preamplifiers","authors":"V. Jordanov, G. Knoll, H. Spieler, A. Huber, J.A. Pantazis","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701719","url":null,"abstract":"An alternative type of detector-preamplifier configuration (DuAmp) has been assembled and tested* . The circuit employs two identical charge sensitive preamplifiers with the detector connected between the two preamplifier inputs. One of the preamplifiers is powered by voltage supplies referenced to ground potential, while the second one is powered by isolated supplies referenced to the bias voltage of the detector. The detector is biased by the voltage difference between the inputs of the two preamplifiers. The output of one of the preamplifiers is inverted and added to the output signal of the other preamplifier. The resultant signal is processed by pulse shaping electronics. For our application, the circuit has been shown to exhibit an overall noise level that is lower than that obtained using an equivalent single preamplifier in a conventional manner. A preliminary analysis of the circuit shows that the improvements are to be expected only in circumstances in which the ratio of detector to preamplifier capacitance is small.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125400094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.373548
M. Bélanger, A. B. Dobrzeniecki, J. Yanch
The noise characteristics of synthetic images generated by a Monte Carlo SPECT simulation package (Sim-SPECT) were examined. Sim-SPECT generates single planer projections via analog Monte Carlo methods but uses a directional photon cloning technique to simulate tomographic acquisition. Statistical noise characteristics were investigated in both single planar projection and tomographic acquisitions, the latter to assess the potential noise distortion of the directional cloning algorithm. The root-mean-square (EMS) and the noise power spectrum were two mathematical measures used to characterise the noise. NPS was estimated using spectral averaging techniques. Synthetic Sim-SPECT and experimental data (both single planar and tomographic acquisitions) were obtained using phantoms of identical dimensions and uniform activity.<>
{"title":"Noise characteristics of a SPECT simulation system","authors":"M. Bélanger, A. B. Dobrzeniecki, J. Yanch","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.373548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.373548","url":null,"abstract":"The noise characteristics of synthetic images generated by a Monte Carlo SPECT simulation package (Sim-SPECT) were examined. Sim-SPECT generates single planer projections via analog Monte Carlo methods but uses a directional photon cloning technique to simulate tomographic acquisition. Statistical noise characteristics were investigated in both single planar projection and tomographic acquisitions, the latter to assess the potential noise distortion of the directional cloning algorithm. The root-mean-square (EMS) and the noise power spectrum were two mathematical measures used to characterise the noise. NPS was estimated using spectral averaging techniques. Synthetic Sim-SPECT and experimental data (both single planar and tomographic acquisitions) were obtained using phantoms of identical dimensions and uniform activity.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116526415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701784
Y. Narita, Yeng Chen, H. Tamamoto, R. Igarashi
Since the judgment system which is adopted in a nuclear facility is well designed, users cannot easily get the explanation of rules and cannot modify registered rules. This paper refers to the development of judgment system with which people can construct judgment rules easily using a personal computer. We can apply the system to actual judgment process. With the present system by applying 3AND-3-OR judgment rule to within 60 items, we can obtain the result of 4-Stage-20-Item judgment. Because of its simplicity, the system proposed may be used by people who do not specialize in a computer. Our system can be operated under various DOS computers at a nearly real-time speed.
由于核设施采用的判断系统设计良好，用户无法轻易获得规则的解释，也无法修改已注册的规则。本文介绍了一种可以在个人计算机上方便地构建裁判规则的裁判系统的开发。我们可以将该系统应用到实际的判决过程中。在现有的系统中，通过对60项内的3- and -3- or判断规则，我们可以得到4-Stage-20-Item判断的结果。由于它的简单性，所提出的系统可以被不专门研究计算机的人使用。我们的系统可以在各种DOS计算机上以近乎实时的速度运行。
{"title":"A Judgment System Being Able To Construct By Personal Computer","authors":"Y. Narita, Yeng Chen, H. Tamamoto, R. Igarashi","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701784","url":null,"abstract":"Since the judgment system which is adopted in a nuclear facility is well designed, users cannot easily get the explanation of rules and cannot modify registered rules. This paper refers to the development of judgment system with which people can construct judgment rules easily using a personal computer. We can apply the system to actual judgment process. With the present system by applying 3AND-3-OR judgment rule to within 60 items, we can obtain the result of 4-Stage-20-Item judgment. Because of its simplicity, the system proposed may be used by people who do not specialize in a computer. Our system can be operated under various DOS computers at a nearly real-time speed.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122412261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701686
D. Kozhevnikov, N. Lazutkina
A new approach to algorithmical support for operative petrophysical interpretation of nuclear well logging (CNL or SNP, NGRS or NGR, FDL) data is described. Original modules of individual interpretation takes into account radial heterogeneity of a tool-borehole-bed system by radial sensitivity and integral radial geometric factors for different zones. For complex interpretation componential analysis method with adaptive petrophisycal tuning and preliminary clastering of the geological section are used. Reliable extracting of reservoirs is obtained by determining of mineralogical composition of deposits and by petrophysical filtration according to evaluated dynamic porosity. Some results of the componential analysis for terrigeneous deposits of Tyumen Suite (West Siberia) are presented.
