Corrosion Science最新文献_第3页

Unraveling corrosion and tribocorrosion mechanisms of stainless steel in chloride/bromide media: The dual role of corrosion products 不锈钢在氯化物/溴化物介质中的溶解腐蚀和摩擦腐蚀机制：腐蚀产物的双重作用

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113643

Yingpeng Zhang , Zheng Wang , Yalan Zhang , Lei Li , Peng Guo , Aiying Wang

Stainless steel components often face corrosion and tribocorrosion in various halide environments, as seen in applications like seawater plunger pumps, chemical agitators, and valves. Chloride (Cl^-) and bromide (Br^-) ions both degrade the corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance of stainless steel, yet their relative aggressiveness remains debated. Therefore, this study systematically compared the damage behavior of stainless steel in different halide environments using combined electrochemical and tribological techniques. Electrochemical corrosion analysis revealed Cl^- exhibited greater propensity than Br^- to displace oxygen within the Cr₂O₃ passive film and had a stronger penetration ability (smaller radius), rendering stainless steel more susceptible to pitting corrosion in Cl^- solutions. Resultant pits were larger, deeper, and more densely distributed. However, accumulated corrosion products such as Fe_xO_y inhibited Cl^- penetration, yielding a lower I_corr in Cl^- (3.58 ×10⁻⁹ A/cm²) versus Br^- solutions (8.87 ×10⁻⁹ A/cm²). Under tribocorrosion, copious Cl^--derived corrosion products acted as abrasive third bodies, exacerbating material loss versus Br^- environments, while wear-induced surface activation concurrently accelerated corrosion rates. This synergistic wear-corrosion interaction significantly elevated degradation, with corrosion-enhanced wear dominating material removal. Thus, while Cl^- more readily disrupted the Cr₂O₃ passive film, static corrosion products conferred protection via a “corrosion-product barrier” effect; under tribocorrosion, however, these protective oxides transformed into abrasive particles, amplifying degradation through mechano-electrochemical synergy.

不锈钢部件在各种卤化物环境中经常面临腐蚀和摩擦腐蚀，如海水柱塞泵，化学搅拌器和阀门等应用。氯离子（Cl-）和溴离子（Br-）都会降低不锈钢的耐腐蚀性和耐摩擦腐蚀性，但它们的相对侵蚀性仍存在争议。因此，本研究采用电化学和摩擦学相结合的方法系统地比较了不锈钢在不同卤化物环境下的损伤行为。电化学腐蚀分析表明Cl-比Br-更倾向于取代Cr2O3钝化膜内的氧，并且具有更强的渗透能力（更小的半径），使得不锈钢在Cl-溶液中更容易发生点蚀。合成坑更大、更深、分布更密。然而，累积的腐蚀产物，如FexOy，抑制了Cl-的渗透，使Cl-溶液的Icorr（3.58 ×10−9 a /cm2）低于Br-溶液（8.87 ×10−9 a /cm2）。在摩擦腐蚀中，大量Cl衍生的腐蚀产物作为磨料的第三体，与Br环境相比，加剧了材料的损失，而磨损引起的表面活化同时加速了腐蚀速率。这种协同磨损-腐蚀相互作用显著提高了降解，腐蚀增强磨损主导了材料的去除。因此，虽然Cl-更容易破坏Cr2O3钝化膜，但静态腐蚀产物通过“腐蚀产物屏障”效应提供保护；然而，在摩擦腐蚀下，这些保护性氧化物转化为磨料颗粒，通过机械-电化学协同作用放大降解。

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引用次数: 0

Revealing the enhanced corrosion resistance of Cr/FeCrAl-coated Zr alloy in simulated PWR water 揭示了Cr/ fecral涂层Zr合金在模拟压水堆水中增强的耐蚀性

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113644

Xiaoling Yang , Kun Zhang , Baifeng Luan , Jiyuan Cui , Lijun Chen , Haibo Ruan , Weijiu Huang , Kazuhiro Ogawa

