Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113537
J.M. Duan, C.Y. Si, Z.N. Jiang, Sarfaraz Khan, S.Y. Tian, R.Y. Xue, G.A. Zhang
In this work, a new corrosion-resistant refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA, Ti28Zr28Hf14Nb22Al8) with a combination of extraordinary corrosion resistance and mechanical properties was designed. Microstructural analyses confirm the single-phase BCC structure of RHEA. Electrochemical tests indicate that Ti28Zr28Hf14Nb22Al8 RHEA has extraordinary corrosion resistance with ultra-low corrosion current densities (0.369 μA/cm2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 25°C) and widely passive regions (>3 VSCE). The exceptional corrosion resistance of Ti28Zr28Hf14Nb22Al8 RHEA can be attributed to the outstanding protective property of the formed passive film with low donor density. The cross-sectional TEM further indicates that this dual-layer passive film is rich in Ti, Hf and Zr, with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. Moreover, atomic-scale AIMD simulations reveal that this passive film acts as a robust physical barrier to resist to the attack of corrosive species (sulfuric acid molecules). DFT calculations further verify that the passivation of the RHEA is dominated by Ti, Hf and Zr. Meanwhile, Ti28Zr28Hf14Nb22Al8 RHEA exhibits exceptional mechanical properties with a high ductility (fracture elongation > 50 %) while maintaining a yield strength of approximately 908 MPa. This work provides valuable guidance for the design of RHEAs with exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
{"title":"Decoding the exceptional corrosion resistance of a new refractory high entropy alloy Ti28Zr28Hf14Nb22Al8: Integrated experimental approaches and AIMD simulations","authors":"J.M. Duan, C.Y. Si, Z.N. Jiang, Sarfaraz Khan, S.Y. Tian, R.Y. Xue, G.A. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a new corrosion-resistant refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA, Ti<sub>28</sub>Zr<sub>28</sub>Hf<sub>14</sub>Nb<sub>22</sub>Al<sub>8</sub>) with a combination of extraordinary corrosion resistance and mechanical properties was designed. Microstructural analyses confirm the single-phase BCC structure of RHEA. Electrochemical tests indicate that Ti<sub>28</sub>Zr<sub>28</sub>Hf<sub>14</sub>Nb<sub>22</sub>Al<sub>8</sub> RHEA has extraordinary corrosion resistance with ultra-low corrosion current densities (0.369 μA/cm<sup>2</sup> in 0.5 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> at 25°C) and widely passive regions (>3 V<sub>SCE</sub>). The exceptional corrosion resistance of Ti<sub>28</sub>Zr<sub>28</sub>Hf<sub>14</sub>Nb<sub>22</sub>Al<sub>8</sub> RHEA can be attributed to the outstanding protective property of the formed passive film with low donor density. The cross-sectional TEM further indicates that this dual-layer passive film is rich in Ti, Hf and Zr, with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. Moreover, atomic-scale AIMD simulations reveal that this passive film acts as a robust physical barrier to resist to the attack of corrosive species (sulfuric acid molecules). DFT calculations further verify that the passivation of the RHEA is dominated by Ti, Hf and Zr. Meanwhile, Ti<sub>28</sub>Zr<sub>28</sub>Hf<sub>14</sub>Nb<sub>22</sub>Al<sub>8</sub> RHEA exhibits exceptional mechanical properties with a high ductility (fracture elongation > 50 %) while maintaining a yield strength of approximately 908 MPa. This work provides valuable guidance for the design of RHEAs with exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113537"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113569
Junting An, Keren Zhang, Haobin Zhou, Mi Zhou, Xiaoyong Zhang, Hui Zhao
This study investigates the formation mechanism of a double-continuous (Ti,Ta)O2/TiN protective oxide layer during high-temperature oxidation of TiAl-Ta alloys, combining experimental characterization with first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that cyclic heat treatment produces fine-grained coherent boundaries in the alloy. This unique microstructure enables Ta to promote in-situ formation of a thermally grown oxide layer, consisting of a TiN sublayer and a (Ti,Ta)O2 outer layer. Based on this, 12 different arrangement forms of the TiO2/TiN interface were constructed, and the most stable structure was identified through first-principles calculations. The calculations revealed that the interfacial energy of TiO2(110)/TiN(001) interface was strongly influenced by the distance and density of O–N bonds. Further investigation demonstrated that substituting Ta for Ti in the TiO2 lattice reduced the total energy of the system. The system reaches its minimum energy state when Ta is doped at the TiO2 (110)/TiN(001) interface, which exhibits high resistance to peeling. Finally, the formation mechanism of the (Ti,Ta)O2/TiN protective film and the thickening of the TiN layer were discussed.