{"title":"Operative Petrophysical Interpretation Of The Nuclear Well Logging Data","authors":"D. Kozhevnikov, N. Lazutkina","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701686","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach to algorithmical support for operative petrophysical interpretation of nuclear well logging (CNL or SNP, NGRS or NGR, FDL) data is described. Original modules of individual interpretation takes into account radial heterogeneity of a tool-borehole-bed system by radial sensitivity and integral radial geometric factors for different zones. For complex interpretation componential analysis method with adaptive petrophisycal tuning and preliminary clastering of the geological section are used. Reliable extracting of reservoirs is obtained by determining of mineralogical composition of deposits and by petrophysical filtration according to evaluated dynamic porosity. Some results of the componential analysis for terrigeneous deposits of Tyumen Suite (West Siberia) are presented.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122547032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701657
V. Afanasenko, V. Baryshevsky, A. Lobko
The development of new large accelerators arises a problem of the measurements of super-high energy beam parameters. One of the comparatively new physical effects, which can be used for solution of this problem is parametric X-rays (PX) generated by an ultra-relativistic particle passing in a single crystal with uniform velocity. Dependence of the PX intensity and angular distribution on the charged particle Lorenz factor is shown. The possibilities of the PX application for energy determination and identrfcation of the high energy particles and ions have been discussed.
{"title":"Parametric X-rays As A Promising Radiation Mechanism For High Energy Particle Identification","authors":"V. Afanasenko, V. Baryshevsky, A. Lobko","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701657","url":null,"abstract":"The development of new large accelerators arises a problem of the measurements of super-high energy beam parameters. One of the comparatively new physical effects, which can be used for solution of this problem is parametric X-rays (PX) generated by an ultra-relativistic particle passing in a single crystal with uniform velocity. Dependence of the PX intensity and angular distribution on the charged particle Lorenz factor is shown. The possibilities of the PX application for energy determination and identrfcation of the high energy particles and ions have been discussed.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124783668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.373625
E. Mumcuoglu, R. Leahy, S. Cherry
The authors describe conjugate gradient algorithms for reconstruction of transmission and emission PET images. The reconstructions are based on a Bayesian formulation where the data are modeled as a collection of independent Poisson random variables and the image is modeled using a Markov random field. To ensure non-negativity of the solution a penalty function is used to convert the problem to one of unconstrained optimization. Preconditioners are used to enhance convergence rates. These methods generally achieve effective convergence in 15-25 iterations. Reconstructions are presented of an /sup 18/FDG whole body scan from data collected using a Siemens/CTI ECAT931 whole body system. These results indicate significant improvements in emission image quality using the Bayesian approach, in comparison to filtered backprojection, particularly when reprojections of the MAP transmission image are used in place of the standard attenuation correction factors.<>
{"title":"Fast Bayesian techniques for attenuation corrected whole-body PET","authors":"E. Mumcuoglu, R. Leahy, S. Cherry","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.373625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.373625","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe conjugate gradient algorithms for reconstruction of transmission and emission PET images. The reconstructions are based on a Bayesian formulation where the data are modeled as a collection of independent Poisson random variables and the image is modeled using a Markov random field. To ensure non-negativity of the solution a penalty function is used to convert the problem to one of unconstrained optimization. Preconditioners are used to enhance convergence rates. These methods generally achieve effective convergence in 15-25 iterations. Reconstructions are presented of an /sup 18/FDG whole body scan from data collected using a Siemens/CTI ECAT931 whole body system. These results indicate significant improvements in emission image quality using the Bayesian approach, in comparison to filtered backprojection, particularly when reprojections of the MAP transmission image are used in place of the standard attenuation correction factors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126918451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701685