The long-term corrosion behavior and oxide evolution of Cr/FeCrAl-coated Zr-4 alloy in simulated PWR primary water (360 °C and 18.6 MPa) were systematically investigated. Results showed that a continuous triplex oxide film, featuring FeCr₂O₄ spinel, Fe₃O₄ spinel and (Cr,Al)₂O₃, was developed on the coating, effectively protecting Zr substrate from corrosion. In the early stage, sustained outward Fe/Cr diffusion precipitated on the surface to form the outer spinel layer, while the internal (Cr,Al)₂O₃ layer grew inwards through oxidant transport. Over time, the diffusion barrier effect of dense (Cr,Al)₂O₃ layer shifted spinel growth mechanism to dissolution-reprecipitation, accompanied by a decelerated oxide growth. The superior corrosion resistance was dominated by the (Cr,Al)₂O₃ layer. During exposure, the FeCrAl-Cr interface and the developed near-equiaxed Cr nanograins arrested the vertical cracks along GBs and promoted blunting/deflection, mitigating coating spallation and preserving structural integrity.

系统研究了Cr/ fecral涂层Zr-4合金在模拟压水堆一次水中（360°C, 18.6 MPa）的长期腐蚀行为和氧化物演化。结果表明：涂层上形成了一层由FeCr2O4尖晶石、Fe3O4尖晶石和（Cr,Al）2O3组成的连续三元氧化膜，有效地保护了Zr基体免受腐蚀；初期，Fe/Cr持续向外扩散，形成尖晶石外层，而内部的（Cr,Al）2O3层则通过氧化剂的运输向内生长。随着时间的推移，致密（Cr,Al）2O3层的扩散阻挡效应使尖晶石的生长机制转变为溶解-再沉淀，并伴有氧化物生长减速。（Cr,Al）2O3层具有较好的耐蚀性。在暴露过程中，fecr - al -Cr界面和形成的近等轴Cr纳米颗粒阻止了沿gb的垂直裂纹，促进了钝化/偏转，减轻了涂层的剥落，保持了结构的完整性。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of the solutionizing temperature on the strength and hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 superalloy 溶化温度对激光粉末床熔合Inconel 718高温合金强度和抗氢脆性能的影响

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113642

Liuwei Zheng , Leilei Shen , Yingzhi Wang , Hongxia Wang , Yakai Zhao , Upadrasta Ramamurty , Jun Hu

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enables the fabrication of complex, high-performance Inconel 718 (IN718) components with unique non-equilibrium microstructures that are characterized by cellular substructures, elemental segregation, and Laves phase formation. Applications of LPBF IN718 with high strength in hydrogen-rich environments are limited by their low hydrogen embrittlement (HE) resistance. Keeping this in view, we examine the role of solutionizing temperature on the strength and HE resistance of solutionized and double aged (SA) LPBF IN718 with the aid of slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests that are conducted in air as well as in situ hydrogen charging conditions. Results reveal that solutionizing at a relatively low-temperature of 980 °C (LSA) enhances strength while maintaining HE resistance comparable to the as-built alloy, owing to retained dislocation cellular networks decorated with the Laves phases and nanoscale γ'/γ'' precipitates that promote uniform hydrogen distribution and suppress strain localization. In contrast, high-temperature solutionizing at 1150 °C (HSA) results in the dissolution of cellular structures and recrystallization and grain growth that leads to a microstructure with coarse equiaxed grains. The latter facilitate rapid hydrogen diffusion along their boundaries, which results in severe intergranular cracking. These findings demonstrated that controlled, lower-temperature solutionizing enables a balanced optimization of strength and HE resistance in LPBF-produced precipitation-strengthened superalloys, providing valuable guidance for the post-processing design of materials intended for applications in hydrogen-rich environments.

激光粉末床熔合（LPBF）能够制造复杂、高性能的Inconel 718 （IN718）组件，该组件具有独特的非平衡微观结构，其特征是细胞亚结构、元素偏析和Laves相形成。高强度LPBF IN718在富氢环境中的应用受到其低氢脆（HE）抗性的限制。考虑到这一点，我们通过在空气和原位充氢条件下进行的慢应变速率拉伸（SSRT）试验，研究了固溶温度对固溶和双时效（SA） LPBF IN718的强度和HE抗性的作用。结果表明，在相对较低的980℃（LSA）固溶下，由于保留了由Laves相装饰的位错细胞网络和纳米级γ′/γ”沉淀，促进了均匀的氢分布，抑制了应变局部化，从而提高了强度，同时保持了与构建合金相当的HE电阻。相比之下，1150℃高温固溶（HSA）导致细胞结构溶解、再结晶和晶粒长大，形成粗糙等轴晶粒的微观组织。后者促进氢沿其边界的快速扩散，从而导致严重的晶间开裂。这些发现表明，受控的低温固溶可以平衡优化lpbf生成的沉淀强化高温合金的强度和HE抗性，为富氢环境下应用的材料后处理设计提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of stress-induced deterioration of corrosion resistance of the laser-desensitized 316L stainless steel 激光脱敏316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性能应力诱发劣化的机理

