In 2020, Surin Province had the highest incidence proportion of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Thailand, primarily concentrated in Mueang District. Numerous outbreaks occurred in kindergarten schools and child development centers despite the implementation of prevention and control measures. This study aimed to evaluate these interventions using observation and interviews and assess associated factors for the prolonged outbreaks. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 37 facilities that reported HFMD outbreaks. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between factors and the duration of the outbreak. There were 369 confirmed HFMD cases. The attack rate in child development centers was 11.6%; in kindergarten schools was 5.1%. Most facilities with outbreak followed the recommendations and control measures issued by the Department of Disease Control; however, improper sanitation was observed in some facilities. A high student-toilet ratio (coefficient 0.64 days, [95% CI 0.11–1.17]) and a high student-janitor ratio (coefficient 0.12 days, [95% CI 0.07-0.17]) were associated with a longer outbreak duration. Prevention and control measures should include promoting personal hygiene, using an appropriate concentration of disinfectant solution, training teachers about common communicable diseases, early screening for detection and isolation of sick children, and communication with parents about HFMD.
2020年，泰国手足口病发病率最高的是素林省，主要集中在Mueang区。尽管实施了预防和控制措施，但在幼儿园和儿童发展中心仍发生了多起疫情。本研究旨在通过观察和访谈来评估这些干预措施，并评估长期爆发的相关因素。在报告手足口病暴发的37个设施中进行了横断面研究。进行线性回归分析以评估各因素与疫情持续时间之间的关联。手足口病确诊个案有369宗。儿童发展中心的发病率为11.6%;幼儿园为5.1%。大多数发生疫情的设施都遵循了疾病控制部发布的建议和控制措施;然而，在一些设施中发现卫生条件不佳。较高的学生-厕所比率(系数0.64天，[95% CI 0.11-1.17])和较高的学生-门卫比率(系数0.12天，[95% CI 0.07-0.17])与较长的爆发持续时间相关。预防和控制措施应包括促进个人卫生，使用适当浓度的消毒溶液，培训教师了解常见传染病，早期筛查发现和隔离患病儿童，以及与家长沟通手足口病。
{"title":"Widespread Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks: Interventions and Control Measures, Surin Province, 2020","authors":"Chutima Siripanumas, Sasiya Aparsuwonnakul, Natchanok Laksanawilai, Putsarat Youngthong, Siwaporn Bunsake, C. Jiraphongsa","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i2.263641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i2.263641","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, Surin Province had the highest incidence proportion of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Thailand, primarily concentrated in Mueang District. Numerous outbreaks occurred in kindergarten schools and child development centers despite the implementation of prevention and control measures. This study aimed to evaluate these interventions using observation and interviews and assess associated factors for the prolonged outbreaks. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 37 facilities that reported HFMD outbreaks. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between factors and the duration of the outbreak. There were 369 confirmed HFMD cases. The attack rate in child development centers was 11.6%; in kindergarten schools was 5.1%. Most facilities with outbreak followed the recommendations and control measures issued by the Department of Disease Control; however, improper sanitation was observed in some facilities. A high student-toilet ratio (coefficient 0.64 days, [95% CI 0.11–1.17]) and a high student-janitor ratio (coefficient 0.12 days, [95% CI 0.07-0.17]) were associated with a longer outbreak duration. Prevention and control measures should include promoting personal hygiene, using an appropriate concentration of disinfectant solution, training teachers about common communicable diseases, early screening for detection and isolation of sick children, and communication with parents about HFMD.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131782495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.59096/osir.v16i2.263759
G. Gebru, Joseph Bangura, Leonard Hakizimana, K. Nyarko, A. Elduma, T. Singh, A. Henderson
On 20 Nov 2019 the Tonkolili District Health Office was notified that a physician working in the district hospital was diagnosed with Lassa Fever (LF). The Tonkolili District had its last LF case in 2012. An investigation was performed to determine mode of transmission, magnitude and scope of this outbreak. Clinical information, exposure history, and blood samples were collected. Active case search and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) assessment were conducted in the hospital and community. Three of five people with symptoms compatible with LF were polymerase chain reaction positive. The primary case, a pregnant woman from the community, was admitted with severe bleeding and operated by two surgeons and anesthetist. The same medical staff operated on another woman later that day. Three of the five cases died. The hospital assessment revealed non-adherence to IPC procedures. The primary case’s residence had unhygienic conditions and inappropriate food storage. Low index of suspicion for LF and non-compliance to IPC procedures contributed to the associated healthcare workers’ infection spread. Health workers were sensitized to LF and trained on IPC. Education of the community in high-risk areas is recommended about LF recognition, transmission and ways to decrease rodent populations in and around their homes.