{"title":"Formation mechanisms of in-situ (Ti,Ta)O2/TiN protective layer in oxidized TiAl-Ta alloys: First-principles and experiments study","authors":"Junting An, Keren Zhang, Haobin Zhou, Mi Zhou, Xiaoyong Zhang, Hui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the formation mechanism of a double-continuous (Ti,Ta)O<sub>2</sub>/TiN protective oxide layer during high-temperature oxidation of TiAl-Ta alloys, combining experimental characterization with first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that cyclic heat treatment produces fine-grained coherent boundaries in the alloy. This unique microstructure enables Ta to promote in-situ formation of a thermally grown oxide layer, consisting of a TiN sublayer and a (Ti,Ta)O<sub>2</sub> outer layer. Based on this, 12 different arrangement forms of the TiO<sub>2</sub>/TiN interface were constructed, and the most stable structure was identified through first-principles calculations. The calculations revealed that the interfacial energy of TiO<sub>2</sub>(110)/TiN(001) interface was strongly influenced by the distance and density of O–N bonds. Further investigation demonstrated that substituting Ta for Ti in the TiO<sub>2</sub> lattice reduced the total energy of the system. The system reaches its minimum energy state when Ta is doped at the TiO<sub>2</sub> (110)/TiN(001) interface, which exhibits high resistance to peeling. Finally, the formation mechanism of the (Ti,Ta)O<sub>2</sub>/TiN protective film and the thickening of the TiN layer were discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113569"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113554
P. Weerakkody, A. Al Helal, K. Wang
This study investigates the reaction kinetics of API 5CT C110 carbon steel dissolution in different acidic environments using electrochemical techniques. An optimal analysis time was determined, outside the active material dissolution and transient regions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at open-circuit potential revealed two distinct reaction time steps in the different acidic environments. The effects of anion concentrations on the reaction mechanisms were determined under accelerated anodic conditions. The findings demonstrate that reaction rates are influenced by the interdependence between surface potential and solution species. An alternative numerical modelling approach was developed for EIS data analysis, achieving an accuracy of 98.8 % for a three-time-step model, representing a previously unreported mechanistic step. Furthermore, the model accounts for the reactant concentrations that influence the reaction rates. This method improves accuracy, simplifies parameter optimisation, and enhances interpretability compared to conventional equivalent circuit fitting.
{"title":"Iron dissolution kinetics of API 5CT C110 carbon steel in acidic environments: A numerical modelling approach","authors":"P. Weerakkody, A. Al Helal, K. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the reaction kinetics of API 5CT C110 carbon steel dissolution in different acidic environments using electrochemical techniques. An optimal analysis time was determined, outside the active material dissolution and transient regions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at open-circuit potential revealed two distinct reaction time steps in the different acidic environments. The effects of anion concentrations on the reaction mechanisms were determined under accelerated anodic conditions. The findings demonstrate that reaction rates are influenced by the interdependence between surface potential and solution species. An alternative numerical modelling approach was developed for EIS data analysis, achieving an accuracy of 98.8 % for a three-time-step model, representing a previously unreported mechanistic step. Furthermore, the model accounts for the reactant concentrations that influence the reaction rates. This method improves accuracy, simplifies parameter optimisation, and enhances interpretability compared to conventional equivalent circuit fitting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113554"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113513
Chen Wang, Jiayi He, Zikai Wu, Kuangxin Luo, Fenghua Luo
The corrosion behavior of vanadium (V, 0–0.5 wt%) alloyed 316 L in PEMFC environment was studied through electrochemical testing along with microstructure analysis. The results indicate that the passive film of 316 L alloyed with 0.3 wt% V has the best protective effect, as it has the highest polarization resistance and the lowest point defect density. XPS analysis reveals that the Cr2O3 content in passive film inner layer of steel containing 0.3 % V reaches 55.52 %, which is 63.44 % higher than that of V-free 316 L, while the passive film thickness increases to 4.98 nm. Due to the reduction in diffusion activation energy of Cr by V atoms, the migration rate of Cr to the surface is accelerated, significantly enhancing the nucleation rate of Cr2O3 and promoting its growth rate, ultimately forming a continuous and dense Cr rich protective layer. However, corrosion performance begins to deteriorate when alloyed by 0.5 wt% of V. The supersaturated V disrupts the solid solution equilibrium of the matrix, resulting in lattice mismatch and defects within the passive film, reducing the atomic diffusion rates heavily. The nucleation and growth rate of the passive layer slows down, ultimately forming a severely defective passive film that reduces its corrosion resistance.