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113641

Xu-dong Li, Zi-wen Zhao, Muhammad Arslan Hafeez, Cheng Zhang, Lin Liu

Austenitic stainless steels (SS) frequently suffer severe corrosion degradation under mechanical stress, yet the atomic-scale mechanisms governing this ubiquitous phenomenon remain poorly understood. Here, we present a multi-scale study combining electrochemical analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to investigate the effect of elastic tensile stress on the passive film stability of a laser-desensitized 316L SS. It is found that increasing tensile stress dramatically degrades corrosion resistance, as evidenced by lower film resistance and intensified metastable pitting. XPS results confirm that degradation of corrosion resistance is linked to the promotion of detrimental Fe-oxides and a reduction in protective Cr₂O₃ content in the passive film. In addition, TEM analysis indicates that high tensile stress thickens the passive film by ∼18.6 % and transforms it into a vulnerable Fe-enriched and Cr-depleted structure. Theoretical simulations with both DFT and AIMD reveal that the outward diffusion of Fe driven by tensile elastic stress is thermodynamically favoured and kinetically accelerated. This work provides a novel understanding of stress-induced deterioration of the corrosion resistance of austenitic SS.

奥氏体不锈钢（SS）在机械应力下经常遭受严重的腐蚀降解，然而控制这种普遍现象的原子尺度机制仍然知之甚少。本文采用电化学分析、x射线光电子能谱（XPS）、像差校正透射电子显微镜（TEM）、密度泛函理论（DFT）和从头算分子动力学（AIMD）模拟相结合的多尺度研究方法，研究了弹性拉伸应力对激光脱敏316L SS被动膜稳定性的影响。薄膜电阻降低，亚稳点蚀加剧。XPS结果证实，钝化膜耐蚀性的下降与有害铁氧化物的增加和保护性Cr2O3含量的降低有关。此外，TEM分析表明，高拉伸应力使钝化膜增厚了~ 18.6 %，并将其转变为脆弱的富铁贫铬结构。用DFT和AIMD进行的理论模拟表明，在拉伸弹性应力的驱动下，铁的向外扩散在热力学上是有利的，在动力学上是加速的。这项工作提供了一个新的认识应力引起的奥氏体耐蚀性恶化的SS。

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引用次数: 0

Oxidation of Co and two architectured CeO2-Co coated ferritic stainless steel for SOC interconnect application: Description, kinetics, and mechanism 氧化Co和两种结构CeO2-Co涂层铁素体不锈钢用于SOC互连应用：描述，动力学和机制

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113637

Mathilde Bouvier , Antoine Casadebaigt , Sophie Bosonnet , Theo Dejob , Gwladys Steciuk , Karine Couturier , Jolan Bestautte , Justine Poncelet , Fabien Rouillard

The oxidation behaviour of bare AISI 441, as well as Co-, CeO₂-Co-, and Co-CeO₂- coated samples intended for SOC interconnect applications, was investigated at 800 °C in air using short- and long-term oxidation kinetics together with Cr vaporization measurements. All coatings significantly reduced both Cr vaporization and the growth rate of the chromia scale. The lowest oxidation kinetics were obtained for the Co coatings containing CeO₂, irrespective of whether the CeO₂ layer was placed above or below the Co layer. However, the chemical composition and microstructural evolution of the oxide scale were influenced by the relative positioning of the CeO₂ layer. Microstructural analyses of the scale formed during the heating ramp, together with its evolution during prolonged exposures of up to 5000 h, made it possible to propose an oxidation mechanism for all coating configurations and to clarify the role of Ce in controlling the oxide growth rate.

