Corrosion Science最新文献_第9页

Improved corrosion resistance of AA5083 after 2 years of exposure in seawater splash and tidal zones: Formation of a protective surface film 在海水飞溅和潮汐区暴露2年后，AA5083的耐腐蚀性得到改善：形成保护表面膜

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113573

Yuanyuan Ji , Yuheng Wu , Weimin Qin , Weixian Jin , Wenbin Hu , Xinjie Yao , Hongqiang Fan , Da-Hai Xia , Bernard Tribollet

Localized corrosion caused by oxide film breakdown significantly shortens the service life of aluminum alloys in marine environments. However, there are few detailed data available for longer-term field exposures of Al-Mg alloys, especially for the properties of the oxide film. Here, the surface films formed on an unsensitized and a sensitized 5083 Al-Mg alloy samples after 2 years of exposure in the splash zone and the tidal zone are investigated. Pitting corrosion was observed on the samples exposed to the splash zone, whereas the samples in the tidal zone exhibited a characteristic of uniform corrosion. A near-surface deformed layer (NSDL) composed of nanocrystalline grains was found to inhibit intergranular corrosion (IGC) in the sensitized Al-Mg alloy. From the high splash zone to the tidal zone, the corrosion resistance of the surface film that consists of an outer loose corrosion products layer and an inner oxide film decreased. Longer drying time and sufficient oxygen supply in the high splash zone facilitated the formation of a complete oxide film with high Al₂O₃ content. Under prolonged wetting time and limited oxygen supply in the tidal zone, a defective oxide film enriched in Mg and Si formed on the alloy surface. Our findings provide insights into the corrosion evolution mechanism and oxide film formation of Al-Mg alloys in marine splash and tidal zones.

氧化膜击穿引起的局部腐蚀大大缩短了铝合金在海洋环境中的使用寿命。然而，很少有关于Al-Mg合金长期野外暴露的详细数据，特别是关于氧化膜性能的数据。在这里，研究了在飞溅区和潮汐区暴露2年后，未敏化和敏化的5083 Al-Mg合金样品上形成的表面膜。溅溅区试样呈现点蚀现象，潮溅区试样呈现均匀腐蚀现象。发现由纳米晶组成的近表面变形层（NSDL）抑制了敏化铝镁合金的晶间腐蚀（IGC）。从高飞溅区到潮区，由外部松散腐蚀产物层和内部氧化膜组成的表面膜的耐蚀性下降。较长的干燥时间和高飞溅区充足的氧气供应有利于形成高Al2O3含量的完整氧化膜。在长时间的润湿和潮带缺氧条件下，合金表面形成了一层富含Mg和Si的缺陷氧化膜。本研究结果对铝镁合金在海洋飞溅和潮汐带中的腐蚀演化机制和氧化膜的形成提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Laboratory-to-field equivalence of corrosion in stabilized-treated Q420qENH weathering steel 经稳定处理的Q420qENH耐候钢的实验室到现场腐蚀等效

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113570

Guiyi Zhou , Tieming Guo , Junwei Miao , Yaobing Wei , Zefen Liang , Xueli Nan , Ruihua Zhang

This work investigates the correlation between natural atmospheric exposure and laboratory-accelerated corrosion behavior of Q420qENH weathering steel. In both environments, the mass-gain kinetics were found to follow the relationship ΔW=A·tⁿ. On this kinetic analysis, a time-conversion model was established: lnt_atm= 0.72129 lnt_acc-2.01994. The model indicates that 20 days of alternating wet-dry testing is equivalent to approximately one year of natural exposure, thereby providing a quantitative basis for predicting service life in engineering applications. Regarding corrosion products and morphology, natural exposure resulted in the formation of a denser inner rust layer with stronger adhesion to the substrate. However, it also led to more pronounced surface undulation and dust deposition. In contrast, the alternating wet-dry tests produced a smoother surface and a more uniform distribution of corrosion products, albeit with a higher density of pores and microcracks. Evaluation of the stabilization treatment revealed that it promotes the enrichment of Cu and Cr and accelerates the formation of α-FeOOH within the rust layer. This process contributes to grain refinement in the rust layer and facilitates the healing of micro-defects. These findings establish a theoretical basis for evaluating the performance and engineering application of stabilization-treated weathering steel, while also offering valuable insights for designing accelerated corrosion tests and assessing the service life of various steel grades in diverse corrosive environments.