{"title":"Improving the corrosion resistance of 316 L through vanadium microalloying: Corrosion resistance mechanism based on nucleation and growth kinetics calculation of passive film","authors":"Chen Wang, Jiayi He, Zikai Wu, Kuangxin Luo, Fenghua Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrosion behavior of vanadium (V, 0–0.5 wt%) alloyed 316 L in PEMFC environment was studied through electrochemical testing along with microstructure analysis. The results indicate that the passive film of 316 L alloyed with 0.3 wt% V has the best protective effect, as it has the highest polarization resistance and the lowest point defect density. XPS analysis reveals that the Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content in passive film inner layer of steel containing 0.3 % V reaches 55.52 %, which is 63.44 % higher than that of V-free 316 L, while the passive film thickness increases to 4.98 nm. Due to the reduction in diffusion activation energy of Cr by V atoms, the migration rate of Cr to the surface is accelerated, significantly enhancing the nucleation rate of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and promoting its growth rate, ultimately forming a continuous and dense Cr rich protective layer. However, corrosion performance begins to deteriorate when alloyed by 0.5 wt% of V. The supersaturated V disrupts the solid solution equilibrium of the matrix, resulting in lattice mismatch and defects within the passive film, reducing the atomic diffusion rates heavily. The nucleation and growth rate of the passive layer slows down, ultimately forming a severely defective passive film that reduces its corrosion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113513"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113542
Xinglong Zhu , Lijing Yang , Tingting Zhu , Pingping Zhao , Zhengli Wu , Zhiwei Wang , Fangcai Li , Chengyue Zhu , Zhenlun Song
The inherent trade-off between strength and ductility in biodegradable Zn alloys has long hindered their clinical adoption as next-generation biomedical implants, while the corrosion rate needs further enhancement to reduce in vivo residence time for implant requirements. In this study, a novel gradient heterogeneous lamellar (GHL) structure was developed in Zn-0.45Mn-0.8Li (wt%) alloy via an integrated extrusion-rotary swaging deformation process. The special structure combines the advantages of gradient structure and heterogeneous lamellar (HL) structure, achieving synchronous strength and ductility improvement. The R70 alloy exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 494 MPa and elongation (EL) of 81 %. The synergistic interplay of grain refinement, hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening, and plastic strain gradient leads to progressive enhancement of the strength-ductility synergy. The corrosion rate increased and the corrosion pattern tended towards uniform corrosion with the increase of deformation, which is attributed the uniform grain refinement and phases distribution, resulting in an increase in micro-electrochemical corrosion areas and non-uniformity of corrosion products between disordered textures after rotary-swaging. The R20 alloy presented an electrochemical corrosion rate of 188 μm/year, an immersion corrosion rate in the first 15 days of 134 μm/year, while the R70 alloy had corresponding values of 316 μm /year and 156 μm /year. The degradation products are non-toxic, and controlled release of bioactive ion (Zn2 +, Mn2+, Li+) synergistically promotes osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, the rotary-swaged Zn-0.45Mn-0.8Li alloy with GHL structure represented an ideal candidate for biodegradable medical implants, integrating excellent mechanical properties, controlled degradation kinetics, and osteogenic bioactivity.