在800°C的空气中，使用短期和长期氧化动力学以及Cr蒸发测量，研究了裸AISI 441以及用于SOC互连应用的Co-， CeO2-Co-和Co- ceo2 -涂层样品的氧化行为。所有涂层均显著降低了铬的汽化和铬垢的生长速度。无论CeO2层位于Co层之上还是之下，含CeO2的Co涂层的氧化动力学都最低。CeO2层的相对位置影响氧化层的化学组成和微观结构演变。在加热斜坡过程中形成的水垢的微观结构分析，以及在长达5000 h的长时间暴露期间的演变，使我们有可能提出所有涂层结构的氧化机制，并阐明Ce在控制氧化物生长速率中的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Microstructures and high-temperature oxidation behavior of MoSi2-MoAlB composites MoSi2-MoAlB复合材料的显微组织和高温氧化行为

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113639

Xiang-An Bei, Guo-Hua Zhang

In this study, MoAlB was introduced as a reactive precursor in MoSi₂-based ceramics. During spark plasma sintering, MoAlB underwent in-situ decomposition, forming MoB and Al₂O₃ phases. These phases were distributed uniformly within the MoSi₂ matrix as reinforcing phases. This resulted in significant improvements in hardness and toughness, with the peak flexural strength obtained for 10 vol% MoAlB addition. Oxidation tests from 900 to 1500 ℃ revealed a temperature-dependent oxidation behavior. At 1500 ℃, volatilization of MoO₃ and B₂O₃ destabilized the oxide scale, while the 5 vol% MoAlB composite offered excellent protection at intermediate temperatures (900–1200 ℃). The formation of a stable SiO₂-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃ self-healing glass provided effective protection in this critical temperature range. These findings demonstrate MoAlB’s effectiveness in designing MoSi₂-based ceramics for intermediate temperature applications.

在本研究中，MoAlB作为反应前驱体被引入到mosi2基陶瓷中。在放电等离子烧结过程中，MoAlB发生原位分解，形成MoB相和Al2O3相。这些相作为增强相均匀分布在MoSi2基体内。这导致了硬度和韧性的显著提高，当添加10 vol% MoAlB时，获得了最大的弯曲强度。900 ~ 1500℃的氧化试验表明，氧化行为与温度有关。在1500℃时，MoO3和B2O3的挥发使氧化垢失稳，而5 vol% MoAlB复合材料在900-1200℃时具有良好的保护作用。形成稳定的SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3自愈玻璃，在这个临界温度范围内提供了有效的保护。这些发现证明了MoAlB在设计中温应用的mosi2基陶瓷方面的有效性。

引用次数: 0

Ultraviolet catalysis assisted chemical mechanical polishing of cobalt: Mechanism of corrosion inhibition and atomic-level planarization 紫外光催化辅助钴的化学机械抛光：缓蚀和原子水平平整化机理

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113638

Lifei Zhang , Jialei Zhang , Xinchun Lu

As the feature sizes of integrated circuits shrink to 5 nm node and below, interconnection fabrication is approaching atomic-level precision requirements. Cobalt (Co) has emerged as a key interconnection material to replace copper due to its superior electrical property. However, achieving an atomically smooth Co surface remains challenging. This work modifies the conventional chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process by introducing ultraviolet catalysis (UV-CMP). The approach precisely controls the oxidation process of the Co surface via UV irradiation, enabling the formation of a protective passive layer that effectively inhibits corrosion. Experiments demonstrate that UV irradiation catalytically activates H2O2 to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radical (·OH), facilitating the rapid formation of a dense and protective Co3O4 passivation layer on Co surface. Under the optimized condition, the in-situ formed passivation layer effectively suppresses corrosive dissolution and yields an atomically smooth surface with a roughness as low as 0.15 nm, representing a nearly 50 % reduction compared to the non-UV-irradiated case. Electrochemical measurements confirm the highest charge transfer resistance under the optimal condition, corroborating the exceptional surface protection capability of the passivation layer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that ·OH exhibits a much stronger electron-withdrawing capability than H₂O₂ on various Co surfaces, promoting substantial electron transfer from Co and thereby driving the surface to a higher oxidation state. This work elucidates the mechanism of photocatalytic passivation in the CMP of Co, thereby providing both theoretical insights and technical support for the atomic-level precision surface fabrication of Co interconnects at advanced technology nodes.