{"title":"Healthcare-associated Transmission of Lassa Fever, Sierra Leone, November 2019–January 2020","authors":"G. Gebru, Joseph Bangura, Leonard Hakizimana, K. Nyarko, A. Elduma, T. Singh, A. Henderson","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i2.263759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i2.263759","url":null,"abstract":"On 20 Nov 2019 the Tonkolili District Health Office was notified that a physician working in the district hospital was diagnosed with Lassa Fever (LF). The Tonkolili District had its last LF case in 2012. An investigation was performed to determine mode of transmission, magnitude and scope of this outbreak. Clinical information, exposure history, and blood samples were collected. Active case search and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) assessment were conducted in the hospital and community. Three of five people with symptoms compatible with LF were polymerase chain reaction positive. The primary case, a pregnant woman from the community, was admitted with severe bleeding and operated by two surgeons and anesthetist. The same medical staff operated on another woman later that day. Three of the five cases died. The hospital assessment revealed non-adherence to IPC procedures. The primary case’s residence had unhygienic conditions and inappropriate food storage. Low index of suspicion for LF and non-compliance to IPC procedures contributed to the associated healthcare workers’ infection spread. Health workers were sensitized to LF and trained on IPC. Education of the community in high-risk areas is recommended about LF recognition, transmission and ways to decrease rodent populations in and around their homes.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131277853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 17 Jul 2022, the Thailand Department of Disease Control was notified about a food poisoning cluster related to a local funeral. We investigated to identify epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak, determine sources, and provide recommendations. A descriptive study and a retrospective cohort analysis were performed. Suspected cases were funeral participants or their household members who had at least one of the following: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloody mucous stool during 17–20 Jul 2022. We used multiple logistic regression and transformed the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) to the adjusted risk ratio (ARR). We interviewed chefs and inspected the kitchen. Clinical specimens and food samples were sent for bacteria culture. Three hundred eighteen cases were identified. Ten patients (3.1%) had a shock; three had a septic shock; none died. The median age was 58 (range 47–66). The pork in the lunch boxes (ARR 7.80, 95% CI 0.75–81.34) was the most likely source. Improper food storage and cross-contamination risk were recognized. This outbreak was due to S. aureus with enterotoxin genes A and C, which were isolated from patients, food, and food handlers. Safety standards should be monitored, particularly in large community gatherings where the elderly attend.
2022年7月17日，泰国疾病控制部接到了与当地葬礼有关的一系列食物中毒的通知。我们进行了调查，以确定疫情的流行病学特征，确定来源，并提出建议。进行了描述性研究和回顾性队列分析。疑似病例为葬礼参与者或其家庭成员，在2022年7月17日至20日期间至少出现以下一种情况:恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻或血性粘液便。我们采用多元逻辑回归，将校正优势比(AOR)转化为校正风险比(ARR)。我们采访了厨师，检查了厨房。送临床标本和食品标本进行细菌培养。共发现318例病例。10例患者(3.1%)发生休克;其中三人感染性休克;没有死亡。中位年龄为58岁(47-66岁)。午餐盒中的猪肉(ARR 7.80, 95% CI 0.75-81.34)是最可能的传染源。不适当的食品储存和交叉污染风险被确认。此次暴发是由从患者、食品和食品处理人员中分离出的带有肠毒素基因A和C的金黄色葡萄球菌引起的。应监督安全标准，特别是在老年人参加的大型社区聚会中。
{"title":"Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreak from a Community Gathering, Wang Nuea District, Lampang Province, Northern Thailand, July 2022","authors":"Sakawduan Naettip, Saruttaya Wongsuwanphon, Somruethai Khamsakhon, Chanchanok Insri, Oraphan Kanyamee, Chonlada Siri, R. Suphanchaimat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i2.263737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i2.263737","url":null,"abstract":"On 17 Jul 2022, the Thailand Department of Disease Control was notified about a food poisoning cluster related to a local funeral. We investigated to identify epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak, determine sources, and provide recommendations. A descriptive study and a retrospective cohort analysis were performed. Suspected cases were funeral participants or their household members who had at least one of the following: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloody mucous stool during 17–20 Jul 2022. We used multiple logistic regression and transformed