{"title":"Gradient heterogeneous lamellar structure Zn-Mn-Li alloy: A biodegradable medical alloy with synergistic strengthening-toughening and regulated corrosion via integrated extrusion-rotary swaging","authors":"Xinglong Zhu , Lijing Yang , Tingting Zhu , Pingping Zhao , Zhengli Wu , Zhiwei Wang , Fangcai Li , Chengyue Zhu , Zhenlun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inherent trade-off between strength and ductility in biodegradable Zn alloys has long hindered their clinical adoption as next-generation biomedical implants, while the corrosion rate needs further enhancement to reduce in vivo residence time for implant requirements. In this study, a novel gradient heterogeneous lamellar (GHL) structure was developed in Zn-0.45Mn-0.8Li (wt%) alloy via an integrated extrusion-rotary swaging deformation process. The special structure combines the advantages of gradient structure and heterogeneous lamellar (HL) structure, achieving synchronous strength and ductility improvement. The R70 alloy exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 494 MPa and elongation (EL) of 81 %. The synergistic interplay of grain refinement, hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening, and plastic strain gradient leads to progressive enhancement of the strength-ductility synergy. The corrosion rate increased and the corrosion pattern tended towards uniform corrosion with the increase of deformation, which is attributed the uniform grain refinement and phases distribution, resulting in an increase in micro-electrochemical corrosion areas and non-uniformity of corrosion products between disordered textures after rotary-swaging. The R20 alloy presented an electrochemical corrosion rate of 188 μm/year, an immersion corrosion rate in the first 15 days of 134 μm/year, while the R70 alloy had corresponding values of 316 μm /year and 156 μm /year. The degradation products are non-toxic, and controlled release of bioactive ion (Zn<sup>2 +</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>) synergistically promotes osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, the rotary-swaged Zn-0.45Mn-0.8Li alloy with GHL structure represented an ideal candidate for biodegradable medical implants, integrating excellent mechanical properties, controlled degradation kinetics, and osteogenic bioactivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113542"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113522
Lei Shen , Wei Jian , Wenhao Wang , Xinjie Ge , Hainan Wang , Qinhao Zhang , Xinkun Suo , Lu Ren
The effect of Hf on the oxidation behavior of the refractory high-entropy alloy RHEA-ZrNbTiV under simulated Primary loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions at 350℃ and 16.8 MPa. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of Hf effectively promotes the formation of an HfO₂-rich bilayer amorphous oxide at the interface, suppresses the development of the Kirkendall porosity band, and enhances the adhesion and spallation resistance of the oxide scale. First-principles calculations reveal that Hf exhibits higher oxygen adsorption energy and work function, which facilitates the stabilization of the inner oxide layer and may assist vacancy-mediated outward diffusion within the oxide scale, thereby optimizing both the thermodynamic and diffusion aspects of the oxidation process. A diffusion-vacancy-interface coupling mechanism is proposed for the first time, based on a synergistic analysis of experimental characterizations (SEM, XRD, XPS, TEM/EDX) and atomic-scale simulations. These findings clarify how Hf stabilizes oxide scales on refractory HEAs in PWR-like water and provide a mechanistic basis for subsequent alloy-design efforts aimed at nuclear environments.
{"title":"Multi-scale stabilization mechanism of oxide scale in Hf-enhanced ZrNbTiV RHEA under simulated PWR conditions: Coupling interface regulation with structural evolution","authors":"Lei Shen , Wei Jian , Wenhao Wang , Xinjie Ge , Hainan Wang , Qinhao Zhang , Xinkun Suo , Lu Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of Hf on the oxidation behavior of the refractory high-entropy alloy RHEA-ZrNbTiV under simulated Primary loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions at 350℃ and 16.8 MPa. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of Hf effectively promotes the formation of an HfO₂-rich bilayer amorphous oxide at the interface, suppresses the development of the Kirkendall porosity band, and enhances the adhesion and spallation resistance of the oxide scale. First-principles calculations reveal that Hf exhibits higher oxygen adsorption energy and work function, which facilitates the stabilization of the inner oxide layer and may assist vacancy-mediated outward diffusion within the oxide scale, thereby optimizing both the thermodynamic and diffusion aspects of the oxidation process. A diffusion-vacancy-interface coupling mechanism is proposed for the first time, based on a synergistic analysis of experimental characterizations (SEM, XRD, XPS, TEM/EDX) and atomic-scale simulations. These findings clarify how Hf stabilizes oxide scales on refractory HEAs in PWR-like water and provide a mechanistic basis for subsequent alloy-design efforts aimed at nuclear environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113522"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work investigates the correlation between natural atmospheric exposure and laboratory-accelerated corrosion behavior of Q420qENH weathering steel. In both environments, the mass-gain kinetics were found to follow the relationship ΔW=A·tⁿ. On this kinetic analysis, a time-conversion model was established: lntatm= 0.72129 lntacc-2.01994. The model indicates that 20 days of alternating wet-dry testing is equivalent to approximately one year of natural exposure, thereby providing a quantitative basis for predicting service life in engineering applications. Regarding corrosion products and morphology, natural exposure resulted in the formation of a denser inner rust layer with stronger adhesion to the substrate. However, it also led to more pronounced surface undulation and dust deposition. In contrast, the alternating wet-dry tests produced a smoother surface and a more uniform distribution of corrosion products, albeit with a higher density of pores and microcracks. Evaluation of the stabilization treatment revealed that it promotes the enrichment of Cu and Cr and accelerates the formation of α-FeOOH within the rust layer. This process contributes to grain refinement in the rust layer and facilitates the healing of micro-defects. These findings establish a theoretical basis for evaluating the performance and engineering application of stabilization-treated weathering steel, while also offering valuable insights for designing accelerated corrosion tests and assessing the service life of various steel grades in diverse corrosive environments.
