The advanced airbag introduced in this paper has a dual stage inflator to minimize the occupant injury by choosing airbag pressure between low and high after sensing various impact conditions. The system was determined to be successful after only a few tests. The tests demonstrated the design features that enhanced the possibility to deploy well for the inner airbag pressure and endure for the outer head impact. It was also possible to apply the advanced airbag that deployed with lower temperature to the hard types of IPAB door systems.
{"title":"INVISIBLE ADVANCED PASSENGER-SIDE AIRBAG DOOR DESIGN FOR OPTIMAL DEPLOYMENT AND HEAD IMPACT PERFORMANCE. IN: AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINTS","authors":"B. Kong, J. H. Park, J. Bae","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0850","url":null,"abstract":"The advanced airbag introduced in this paper has a dual stage inflator to minimize the occupant injury by choosing airbag pressure between low and high after sensing various impact conditions. The system was determined to be successful after only a few tests. The tests demonstrated the design features that enhanced the possibility to deploy well for the inner airbag pressure and endure for the outer head impact. It was also possible to apply the advanced airbag that deployed with lower temperature to the hard types of IPAB door systems.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125514572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Tobata, H. Pal, H. Takagi, S. Fukuda, H. Liyama, R. Yakushi
This study's aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brake operated pre-crash seatbelt system by considering the dynamic behavior of the vehicle combined with the safety performance of the vehicle during the crash. The experimental results were used in numerical simulations as the initial conditions for calculating parameters related to vehicle safety during a crash event. The results indicated that the brake operated pre-crash seatbelt system has the potential to reduce injury parameters even if emergency braking is applied prior to a crash.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A BRAKE-OPERATED PRE-CRASH SEATBELT SYSTEM AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION. IN: AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINTS","authors":"H. Tobata, H. Pal, H. Takagi, S. Fukuda, H. Liyama, R. Yakushi","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0851","url":null,"abstract":"This study's aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brake operated pre-crash seatbelt system by considering the dynamic behavior of the vehicle combined with the safety performance of the vehicle during the crash. The experimental results were used in numerical simulations as the initial conditions for calculating parameters related to vehicle safety during a crash event. The results indicated that the brake operated pre-crash seatbelt system has the potential to reduce injury parameters even if emergency braking is applied prior to a crash.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133086347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes an experimental vehicle that was remodeled so that the maneuvering condition of the Joy-stick (JH) device can be compared with that of a conventional steering wheel under the same travel conditions. The characteristics, performance and maneuverability of the JH device are reported. Also discussed is an experiment that was conducted using a driving simulator to examine an optimum steer angle with respect to the angle of inclination of the JH by driver's manipulation.
{"title":"A STUDY OF DRIVER'S MANEUVER CHARACTERISTICS USING THE JOY-STICK DEVICE. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"Y. Matsuura, S. Kitazawa, Y. Hiraike","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0452","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes an experimental vehicle that was remodeled so that the maneuvering condition of the Joy-stick (JH) device can be compared with that of a conventional steering wheel under the same travel conditions. The characteristics, performance and maneuverability of the JH device are reported. Also discussed is an experiment that was conducted using a driving simulator to examine an optimum steer angle with respect to the angle of inclination of the JH by driver's manipulation.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115605728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wycisk, Leo Aichriedler, Michael Breunig, Jmc Hoika, J Kahrweg
The paper describes in detail specialized pressure sensor ICs (innovative chips) within a satellite for side crash detection. A partitioning for a side crash detection system consisting of the door module, the transmission line and the air bag central control unit (ECU) are also presented. The communication link between the sensors, the receiver-IC and other blocks in the application are illustrated.
{"title":"INNOVATIVE CHIP SET FOR PRESSURE AND ACCELERATION BASED AIRBAG SOLUTIONS. IN: AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINTS","authors":"M. Wycisk, Leo Aichriedler, Michael Breunig, Jmc Hoika, J Kahrweg","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0846","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes in detail specialized pressure sensor ICs (innovative chips) within a satellite for side crash detection. A partitioning for a side crash detection system consisting of the door module, the transmission line and the air bag central control unit (ECU) are also presented. The communication link between the sensors, the receiver-IC and other blocks in the application are illustrated.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114420134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes a method of predicting seat vibration transmissibilities with a seated human subject from acceleration data measured for the seat assembly with and without a rigid mass. This prediction method takes into account the nonlinearity of seat vibration and ease of measurement. It can be easily applied to experiments involving cars because it does not require measurement of reaction forces. The use of the human body in the prediction appeared to improve the accuracy of the prediction by using the driving point apparent masses in the lateral direction, transfer apparent masses of the buttocks in the vertical direction, and those of the backrest in the fore-and-aft direction, which were calculated from the transmissibilities of actual vehicle seats with human subjects.