本文研究了自然大气暴露与Q420qENH耐候钢实验室加速腐蚀行为之间的关系。在这两种环境下，发现质量增益动力学遵循ΔW=A·t·n。在动力学分析的基础上，建立了时间转换模型：lntatm= 0.72129 lntatc -2.01994。该模型表明，20天的干湿交替试验相当于大约一年的自然暴露，从而为预测工程应用中的使用寿命提供了定量依据。在腐蚀产物和形态方面，自然暴露导致形成更致密的内锈层，与基材的附着力更强。然而，它也导致了更明显的表面波动和尘埃沉积。相比之下，干湿交替试验产生了更光滑的表面和更均匀的腐蚀产物分布，尽管有更高密度的孔隙和微裂纹。稳定化处理促进了锈层中Cu和Cr的富集，并加速了α-FeOOH的形成。这一过程有助于使锈层晶粒细化，有利于微缺陷的愈合。这些研究结果为评价经稳定处理的耐候钢的性能和工程应用奠定了理论基础，同时也为设计加速腐蚀试验和评估不同钢种在不同腐蚀环境下的使用寿命提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Formation mechanisms of in-situ (Ti,Ta)O2/TiN protective layer in oxidized TiAl-Ta alloys: First-principles and experiments study 氧化TiAl-Ta合金原位（Ti,Ta）O2/TiN保护层形成机理：第一性原理与实验研究

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113569

Junting An, Keren Zhang, Haobin Zhou, Mi Zhou, Xiaoyong Zhang, Hui Zhao

This study investigates the formation mechanism of a double-continuous (Ti,Ta)O₂/TiN protective oxide layer during high-temperature oxidation of TiAl-Ta alloys, combining experimental characterization with first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that cyclic heat treatment produces fine-grained coherent boundaries in the alloy. This unique microstructure enables Ta to promote in-situ formation of a thermally grown oxide layer, consisting of a TiN sublayer and a (Ti,Ta)O₂ outer layer. Based on this, 12 different arrangement forms of the TiO₂/TiN interface were constructed, and the most stable structure was identified through first-principles calculations. The calculations revealed that the interfacial energy of TiO₂(110)/TiN(001) interface was strongly influenced by the distance and density of O–N bonds. Further investigation demonstrated that substituting Ta for Ti in the TiO₂ lattice reduced the total energy of the system. The system reaches its minimum energy state when Ta is doped at the TiO₂ (110)/TiN(001) interface, which exhibits high resistance to peeling. Finally, the formation mechanism of the (Ti,Ta)O₂/TiN protective film and the thickening of the TiN layer were discussed.

本研究结合实验表征和第一性原理计算，探讨了高温氧化过程中双连续（Ti,Ta）O2/TiN保护氧化层的形成机理。结果表明，循环热处理在合金中产生了细晶的共格边界。这种独特的微观结构使Ta能够促进原位形成热生长的氧化层，由TiN亚层和（Ti,Ta）O2外层组成。在此基础上，构建了12种不同排列形式的TiO2/TiN界面，并通过第一性原理计算确定了最稳定的结构。计算结果表明，TiO2(110)/TiN（001）界面的界面能受到O-N键的距离和密度的强烈影响。进一步的研究表明，用Ta取代TiO2晶格中的Ti降低了体系的总能量。当Ta在TiO2 (110)/TiN（001）界面处掺杂时，体系达到最小能态，具有较高的抗剥落性能。最后讨论了（Ti,Ta）O2/TiN保护膜的形成机理和TiN层的增厚。