V. Baryshevsky, A.A. Khrutchinsky, V. Moroz, M.D. Dezhurko
{"title":"Gamma-rays Spectrometric System For Remote Detection And Control Of Fissile Materials","authors":"V. Baryshevsky, A.A. Khrutchinsky, V. Moroz, M.D. Dezhurko","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701685","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123371801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701820
G. Chinn, Sung-Cheng Huang, S. Siegel, B. Kwan
Image reconstruction by Maximum a Posteriori sinogram restoration and Radon inversion (MAP-RI) was evaluated. Its equivalence with Maximum a Posteriori al- gebraic reconstruction (MAP-ART) was established. A fast practical implementation of MAP-RI was developed using truncated priors and filtered backprojection (MAP-FBP). Simulations using one plane of the Hoffman 3-D brain phan- tom at both low SNR and high SNR were used for quanti- tative comparisons of resolution and noise variance. Com- pared to conventional FBP with ramp cutoff at Nyquist, MAP-ART can produce images with 40% greater resolu- tion and comparable noise variance in the high activity re- gions of phantoms. In comparison, MAP-FBP can yield a 30% improvement in resolution with equivalent noise to FBP. However, MAP-FBP using an iterative expectation- maximization (EM) algorithm converges rapidly (< 10 iter- ations) with an order-of-magnitude lower cost per iteration compared to MAP-ART.
{"title":"Comparison Of Bayesian Methods For Sinogram Filtered Backprojection And Algebraic Reconstruction","authors":"G. Chinn, Sung-Cheng Huang, S. Siegel, B. Kwan","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701820","url":null,"abstract":"Image reconstruction by Maximum a Posteriori sinogram restoration and Radon inversion (MAP-RI) was evaluated. Its equivalence with Maximum a Posteriori al- gebraic reconstruction (MAP-ART) was established. A fast practical implementation of MAP-RI was developed using truncated priors and filtered backprojection (MAP-FBP). Simulations using one plane of the Hoffman 3-D brain phan- tom at both low SNR and high SNR were used for quanti- tative comparisons of resolution and noise variance. Com- pared to conventional FBP with ramp cutoff at Nyquist, MAP-ART can produce images with 40% greater resolu- tion and comparable noise variance in the high activity re- gions of phantoms. In comparison, MAP-FBP can yield a 30% improvement in resolution with equivalent noise to FBP. However, MAP-FBP using an iterative expectation- maximization (EM) algorithm converges rapidly (< 10 iter- ations) with an order-of-magnitude lower cost per iteration compared to MAP-ART.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121543242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-31DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701678
H. Chou, D. Lai, C.I. Hsu
The presented x-ray imaging system is based on a typical industrial grade charge-coupled device (CCD) which is coupled to a phosphor screen and operated at room-temperature. Image acquisition and data analysis is performed using a commercial 8-bit frame grabber and a personal computer. The setup, noise reduction, and the response of fluorescent converters were evaluated with an x-ray tube. Measurements indicate that the system can achieve a spatial resolution of 16 line pairs per mm and a contrast of sensing a piece of 0.1 mm thick plastic sheet. Demonstrations have shown that the system can detect the fluid level in opaque plastic bottles, flaws in mechanical parts, wiring diagram in electrical parts, and to the extreme, 30 pm gold wires in plastic capped integrated circuit chips.
{"title":"A CCD Based X-ray Imaging System For Industrial Applications","authors":"H. Chou, D. Lai, C.I. Hsu","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701678","url":null,"abstract":"The presented x-ray imaging system is based on a typical industrial grade charge-coupled device (CCD) which is coupled to a phosphor screen and operated at room-temperature. Image acquisition and data analysis is performed using a commercial 8-bit frame grabber and a personal computer. The setup, noise reduction, and the response of fluorescent converters were evaluated with an x-ray tube. Measurements indicate that the system can achieve a spatial resolution of 16 line pairs per mm and a contrast of sensing a piece of 0.1 mm thick plastic sheet. Demonstrations have shown that the system can detect the fluid level in opaque plastic bottles, flaws in mechanical parts, wiring diagram in electrical parts, and to the extreme, 30 pm gold wires in plastic capped integrated circuit chips.","PeriodicalId":287813,"journal":{"name":"1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124385846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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