the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) to the adjusted risk ratio (ARR). We interviewed chefs and inspected the kitchen. Clinical specimens and food samples were sent for bacteria culture. Three hundred eighteen cases were identified. Ten patients (3.1%) had a shock; three had a septic shock; none died. The median age was 58 (range 47–66). The pork in the lunch boxes (ARR 7.80, 95% CI 0.75–81.34) was the most likely source. Improper food storage and cross-contamination risk were recognized. This outbreak was due to S. aureus with enterotoxin genes A and C, which were isolated from patients, food, and food handlers. Safety standards should be monitored, particularly in large community gatherings where the elderly attend.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115078648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.59096/osir.v16i2.261659
Apichart Vachiraphan, O. Untimanon, Pattarin Kanamee, Patpida Siripongpokin, Prayad Kenyota, H. Praekunatham
The blood lead reference value (BLRV) is used for guiding lead prevention and control measures. It is usually defined as the 97.5th percentile of the population-based blood lead level in each country. This study aims to determine the BLRV and factors associated with elevated (≥5 µg/dL) blood lead levels among children aged 1–5 years in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data extracted from a national survey, implemented in 171 hospitals during October 2018–September 2019. Demographic characteristics and potential risk factors including lead-related industries were collected. Multilevel logistic regression was used. Of 3,184 children included in the survey, the BLRV was 6.9 µg/dL. Three significant risk factors were identified: living near a lead factory (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.09, 95% CI 1.27–3.42), exposure to the manufacture of fishing tackle (AOR 4.39, 95% CI 1.54–12.50), and exposure to the manufacture of shot and ammunition (AOR 6.30, 95% CI 1.81–21.93). Despite a calculated BLRV of 6.9 µg/dL, we propose a BLRV of 5 μg/dL in Thailand based on guidelines from the United Kingdom. Surveillance of blood lead levels should be established among children at high risk of lead exposure.
血铅参考值(BLRV)用于指导铅防治措施。它通常被定义为每个国家以人口为基础的血铅水平的97.5%。本研究旨在确定泰国1-5岁儿童血铅水平升高(≥5µg/dL)的BLRV和相关因素。利用从2018年10月至2019年9月期间在171家医院实施的一项全国调查中提取的二次数据进行了一项横断面研究。收集人口统计学特征和潜在危险因素，包括铅相关行业。采用多水平逻辑回归。在调查的3184名儿童中，BLRV为6.9微克/分升。确定了三个重要的危险因素:居住在铅厂附近(调整优势比(AOR) 2.09, 95% CI 1.27-3.42)，接触渔具制造(AOR 4.39, 95% CI 1.54-12.50)，接触射击和弹药制造(AOR 6.30, 95% CI 1.81-21.93)。尽管计算出的BLRV为6.9 μg/dL，但根据英国的指南，我们建议泰国的BLRV为5 μg/dL。应在铅接触高危儿童中建立血铅水平监测。
{"title":"Identifying the Blood Lead Reference Value Based on the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Guidelines and Factors Associated with Elevated Blood Lead Levels among Preschool Children in Thailand, 2019","authors":"Apichart Vachiraphan, O. Untimanon, Pattarin Kanamee, Patpida Siripongpokin, Prayad Kenyota, H. Praekunatham","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i2.261659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i2.261659","url":null,"abstract":"The blood lead reference value (BLRV) is used for guiding lead prevention and control measures. It is usually defined as the 97.5th percentile of the population-based blood lead level in each country. This study aims to determine the BLRV and factors associated with elevated (≥5 µg/dL) blood lead levels among children aged 1–5 years in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data extracted from a national survey, implemented in 171 hospitals during October 2018–September 2019. Demographic characteristics and potential risk factors including lead-related industries were collected. Multilevel logistic regression was used. Of 3,184 children included in the survey, the BLRV was 6.9 µg/dL. Three significant risk factors were identified: living near a lead factory (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.09, 95% CI 1.27–3.42), exposure to the manufacture of fishing tackle (AOR 4.39, 95% CI 1.54–12.50), and exposure to the manufacture of shot and ammunition (AOR 6.30, 95% CI 1.81–21.93). Despite a calculated BLRV of 6.9 µg/dL, we propose a BLRV of 5 μg/dL in Thailand based on guidelines from the United Kingdom. Surveillance of blood lead levels should be established among children at high risk of lead exposure.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122583737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.59096/osir.v16i2.263623
Farooq Phiriyasart, C. Sangsawang, R. Suphanchaimat, Natthaprang Nittayasoot, Amin Sa-idi, Ruskee Che-ae, Abdullah Hamad, Marwan Sataeputeh, Abdulloh Dahamae, Yuwaireeya Yunu, Chiravadee Hayitantu, Ismalae Jueloh, Anuttarasakdi Ratchatatat