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引用次数: 0

Accelerated discovery of corrosion-resistant multi-principal element alloys via data-augmented machine learning 通过数据增强机器学习加速发现耐腐蚀多主元素合金

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113567

Yifan Wang , Debin Wang , Jin Gao , Zhaoxin Meng , Jianxin Hou , Jianqiang Wang , Xianpeng Wang

Face-centered cubic (FCC) multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) exhibit exceptional combinations of high strength and ductility, yet they remain susceptible to localized corrosion in operational environments. Enhancing their corrosion resistance is thus critical for broader engineering applications. Given the paucity of existing corrosion data and the expansive compositional landscape of FCC MPEAs, we introduce a hybrid framework that leverages Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks with Gradient Penalty for data augmentation, coupled with machine learning models and Bayesian optimization for alloy composition refinement. Experimental validation demonstrates that the optimized alloy composition, Fe_20.1Cr_35.04Ni_20.1Al_4.66Co_20.1, achieves a pitting potential of 1065 mV_SCE, representing a 20 % improvement over the top-performing composition in the dataset. This superior corrosion resistance stems from Cr oxide enrichment, which refines the semiconductor properties of the passive film. By integrating data augmentation with machine learning-driven modeling, our approach establishes a generalizable framework for designing corrosion-resistant MPEAs.

面心立方（FCC）多主元素合金（mpea）具有出色的高强度和延展性，但在操作环境中仍然容易受到局部腐蚀。因此，增强其耐腐蚀性对于更广泛的工程应用至关重要。鉴于现有腐蚀数据的缺乏和FCC MPEAs成分的广阔前景，我们引入了一个混合框架，利用带有梯度惩罚的Wasserstein生成对抗网络进行数据增强，结合机器学习模型和贝叶斯优化进行合金成分细化。实验验证表明，优化后的合金成分Fe20.1Cr35.04Ni20.1Al4.66Co20.1的点蚀电位为1065 mVSCE，比数据集中性能最好的合金成分提高了20 %。这种优异的耐腐蚀性源于氧化铬的富集，这使钝化膜的半导体特性得到了改善。通过将数据增强与机器学习驱动的建模相结合，我们的方法为设计耐腐蚀mpea建立了一个可推广的框架。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of CO2 partial pressure on the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of pure iron in high-pressure hydrogen environment CO2分压对高压氢环境下纯铁氢脆行为的影响

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113555

Chengshuang Zhou , Haolin Wu , Huijie Chen , Xiaoping Yan , Yuxuan Qian , Kaiyu Zhang , Lin Zhang , Juan Shang

Hydrogen energy is crucial for the transition to a low-carbon economy, but high-pressure hydrogen can cause severe embrittlement in pipeline steels. The presence of CO₂ impurities in hydrogen-blended natural gas may significantly influence the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior. This work systematically investigates the influence of CO₂ partial pressure on the hydrogen embrittlement of pure iron in high-pressure environments using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests, hydrogen permeation experiments, and first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations. The results show that, compared to pure hydrogen, as CO₂ concentration increases, the elongation of pure iron first decreases then increases, while FCGR increases then decreases, with the most significant HE promotion occurring at 0.2 MPa CO₂. The consistency between SSRT and FCGR outcomes can be explained by the dual role of CO₂ in hydrogen permeation. At low CO₂ concentrations, CO₂ promotes the migration of hydrogen atoms toward the subsurface, which enhances hydrogen embrittlement; at high CO₂ concentrations, CO₂ occupies more metal surface adsorption sites, inhibiting hydrogen adsorption and coordination on the metal surface, thereby inhibiting hydrogen embrittlement.