随着集成电路的特征尺寸缩小到5 nm节点及以下，互连制造正接近原子级精度要求。钴（Co）因其优越的电学性能而成为取代铜的关键互连材料。然而，实现原子光滑的钴表面仍然具有挑战性。本工作通过引入紫外线催化（UV-CMP）对传统化学机械抛光（CMP）工艺进行了改进。该方法通过紫外线照射精确控制Co表面的氧化过程，从而形成有效抑制腐蚀的保护性被动层。实验表明，紫外辐射可催化活化H2O2生成高活性的羟基自由基（·OH），促进Co表面快速形成致密的保护性Co3O4钝化层。在优化的条件下，原位形成的钝化层有效地抑制了腐蚀溶解，并产生了原子光滑的表面，粗糙度低至0.15 nm，与未紫外线照射的情况相比，降低了近50% %。电化学测量证实了在最佳条件下的最高电荷转移电阻，证实了钝化层卓越的表面保护能力。密度泛函理论（DFT）计算表明，·OH在各种Co表面表现出比H₂O₂更强的吸电子能力，促进Co表面大量电子转移，从而驱动表面达到更高的氧化态。本研究阐明了Co在CMP中的光催化钝化机理，从而为在先进技术节点上原子级精密表面制备Co互连提供理论见解和技术支持。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of Pt contents on oxidation behavior of single-phase Pt-modified γ′-Ni3Al Pt含量对单相Pt修饰γ′-Ni3Al氧化行为的影响

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113636

Haoxuan Feng , Shuai Li , Yao Du , Mingyu Wu , Mingli Shen , Zebin Bao , Shenglong Zhu , Fuhui Wang

A comparative study was conducted on the isothermal oxidation behavior at 1050 °C of three Pt modified single-phase γ′ alloys with different Pt contents (12, 16 and 30 at%) and the binary γ′-Ni₃Al in air. Results revealed that 12 at% Pt was high enough to form a continuous external alumina scale. Both the growth rate and the residual stress of the alumina scale were significantly reduced by Pt addition, and the higher Pt content, the lower oxidation rate and residual stress. Besides, Pt suppressed the formation of interfacial voids, and retarded the phase transformation from θ → α-Al₂O₃, while delayed the γ' → γ transformation in the underlying metals. Analysis thought that the enhanced Al diffusion rate by Pt modification may play key roles in promoting the selective oxidation of Al, while the reduced Al activity may play minor roles. This work strongly suggests that addition of 30 at% Pt in single-phase γ′ coating is favorable to low oxidation rate and excellent scale adherence.

对比研究了三种不同Pt含量（12、16和30 at%）的Pt改性单相γ′合金和二元γ′-Ni3Al在1050℃空气中的等温氧化行为。结果表明，12 在% Pt时足够高，形成连续的外部氧化铝垢。Pt含量越高，氧化速率越低，残余应力越小；Pt抑制了界面空洞的形成，延缓了θ→α-Al2O3的相变，延缓了基体中γ′→γ的相变。分析认为，通过Pt改性提高Al的扩散速率可能是促进Al选择性氧化的关键因素，而降低Al的活性可能是次要因素。本研究结果表明，在单相γ′涂层中添加30 at% Pt有利于低氧化率和良好的结垢附着力。

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引用次数: 0

Insight into the corrosion mechanism of pre-stressed 9Cr RAFM steel with long-term thermal aging exposed to oxygen saturated LBE at 550 ℃ 550℃饱和氧LBE下长期热时效的预应力9Cr RAFM钢腐蚀机理研究

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113619

Chao Hai , Tingjun Huang , Huaiyun Cui , Qunying Huang , Yutao Zhai

In fast neutron reactors, the degradation of microstructures and buildup of stress in structural materials significantly affect their performance and structural integrity under high temperatures and corrosive coolant environments. This study examines the microstructural evolution of 9Cr reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel after thermal aging at 550℃ for 2000 h, and its subsequent influence on oxidation corrosion under stress in an oxygen-saturated lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) environment. The resulting oxide layer was found to comprise Fe₃O₄, Fe-Cr spinel and an inner oxidation zone (IOZ). During the thermal aging, coarsening of M₂₃C₆ carbides reduced the passivation capability of the steel and accelerated the initial stage of LBE corrosion. Moreover, those coarsened M₂₃C₆ precipitates preferentially oxidized to form oxides Cr₂O₃, which increased the thickness of IOZ layer. The stress was observed to markedly enhance the corrosion rate, an effect that was further amplified by long-term thermal aging. The underlying mechanisms were discussed with the framework of the available space model.