{"title":"PREDICTION OF SEAT VIBRATION WITH A SEATED HUMAN SUBJECT USING A SUBSTRUCTURE SYNTHESIS METHOD. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"Kazuhito Kato, S. Kitazaki, H. Tobata","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0371","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes a method of predicting seat vibration transmissibilities with a seated human subject from acceleration data measured for the seat assembly with and without a rigid mass. This prediction method takes into account the nonlinearity of seat vibration and ease of measurement. It can be easily applied to experiments involving cars because it does not require measurement of reaction forces. The use of the human body in the prediction appeared to improve the accuracy of the prediction by using the driving point apparent masses in the lateral direction, transfer apparent masses of the buttocks in the vertical direction, and those of the backrest in the fore-and-aft direction, which were calculated from the transmissibilities of actual vehicle seats with human subjects.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129520534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PC-CRASH is a crash simulation computer program that can be used to simulate vehicle movement before, during, and after the impact. The software can calculate the movement of all involved vehicles based on a 3D kinetic vehicle model. PC-CRASH takes into account various factors such as gravity, tires, wind, and, if necessary, trailer forces. This chapter on the use of PC-CRASH to simulate rollover crashes is from a comprehensive textbook on occupant and vehicle responses in rollovers. The authors discuss the physical background of the program, including capabilities and limitations. One rollover example is presented and analyzed. The authors conclude that the software is capable of predicting the vehicles' path, the timing, the number of rolls, and most other relevant rollover parameters. The effects of direct contacts and/or detailed deformation cannot be modeled with the software. However, the tool is useful to determine the stability of certain rollover conditions and the influence of certain parameters, such as initial speed, friction, and suspension characteristics.
{"title":"HOW TO USE PC-CRASH TO SIMULATE ROLLOVER CRASHES. IN: OCCUPANT AND VEHICLE RESPONSES IN ROLLOVERS","authors":"H. Steffan, A. Moser","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0341","url":null,"abstract":"PC-CRASH is a crash simulation computer program that can be used to simulate vehicle movement before, during, and after the impact. The software can calculate the movement of all involved vehicles based on a 3D kinetic vehicle model. PC-CRASH takes into account various factors such as gravity, tires, wind, and, if necessary, trailer forces. This chapter on the use of PC-CRASH to simulate rollover crashes is from a comprehensive textbook on occupant and vehicle responses in rollovers. The authors discuss the physical background of the program, including capabilities and limitations. One rollover example is presented and analyzed. The authors conclude that the software is capable of predicting the vehicles' path, the timing, the number of rolls, and most other relevant rollover parameters. The effects of direct contacts and/or detailed deformation cannot be modeled with the software. However, the tool is useful to determine the stability of certain rollover conditions and the influence of certain parameters, such as initial speed, friction, and suspension characteristics.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116936546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fact that people come in different sizes and shapes is an important consideration when designing a product. Anthropometry, the science that relates to the measurement and application of human body size, proportion, and capability, can and should be used as limiting factors or guidelines in design. This paper examines occupant anthropometry applied to car seat design with the understanding of the samples size relative to the desired population, and assuming that the traditional percentiles that ensure 90% accommodation disregard other factors that and will influence occupant comfort and accommodation.