氢能对于向低碳经济转型至关重要，但高压氢气会导致管道钢严重脆化。氢混合天然气中CO₂杂质的存在会显著影响氢脆（HE）行为。本文通过慢应变速率拉伸（SSRT）和疲劳裂纹扩展速率（FCGR）试验、氢渗透实验和第一性原理分子动力学（FPMD）模拟，系统地研究了CO₂分压对高压环境下纯铁氢脆的影响。结果表明：与纯氢相比，随着CO₂浓度的增加，纯铁的伸长率先减小后增大，而FCGR先增大后减小，且在CO₂浓度为0.2 MPa时HE的提升最为显著；SSRT和FCGR结果的一致性可以用CO₂在氢渗透中的双重作用来解释。在低CO₂浓度下，CO₂促进氢原子向地下迁移，从而增强氢的脆性；在高CO₂浓度下，CO₂占据更多的金属表面吸附位点，抑制氢在金属表面的吸附和配位，从而抑制氢脆。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling the critical conditions for ignition and flame-retardant mechanisms of NiCrAl/YSZ coatings applied for protection of titanium alloys 揭示了钛合金防护用NiCrAl/YSZ涂层的着火临界条件及阻燃机理

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113566

Jianjun Li , Yang Wang , Congzheng Wang , Shujing Wang , Weijie Wang , Pengfei Jin , Zichong Zu , Yuqi Zhang , Guangyu He , Cheng Zhang , Jinfeng Huang

To advance the uses of ZrO₂/NiCrAl coatings for flame-retardant protection, the effects of such coatings on critical ignition conditions of TC4 titanium alloy were systematically investigated by using an oxygen-enriched ignition test. The findings reveal that NiCrAl coating demonstrate superior ignition critical conditions, such as ignition temperature and critical pressure, compared to ZrO₂ coatings within a thickness range of 100–350 μm. Moreover, an advanced F-K model was introduced to quantitatively describe the relationship between coating parameters (such as compositions and thickness) and the ignition critical conditions. Furthermore, the fitting results revealed that the activation energy for ignition of ZrO₂ and NiCrAl coatings as 111.395 kJ/mol and 116.074 kJ/mol, respectively, notably exceeding the substrate's 89.130 kJ/mol. The improved flame retardancy can be related to the ZrO₂ coating forms a layered TiO-ZrTiO₄ structure during combustion, which impedes the Ti/O chain reaction and lowers exothermic reaction efficiency. Conversely, the NiCrAl coating develops a dense multi-layered network of Ti₃NiAl₂O, NiAl₂O₄, and β-Ti(Cr). This structure obstructs oxygen diffusion and severs the contact between the Ti and O, thus effectively suppressing the sustained Ti/O chain reaction. These findings provide a data and theoretical basis for the optimizing design and flame-retardant application of NiCrAl/YSZ coatings.

为了进一步推进ZrO2/NiCrAl涂层在TC4钛合金阻燃保护中的应用，采用富氧点火试验系统研究了ZrO2/NiCrAl涂层对TC4钛合金临界着火条件的影响。结果表明，在100 ~ 350 μm的厚度范围内，NiCrAl涂层比ZrO2涂层具有更好的点火临界条件，如点火温度和临界压力。此外，引入了一种先进的F-K模型来定量描述涂层参数（如成分和厚度）与着火临界条件之间的关系。此外，拟合结果表明，ZrO2和NiCrAl涂层的点火活化能分别为111.395 kJ/mol和116.074 kJ/mol，显著高于基体的89.130 kJ/mol。阻燃性能的提高可能与ZrO2涂层在燃烧过程中形成层状的TiO-ZrTiO4结构有关，这阻碍了Ti/O链式反应，降低了放热反应效率。相反，NiCrAl涂层形成Ti3NiAl2O、NiAl2O4和β-Ti（Cr）的致密多层网络。这种结构阻碍了氧的扩散，切断了Ti和O的接触，从而有效地抑制了持续的Ti/O链式反应。这些研究结果为NiCrAl/YSZ涂层的优化设计和阻燃应用提供了数据和理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Redox mechanisms and metal fluoride stability in alkali fluoride corrosion -confirmed by experiment” [Corros. Sci. 260 (2026) 113538] “氟碱腐蚀中的氧化还原机制和金属氟的稳定性——经实验证实”的勘误表[腐蚀]。科学通报，260 (2026)113538]

