The cushioning of many car seats is provided by polyurethane foam which exhibits highly nonlinear behavior under normal operating conditions. This study attempts to link continuum and microstructural approaches to modeling foamed materials. In a seat-occupant model, the model needs to be of global or macroscopic behavior. An Ogden model of compressible rubber-like solids can be fitted to finite element representation of two-dimensional Voronoi honeycomb structures. This model provides a good description of the uniaxial compression, up to at least 10% compression. Extending this study to three-dimensional representations of seating foam is an important point for future work.
{"title":"LINKING OF CONTINUUM AND MICROSTRUCTURE MODELS OF FOAM TO AID IN THE DESIGN OF AUTOMOTIVE SEATING. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"R. D. Widdle, A. Bajaj, P. Davies","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0379","url":null,"abstract":"The cushioning of many car seats is provided by polyurethane foam which exhibits highly nonlinear behavior under normal operating conditions. This study attempts to link continuum and microstructural approaches to modeling foamed materials. In a seat-occupant model, the model needs to be of global or macroscopic behavior. An Ogden model of compressible rubber-like solids can be fitted to finite element representation of two-dimensional Voronoi honeycomb structures. This model provides a good description of the uniaxial compression, up to at least 10% compression. Extending this study to three-dimensional representations of seating foam is an important point for future work.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132913518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the autonomic responses in healthy subjects during a two hour driving with variable speeds. The analysis of the heartrate variability was measured by using power spectral analysis. The results indicated that different vehicle speeds have significant influence on the sympathovagal balance associated with changes in high frequency and low frequency components of heart rate variability in a healthy driver during the test period. Additionally, the results showed that different vehicle speeds induced different parasympathetic nerve activity change level. Also, sympathovagal balance changes were induced by different parasympathetic nerve activities.
{"title":"EFFECT OF DIFFERENT VEHICLE SPEEDS ON MENTAL FATIGUE IN HEALTHY DRIVERS. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"K. Jiao, Z. Li, M. Chen, C. T. Wang","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0234","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the autonomic responses in healthy subjects during a two hour driving with variable speeds. The analysis of the heartrate variability was measured by using power spectral analysis. The results indicated that different vehicle speeds have significant influence on the sympathovagal balance associated with changes in high frequency and low frequency components of heart rate variability in a healthy driver during the test period. Additionally, the results showed that different vehicle speeds induced different parasympathetic nerve activity change level. Also, sympathovagal balance changes were induced by different parasympathetic nerve activities.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"378 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129482222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this paper is to provide the nonlinear model identification procedure and to unveil the nonlinear models to predict theoretical response. The test results show that the automotive seat cushion structure exhibits nonlinear characteristics, such as stiffness and nonlinear damping. The procedure presented can be used to identify the nonlinear seat cushion parameters. The study developed two nonlinear models to simulate the seat cushion response, and both models possess nonlinear stiffness and damping terms. Either model can be used for the seat cushion analysis.
{"title":"NONLINEAR MODEL IDENTIFICATION AND PROCEDURE FOR AUTOMOTIVE SEAT CUSHION STRUCTURE. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"J. Pang, R. Dukkipati, G. Sheneg","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0378","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is to provide the nonlinear model identification procedure and to unveil the nonlinear models to predict theoretical response. The test results show that the automotive seat cushion structure exhibits nonlinear characteristics, such as stiffness and nonlinear damping. The procedure presented can be used to identify the nonlinear seat cushion parameters. The study developed two nonlinear models to simulate the seat cushion response, and both models possess nonlinear stiffness and damping terms. Either model can be used for the seat cushion analysis.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133984614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a dynamic model for automotive cushion-human body combined structure. The design is based on a nonlinear seat cushion model and a linear ISO human body model. This model can be used for the evaluation of the dynamic response of human body in a car. The transfer functions obtained from the tests validated the model, as the model showed the same trend as the results from the tests. It is also possible to evaluate the degree of the driving comfort from the response, especially from the transfer function.