{"title":"Laboratory-to-field equivalence of corrosion in stabilized-treated Q420qENH weathering steel","authors":"Guiyi Zhou , Tieming Guo , Junwei Miao , Yaobing Wei , Zefen Liang , Xueli Nan , Ruihua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the correlation between natural atmospheric exposure and laboratory-accelerated corrosion behavior of Q420qENH weathering steel. In both environments, the mass-gain kinetics were found to follow the relationship ΔW=A·tⁿ. On this kinetic analysis, a time-conversion model was established: lnt<sub>atm</sub>= 0.72129 lnt<sub>acc</sub>-2.01994. The model indicates that 20 days of alternating wet-dry testing is equivalent to approximately one year of natural exposure, thereby providing a quantitative basis for predicting service life in engineering applications. Regarding corrosion products and morphology, natural exposure resulted in the formation of a denser inner rust layer with stronger adhesion to the substrate. However, it also led to more pronounced surface undulation and dust deposition. In contrast, the alternating wet-dry tests produced a smoother surface and a more uniform distribution of corrosion products, albeit with a higher density of pores and microcracks. Evaluation of the stabilization treatment revealed that it promotes the enrichment of Cu and Cr and accelerates the formation of α-FeOOH within the rust layer. This process contributes to grain refinement in the rust layer and facilitates the healing of micro-defects. These findings establish a theoretical basis for evaluating the performance and engineering application of stabilization-treated weathering steel, while also offering valuable insights for designing accelerated corrosion tests and assessing the service life of various steel grades in diverse corrosive environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113570"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113577
Bin Wu , Xiaotian Wei , Hongliang Ming , Yichen Bao , Fanjiang Meng , Peifeng Han , Jianqiu Wang , En-Hou Han
To elucidate the inhibition mechanism of zinc water chemistry on the corrosion product release from key materials in pressurized water reactor (PWR), this study systematically investigates the evolution of oxide films and the release kinetics of elements (Ni, Cr, Fe) from Alloy 690TT under both basic (Zn-free) and zinc-injected (50 ppb) conditions in simulated primary water at 325 °C for up to 3336 h. Oxide film analysis reveals that zinc injection promotes the transformation of the outer oxide layer from a porous, needle-like NiCr₂O₄ spinel to a dense, granular (Zn,Cr,Fe)₃O₄ composite spinel, while the inner compact Cr₂O₃ layer remains stable. Analysis of the release kinetics shows that zinc injection significantly reduces the corrosion release rates of the main metallic elements. Nickel is the primary released element, and its initial release rate is reduced by approximately 71 % with zinc injection. Furthermore, based on the corrosion release rate data from various time points, a quantitative predictive model describing the evolution of the average release rates of Ni, Cr, and Fe over time has been established.