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113562

Aida Nikbakht , Per Malmberg , Behnam Bahramian , Christine Geers

引用次数: 0

Effect of scratching on the corrosion-assisted aging of slurry aluminide coating on 316LN stainless steel in oxygen-poor lead-bismuth eutectic at 550 °C 刮削对贫铅铋共晶316LN不锈钢浆液铝化物涂层550℃腐蚀时效的影响

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113563

Zhen Zeng , Xingyu Feng , Wen Wang , Jintao Lu , Jibo Tan , En-Hou Han , Wenjun Kuang

The FeAl coating demonstrates exceptional corrosion resistance in 550 °C Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) even at an ultra-low oxygen concentration of 10⁻⁹ wt% by forming a protective nanoscale alumina film. However, the leaching of Fe through alumina scale leads to the precipitation of η-Fe₂Al₅ phase in sub-surface region, especially along grain boundaries, which is considered the primary degradation mechanism of the coating in LBE. Approximately 10 % of the grain boundaries also formed intergranular pores. Scratching promotes the aging process of coating as it induces severe plastic deformation. Notably, recrystallization occurs in surface region, along with increased density and extent of precipitates in the deformation zone. Furthermore, the intergranular pores in the coating surface are effectively suppressed in the scratched area.

FeAl涂层在550°C铅铋共晶（LBE）中，即使在10 - 9 wt%的超低氧浓度下，也能形成纳米级氧化铝保护膜，表现出优异的耐腐蚀性。然而，Fe通过氧化铝垢的浸出导致亚表面区域，特别是沿晶界析出η-Fe₂Al₅相，这被认为是LBE中涂层的主要降解机制。约10 %的晶界还形成了粒间孔隙。刮擦会引起严重的塑性变形，从而促进涂层的老化过程。值得注意的是，变形区表面发生再结晶，析出相密度和范围增大。此外，涂层表面的晶间孔隙被有效地抑制在划痕区。

引用次数: 0

An integral mechanistic model for the degradation and protection loss of Cr-coated zirconium alloys in steam oxidation environments 蒸汽氧化环境下cr包覆锆合金降解和保护损失的整体机理模型

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113565

Dongju Kim , Youho Lee

A mechanistic model to quantitatively predict steam oxidation-induced degradation of chromium (Cr) coatings on zirconium (Zr) alloys and corresponding rapid oxidation was developed and validated by comprehensively modeling each kinetic process responsible for degradation. The model was validated against isothermal oxidation data in the 1100–1300 °C range, in terms of layer thicknesses, oxidation weight gain, and oxygen distribution profiles in the Zr matrix. The developed model consists of four interconnected sub-models: (1) Transient Cr-coating thickness model. (2) Cr-coating grain boundary density model. (3) ZrO₂ oxygen path in the Cr-coating grain boundary model. (4) Cr₂O₃ reduction and oxygen ingress model. At each time step, the model calculates both the Cr-coating thickness and the depth of ZrO₂ paths. When the ZrO₂ path depth exceeds the Cr-coating thickness, the simulation transitions to the Cr₂O₃ layer reduction phase. Once through‑oxide voids form, direct steam ingress and oxygen diffusion along the ZrO₂ paths are initiated; the resulting oxygen flux is imposed as boundary condition for transient oxygen diffusion in the Zr matrix. To capture spatial heterogeneity in microstructural evolution, the system is divided into regions based on grain boundary density, each simulated independently within a Monte Carlo framework. This probabilistic simulation explains the two-stage transition: statistical variations cause a slight initial rate increase from premature failures, while a macroscopic acceleration requires a statistically significant simultaneous failure of regions. The resulting model provides a robust tool for safety assessment, enabling quantitative prediction of cladding oxidation and embrittlement under the prolonged high-temperature steam conditions of various accident scenarios.