{"title":"NONLINEAR MODEL VALIDATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE SEAT CUSHION-HUMAN BODY COMBINED STRUCTURE. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"J. Pang, R. Dukkipati, G. Sheng","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0372","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a dynamic model for automotive cushion-human body combined structure. The design is based on a nonlinear seat cushion model and a linear ISO human body model. This model can be used for the evaluation of the dynamic response of human body in a car. The transfer functions obtained from the tests validated the model, as the model showed the same trend as the results from the tests. It is also possible to evaluate the degree of the driving comfort from the response, especially from the transfer function.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126253036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Programmable vehicle models (PVMs) are used in industry to quickly and economically compare ergonomic characteristics between different vehicle package arrangements. Presented in this paper are results from a series of three studies conducted to determine the applicability and limitations of the methodology of using a PVM. The study had four major objectives: determine if the PVM can accurately repeat package configurations; determine if subjects have the ability to judge interior package characteristics; determine if measurements of subjects in position are repeatable; and determine if the evaluations of vehicle configurations programmed in the PVM provide similar test results to the evaluations made by the subjects in actual vehicles. Overall, the validity of using the PVM as a design tool has been verified, but accurate representation of a vehicle package and other influencing surfaces is the key issue in future usefulness of the PVM as a design tool.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE PVM METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE VEHICLE INTERIOR PACKAGES. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"A. Richards, V. Bhise","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0370","url":null,"abstract":"Programmable vehicle models (PVMs) are used in industry to quickly and economically compare ergonomic characteristics between different vehicle package arrangements. Presented in this paper are results from a series of three studies conducted to determine the applicability and limitations of the methodology of using a PVM. The study had four major objectives: determine if the PVM can accurately repeat package configurations; determine if subjects have the ability to judge interior package characteristics; determine if measurements of subjects in position are repeatable; and determine if the evaluations of vehicle configurations programmed in the PVM provide similar test results to the evaluations made by the subjects in actual vehicles. Overall, the validity of using the PVM as a design tool has been verified, but accurate representation of a vehicle package and other influencing surfaces is the key issue in future usefulness of the PVM as a design tool.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130678949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proposed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) smart air bag rules state that the safety restraint system adjusts its operation depending upon the classification and position of the occupants to reduce the possibility of injury being caused by the air bag. To meet this requirement, QinetiC and First Technology are developing a sensor system based on a low cost thermal sensor that is extremely robust and consumes little electrical power. The paper outlines the requirements of the sensor and trial work to address the feasibility of using a thermal sensor in the automotive cabin environment. The effects of background temperature, occupant clothing, contamination and obstruction of the lens of the sensor are also addressed.
{"title":"A FAR INFRARED THERMAL IMAGER FOR OCCUPANT SIZE AND POSITION SENSING. IN: AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINTS","authors":"B. Johnson, T. Kaushal","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0836","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) smart air bag rules state that the safety restraint system adjusts its operation depending upon the classification and position of the occupants to reduce the possibility of injury being caused by the air bag. To meet this requirement, QinetiC and First Technology are developing a sensor system based on a low cost thermal sensor that is extremely robust and consumes little electrical power. The paper outlines the requirements of the sensor and trial work to address the feasibility of using a thermal sensor in the automotive cabin environment. The effects of background temperature, occupant clothing, contamination and obstruction of the lens of the sensor are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"203 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123042531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Kosaka, Akira Kurosaki, A. Harada, Y. Yamashita, H. Nishitani
The paper describes a driving simulator that was developed to simulate traffic accidents at intersections. The simulator mimicked traffic accidents and a video annotation system was used to analyze the driver's behavior. Also, a method to estimate a driver's mental state using pluralphysiological signals was included. The experimental results demonstrated that the driving simulator could simulate car crashes at an intersection and could be used to investigate the relationship between physiological data and the driver's mental state.