在快中子反应堆中，在高温和腐蚀性冷却剂环境下，结构材料中微结构的退化和应力的积累会严重影响其性能和结构的完整性。本文研究了9Cr还原活化铁素体-马氏体（RAFM）钢在550℃2000 h热时效后的显微组织演变，以及随后在氧饱和铅铋共晶（LBE）环境下应力氧化腐蚀的影响。氧化层由Fe3O4、Fe-Cr尖晶石和内氧化区组成。在热时效过程中，M23C6碳化物的粗化降低了钢的钝化能力，加速了LBE腐蚀的初始阶段。粗化的M23C6析出物优先氧化形成Cr2O3氧化物，增加了IOZ层的厚度。观察到应力显著提高了腐蚀速率，长期热老化进一步放大了这一效应。在可用空间模型的框架下，讨论了其基本机制。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic effects of dissolved oxygen and subcooled nucleate boiling on CRUD deposition and zirconium alloy corrosion 溶解氧和过冷核沸腾对CRUD沉积和锆合金腐蚀的协同作用

IF 7.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Corrosion Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.113635

Qingdong Liu , Qifeng Zeng , Yang Liu , Lefu Zhang , Huilong Yang , Jianfeng Gu , Hiroaki Abe

Chalk River Unidentified Deposits (CRUD) pose a significant threat to zirconium alloy fuel cladding in water-cooled Small Modular Reactors (WC-SMRs) with potential dissolved oxygen (DO). This study investigates the microstructural interplay between CRUD and the underlying oxide on Zr-4 and SZA-4 alloys under simulated WC-SMR conditions. Results demonstrate that porous, Fe₂O₃ (hematite)-dominated CRUD forms even without subcooled nucleate boiling (SNB). Zr-4 forms a locally aggregated coarser deposit, whereas SZA-4 develops a uniform denser layer of fine particles, mainly attributed to the higher thermal resistance of the thicker ZrO₂ on SZA-4. Zr-4 exhibits a thinner oxide (∼1.29μm) than SZA-4 (∼1.65μm) under identical conditions, demonstrating its superior resistance and confirming the detrimental effect of DO on Nb-containing alloys. The CRUD chemistry is confirmed by XPS combined with SAED and XRD to be predominantly Fe^3 + in Fe₂O₃ phase, accompanying by Sn clustering in Zr-4’s CRUD and discrete Cr₂O₃ formation at the SZA-4’s CRUD/ZrO₂(C/O) interface. Porous CRUD, formed via particulate accumulation and solute redeposition, can locally impede heat transfer and alter water chemistry. This, combined with stress concentration, induces microcracking and ZrO₂ dissolution, as a precursor to CRUD-Induced Localized Corrosion (CILC). These findings underscore that prevailing Nb-containing zirconium alloys require revised mitigation strategies for DO-rich WC-SMRs environments, and future CRUD models must integrate deposit porosity, thermal-chemical coupling and interface stress effects.

白垩河未识别沉积物（CRUD）对水冷小型模块堆（WC-SMRs）中具有潜在溶解氧（DO）的锆合金燃料包壳构成重大威胁。本研究在模拟WC-SMR条件下，研究了Zr-4和SZA-4合金中CRUD与底层氧化物之间的微观组织相互作用。结果表明，即使没有过冷核沸腾（SNB），以Fe2O3（赤铁矿）为主的多孔CRUD也会形成。Zr-4形成局部聚集的粗颗粒沉积，而SZA-4形成均匀致密的细颗粒层，这主要是由于ZrO2较厚在SZA-4上的热阻较高。在相同的条件下，Zr-4的氧化层（~ 1.29μm）比SZA-4的氧化层（~ 1.65μm）薄，这表明Zr-4具有更强的电阻性，也证实了DO对含铌合金的有害影响。通过XPS、SAED和XRD分析，证实了crd的化学性质以Fe3 +为主，并伴有Sn在Zr-4的CRUD中聚集，SZA-4的CRUD/ZrO2（C/O）界面上形成离散的Cr2O3。多孔CRUD通过颗粒积聚和溶质再沉积形成，可以局部阻碍传热并改变水的化学性质。这与应力集中相结合，诱发微裂纹和ZrO2溶解，作为原油诱导局部腐蚀（CILC）的前兆。这些研究结果表明，对于富do的wc - smr环境，目前流行的含铌锆合金需要修改缓解策略，未来的CRUD模型必须考虑沉积层孔隙度、热化学耦合和界面应力效应。

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引用次数: 0