建立了蒸汽氧化诱导锆（Zr）合金上铬（Cr）涂层降解和相应的快速氧化机理模型，并通过对各降解动力学过程的综合建模进行了验证。该模型在1100-1300°C范围内的等温氧化数据中进行了验证，包括层厚度、氧化增重和Zr矩阵中的氧分布曲线。该模型由四个相互关联的子模型组成：(1)瞬态cr涂层厚度模型。(2) cr涂层晶界密度模型。(3) cr涂层晶界模型中的ZrO2氧路径。(4) Cr₂O₃还原和入氧模型。在每个时间步长，该模型同时计算cr涂层厚度和ZrO₂路径深度。当ZrO₂路径深度超过Cr-coating厚度时，模拟过渡到Cr₂O₃层还原阶段。一旦形成过氧化物空洞，蒸汽直接进入，氧气沿着ZrO₂路径扩散；得到的氧通量作为氧在Zr矩阵中瞬态扩散的边界条件。为了捕捉微观结构演变的空间异质性，系统根据晶界密度划分为区域，每个区域在蒙特卡罗框架内独立模拟。这种概率模拟解释了两阶段的转变：统计变化导致过早失效导致初始速率的轻微增加，而宏观加速需要统计上显著的区域同时失效。由此产生的模型为安全评估提供了一个强大的工具，可以定量预测各种事故场景下长时间高温蒸汽条件下的包层氧化和脆化。

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引用次数: 0

Oxide film formed on steel rebars in simulated concrete pore solution under large temperature difference – Typical in highlands and mountainous regions 在大温差下模拟混凝土孔隙溶液中钢筋上形成的氧化膜。高原和山区典型

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113564

Jinhang Li , Weichen Xu , Rongling Zhang , Liang Fan , Jingying Li , Jizhou Duan , Baorong Hou

Large temperature difference is typical in highlands and mountainous regions, where routine maintenance, monitoring and inspection are costly and difficult. The development of oxide film on HRB400E steel rebars from the initial to mature stages in simulated concrete pore solution has been thoroughly investigated. The electrochemical, compositional and morphological studies of the oxide film have been carried out at temperatures from −7 °C to 30 °C. High temperature disfavors the protectiveness of the oxide film, and the corrosion resistance decreases with the increasing temperature. Three plateaus have been observed during the development of OCP starting from a bare surface at 20 °C and 30 °C but not at lower temperatures. The plateaus have been ascribed to the nucleation, growth of Fe(OH)₂ crystals and further oxidation to Fe(III) species. Thick, porous, inhomogeneous and clustered structure was observed at 30 °C, but thin and compact oxide film formed at 10 °C, 0 °C and −7 °C. It is suggested that high temperatures tend to lower the quality of the oxide film in a self-repair process.

大的温差是高原和山区的典型特征，这些地区的日常维护、监测和检查成本高昂且困难。研究了HRB400E钢筋在模拟混凝土孔隙溶液中氧化膜从初始阶段到成熟阶段的发展过程。在−7°C至30°C的温度下，对氧化膜进行了电化学、组成和形态学研究。高温不利于氧化膜的防护性，耐蚀性随温度升高而降低。在OCP的发展过程中，从20°C和30°C的裸表面开始观察到三个高原，但在较低的温度下没有。高原被认为是Fe(OH)2晶体的成核、生长和进一步氧化成Fe（III）的原因。在30°C时观察到厚、多孔、不均匀和簇状结构，而在10°C、0°C和- 7°C时形成薄而致密的氧化膜。结果表明，在自修复过程中，高温会降低氧化膜的质量。

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引用次数: 0