{"title":"DEVELOPING A DRIVING SIMULATOR AND AN ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY TO ESTIMATE A DRIVER'S MENTAL STATE WHEN DISTRACTED. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"H. Kosaka, Akira Kurosaki, A. Harada, Y. Yamashita, H. Nishitani","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0233","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes a driving simulator that was developed to simulate traffic accidents at intersections. The simulator mimicked traffic accidents and a video annotation system was used to analyze the driver's behavior. Also, a method to estimate a driver's mental state using pluralphysiological signals was included. The experimental results demonstrated that the driving simulator could simulate car crashes at an intersection and could be used to investigate the relationship between physiological data and the driver's mental state.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128200629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To enhance automobile safety, air bags have been a key component of the overall vehicle safety systems since the late '80s and early '90s. In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) statistics indicated air bag deployments saved an estimated 1,500 lives. Reports of occupants having serious or fatal injuries during air bag deployments appear low relative to the number of accidents with air bag deployments. The objective of this study is to establish a list of sitting postures that an adult or a child front seat passenger may assume during a normal daily trip with an estimate of usage rate for each posture. This paper will provide information that should help to understand how front passengers sit during their normal daily trip.
{"title":"SURVEY OF FRONT PASSENGER POSTURE USAGE IN PASSENGER VEHICLES. IN: AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINTS","authors":"Lijian Zhang, Long Chen, A. Vértiz, R. Balci","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0845","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance automobile safety, air bags have been a key component of the overall vehicle safety systems since the late '80s and early '90s. In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) statistics indicated air bag deployments saved an estimated 1,500 lives. Reports of occupants having serious or fatal injuries during air bag deployments appear low relative to the number of accidents with air bag deployments. The objective of this study is to establish a list of sitting postures that an adult or a child front seat passenger may assume during a normal daily trip with an estimate of usage rate for each posture. This paper will provide information that should help to understand how front passengers sit during their normal daily trip.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126412898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on a computational investigation of the problem of lower limb injuries in automobile frontal crashes with the toepan intrusion, based on the rigid multibody dynamic modeling and simulation. The interaction between the lower limbs and the inflatable toepan padding was described by the contact between the feet and the load distribution plate of the padding. The investigation provided a view of the kinematics and dynamics of the system.
{"title":"COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF INFLATABLE TOEPAN PADDING FOR MITIGATING LOWER LIMB INJURIES. IN: AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINTS","authors":"Z. Cheng, A. Rizer, J. Pellettiere","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0837","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a computational investigation of the problem of lower limb injuries in automobile frontal crashes with the toepan intrusion, based on the rigid multibody dynamic modeling and simulation. The interaction between the lower limbs and the inflatable toepan padding was described by the contact between the feet and the load distribution plate of the padding. The investigation provided a view of the kinematics and dynamics of the system.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121671601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guangmin Wang, W. Yang, X. Kang, S. Li, Z. C. Liu, Y. Qun
One of the most important features in today's high speed vehicles is riding comfort. This paper presents a visual simulation method for vehicle ride comfort that is based on the virtual model, time domain simulations on random road inputs that are carried out, and the vehicle dynamic characteristic parameters. The importance of this approach is that it allows the researchers to improve the design of the vehicles before they are manufactured, and similarily, researchers and vehicle users can observe, understand and feel the vehicle vibration in the virtual reality test.
{"title":"A VIRTUAL TEST APPROACH FOR VEHICLE RIDE COMFORT EVALUATION. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"Guangmin Wang, W. Yang, X. Kang, S. Li, Z. C. Liu, Y. Qun","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0376","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important features in today's high speed vehicles is riding comfort. This paper presents a visual simulation method for vehicle ride comfort that is based on the virtual model, time domain simulations on random road inputs that are carried out, and the vehicle dynamic characteristic parameters. The importance of this approach is that it allows the researchers to improve the design of the vehicles before they are manufactured, and similarily, researchers and vehicle users can observe, understand and feel the vehicle vibration in the virtual reality test.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129786631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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