{"title":"BEYOND PERCENTILES: AN EXAMINATION OF OCCUPANT ANTHROPOMETRY AND SEAT DESIGN. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"S. Ziolek, P. Wawrow","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0375","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that people come in different sizes and shapes is an important consideration when designing a product. Anthropometry, the science that relates to the measurement and application of human body size, proportion, and capability, can and should be used as limiting factors or guidelines in design. This paper examines occupant anthropometry applied to car seat design with the understanding of the samples size relative to the desired population, and assuming that the traditional percentiles that ensure 90% accommodation disregard other factors that and will influence occupant comfort and accommodation.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127905912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazuya Itoh, Y. Miku, Noritoshi Yoshitsugu, Noriharu Kubo, S. Mashimo
Car manufacturers have begun to release products in recent years, such as car navigation systems and other information technology (IT) devices that incorporate a voice-activated interface based on voice recognition technology. This paper presents a study that conducted driving simulator tests to measure the driver's workload when performing certain operations under various conditions and the resultant effect on driving was evaluated. The purpose of the tests was to compare how voice-activated operations, steering wheel switch operations and instrument panel switch operations affected driving behavior. The results clearly determined that the mental distraction level when operating a voice-activated system is substantially lower than that of a traditional manual system.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF A VOICE-ACTIVATED SYSTEM USING A DRIVING SIMULATOR. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"Kazuya Itoh, Y. Miku, Noritoshi Yoshitsugu, Noriharu Kubo, S. Mashimo","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0232","url":null,"abstract":"Car manufacturers have begun to release products in recent years, such as car navigation systems and other information technology (IT) devices that incorporate a voice-activated interface based on voice recognition technology. This paper presents a study that conducted driving simulator tests to measure the driver's workload when performing certain operations under various conditions and the resultant effect on driving was evaluated. The purpose of the tests was to compare how voice-activated operations, steering wheel switch operations and instrument panel switch operations affected driving behavior. The results clearly determined that the mental distraction level when operating a voice-activated system is substantially lower than that of a traditional manual system.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"186 17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116893999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bounce-over rollovers occur when a vehicle rebounds off a fixed object and overturns as a consequence. The rollover must occur in proximity to the object from which it is deflected. This chapter on bounce-overs is from a comprehensive textbook on occupant and vehicle responses in rollovers. The authors report on a study of U.S. crash data that was reviewed to evaluate the distribution of bounce-over crashes and injuries, initiation objects, and impact locations. Results showed that in passenger cars, bounce-over crashes account for 8.4% of rollovers but involve 36.2% of the seriously injured belted drivers. Most bounce-overs are initiated by contact with narrow objects such as a pole, tree, or barrier, or large objects such as a ditch or embankment. The authors developed a laboratory test to simulate a narrow object bounce-over; they report on the results of using this test. The information gleaned from the test provides a better understanding of vehicle kinematics and occupant injury responses. The test also provides input for the development and assessment of mathematical models of occupant kinematics and safety systems in bounce-over rollovers. The aim of the research was to determine minimum crash sensing requirements, not to simulate the life-threatening conditions of vehicle rollovers.
{"title":"BOUNCE-OVERS: FIXED OBJECT IMPACTS FOLLOWED BY ROLLOVERS. IN: OCCUPANT AND VEHICLE RESPONSES IN ROLLOVERS","authors":"C. Parenteau, D. Viano","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0334","url":null,"abstract":"Bounce-over rollovers occur when a vehicle rebounds off a fixed object and overturns as a consequence. The rollover must occur in proximity to the object from which it is deflected. This chapter on bounce-overs is from a comprehensive textbook on occupant and vehicle responses in rollovers. The authors report on a study of U.S. crash data that was reviewed to evaluate the distribution of bounce-over crashes and injuries, initiation objects, and impact locations. Results showed that in passenger cars, bounce-over crashes account for 8.4% of rollovers but involve 36.2% of the seriously injured belted drivers. Most bounce-overs are initiated by contact with narrow objects such as a pole, tree, or barrier, or large objects such as a ditch or embankment. The authors developed a laboratory test to simulate a narrow object bounce-over; they report on the results of using this test. The information gleaned from the test provides a better understanding of vehicle kinematics and occupant injury responses. The test also provides input for the development and assessment of mathematical models of occupant kinematics and safety systems in bounce-over rollovers. The aim of the research was to determine minimum crash sensing requirements, not to simulate the life-threatening conditions of vehicle rollovers.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115682029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The static pressure distribution has been established by the automotive seating industry as criteria against which to evaluate automotive seats. This paper describes a study that is based on six separate investigations that provide specific recommendations concerning the system setup, subject selection, and protocol execution. The study showed that results are affected by the presence of pressure mats. That means that survey evaluations and static pressure distribution evaluations must be separated.
{"title":"SELECTED CAR SEAT STUDIES DEALING WITH STATIC PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION. IN: HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING AND TELEMATICS, AND SEATING COMFORT","authors":"M. Kolich","doi":"10.4271/2004-01-0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0377","url":null,"abstract":"The static pressure distribution has been established by the automotive seating industry as criteria against which to evaluate automotive seats. This paper describes a study that is based on six separate investigations that provide specific recommendations concerning the system setup, subject selection, and protocol execution. The study showed that results are affected by the presence of pressure mats. That means that survey evaluations and static pressure distribution evaluations must be separated.","PeriodicalId":291036,"journal":{"name":"Publication of: Society of Automotive Engineers","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124888215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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