{"title":"Effect of zinc injection on the oxide film structure and corrosion release behavior of Alloy 690TT in high temperature pressurized water","authors":"Bin Wu , Xiaotian Wei , Hongliang Ming , Yichen Bao , Fanjiang Meng , Peifeng Han , Jianqiu Wang , En-Hou Han","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the inhibition mechanism of zinc water chemistry on the corrosion product release from key materials in pressurized water reactor (PWR), this study systematically investigates the evolution of oxide films and the release kinetics of elements (Ni, Cr, Fe) from Alloy 690TT under both basic (Zn-free) and zinc-injected (50 ppb) conditions in simulated primary water at 325 °C for up to 3336 h. Oxide film analysis reveals that zinc injection promotes the transformation of the outer oxide layer from a porous, needle-like NiCr₂O₄ spinel to a dense, granular (Zn,Cr,Fe)₃O₄ composite spinel, while the inner compact Cr₂O₃ layer remains stable. Analysis of the release kinetics shows that zinc injection significantly reduces the corrosion release rates of the main metallic elements. Nickel is the primary released element, and its initial release rate is reduced by approximately 71 % with zinc injection. Furthermore, based on the corrosion release rate data from various time points, a quantitative predictive model describing the evolution of the average release rates of Ni, Cr, and Fe over time has been established.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113577"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113566
Jianjun Li , Yang Wang , Congzheng Wang , Shujing Wang , Weijie Wang , Pengfei Jin , Zichong Zu , Yuqi Zhang , Guangyu He , Cheng Zhang , Jinfeng Huang
To advance the uses of ZrO2/NiCrAl coatings for flame-retardant protection, the effects of such coatings on critical ignition conditions of TC4 titanium alloy were systematically investigated by using an oxygen-enriched ignition test. The findings reveal that NiCrAl coating demonstrate superior ignition critical conditions, such as ignition temperature and critical pressure, compared to ZrO2 coatings within a thickness range of 100–350 μm. Moreover, an advanced F-K model was introduced to quantitatively describe the relationship between coating parameters (such as compositions and thickness) and the ignition critical conditions. Furthermore, the fitting results revealed that the activation energy for ignition of ZrO2 and NiCrAl coatings as 111.395 kJ/mol and 116.074 kJ/mol, respectively, notably exceeding the substrate's 89.130 kJ/mol. The improved flame retardancy can be related to the ZrO2 coating forms a layered TiO-ZrTiO4 structure during combustion, which impedes the Ti/O chain reaction and lowers exothermic reaction efficiency. Conversely, the NiCrAl coating develops a dense multi-layered network of Ti3NiAl2O, NiAl2O4, and β-Ti(Cr). This structure obstructs oxygen diffusion and severs the contact between the Ti and O, thus effectively suppressing the sustained Ti/O chain reaction. These findings provide a data and theoretical basis for the optimizing design and flame-retardant application of NiCrAl/YSZ coatings.
{"title":"Unveiling the critical conditions for ignition and flame-retardant mechanisms of NiCrAl/YSZ coatings applied for protection of titanium alloys","authors":"Jianjun Li , Yang Wang , Congzheng Wang , Shujing Wang , Weijie Wang , Pengfei Jin , Zichong Zu , Yuqi Zhang , Guangyu He , Cheng Zhang , Jinfeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2025.113566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To advance the uses of ZrO<sub>2</sub>/NiCrAl coatings for flame-retardant protection, the effects of such coatings on critical ignition conditions of TC4 titanium alloy were systematically investigated by using an oxygen-enriched ignition test. The findings reveal that NiCrAl coating demonstrate superior ignition critical conditions, such as ignition temperature and critical pressure, compared to ZrO<sub>2</sub> coatings within a thickness range of 100–350 μm. Moreover, an advanced <em>F-K</em> model was introduced to quantitatively describe the relationship between coating parameters (such as compositions and thickness) and the ignition critical conditions. Furthermore, the fitting results revealed that the activation energy for ignition of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and NiCrAl coatings as 111.395 kJ/mol and 116.074 kJ/mol, respectively, notably exceeding the substrate's 89.130 kJ/mol. The improved flame retardancy can be related to the ZrO<sub>2</sub> coating forms a layered TiO-ZrTiO<sub>4</sub> structure during combustion, which impedes the Ti/O chain reaction and lowers exothermic reaction efficiency. Conversely, the NiCrAl coating develops a dense multi-layered network of Ti<sub>3</sub>NiAl<sub>2</sub>O, NiAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, and β-Ti(Cr). This structure obstructs oxygen diffusion and severs the contact between the Ti and O, thus effectively suppressing the sustained Ti/O chain reaction. These findings provide a data and theoretical basis for the optimizing design and flame-retardant application of NiCrAl/YSZ coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 113566"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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