Religious mass gatherings can foster contagious disease transmission in the home countries of pilgrims. Thailand has two major Muslim pilgrims: the Hajj and the Dawah. This study aimed to compare their knowledge (K), attitude (A), and self-reported practice (P), and qualitatively evaluate their perceptions regarding the prevention of respiratory infections. A cross-sectional mixed methods study was conducted. Multistage sampling was conducted in Hajj participants, while convenience sampling was used with the Dawah participants at two gathering places. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare KAP scores between the two groups. We conducted qualitative interviews with 13 purposively chosen participants. There were 111 Hajj and 228 Dawah participants. Most Hajj respondents were in the age group of ≥50 years, while most Dawah respondents were between 30–49 years. Overall, the Hajj group had a significantly higher proportion of good knowledge scores than the Dawah group, with 76.6 and 56.1, as well as the positive attitude score of 97.3 and 87.7. The Hajj group was more receptive to receive health education about respiratory infections before their pilgrimage. Preparatory education classes should be initiated for Dawah Muslims before they attend a foreign gathering event.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-reported Practices on Prevention of Respiratory Infections among Two Groups of Islamic Pilgrims, Thailand, 2021","authors":"Farooq Phiriyasart, C. Sangsawang, R. Suphanchaimat, Natthaprang Nittayasoot, Amin Sa-idi, Ruskee Che-ae, Abdullah Hamad, Marwan Sataeputeh, Abdulloh Dahamae, Yuwaireeya Yunu, Chiravadee Hayitantu, Ismalae Jueloh, Anuttarasakdi Ratchatatat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i2.263623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i2.263623","url":null,"abstract":"Religious mass gatherings can foster contagious disease transmission in the home countries of pilgrims. Thailand has two major Muslim pilgrims: the Hajj and the Dawah. This study aimed to compare their knowledge (K), attitude (A), and self-reported practice (P), and qualitatively evaluate their perceptions regarding the prevention of respiratory infections. A cross-sectional mixed methods study was conducted. Multistage sampling was conducted in Hajj participants, while convenience sampling was used with the Dawah participants at two gathering places. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare KAP scores between the two groups. We conducted qualitative interviews with 13 purposively chosen participants. There were 111 Hajj and 228 Dawah participants. Most Hajj respondents were in the age group of ≥50 years, while most Dawah respondents were between 30–49 years. Overall, the Hajj group had a significantly higher proportion of good knowledge scores than the Dawah group, with 76.6 and 56.1, as well as the positive attitude score of 97.3 and 87.7. The Hajj group was more receptive to receive health education about respiratory infections before their pilgrimage. Preparatory education classes should be initiated for Dawah Muslims before they attend a foreign gathering event.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125554294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 12 Oct 2021, the Department of Disease Control received notification of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cluster in a military camp in Southern Thailand. Together with local health authorities, we investigated the outbreak with the aim of describing case characteristics, identifying risk factors, and providing control measures. We conducted a descriptive study by reviewing laboratory results and medical records, as well as interviewing the cases and military staff. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to determine the potential risk of COVID-19 by Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Of 188 military members, 37 were confirmed cases (attack rate 19.7%). The attack rates among males and females were 28.97% and 10.71%, respectively. Almost all cases (97.30%; 36/37) had mild symptoms and one was asymptomatic. Attending a special operation where soldiers were tasked to go on outreach in communities or in the forest (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 2.75 [95% CI 1.60–4.75]) and engaging in high-risk behaviors (adjusted RR 3.41 [95% CI 1.64–7.06]) were risk factors, while completing 2-dose vaccination schedule (adjusted RR 0.56 [95% CI 0.31–1.00]) had a protective effect. We recommend that strict symptom monitoring measures be implemented among special operation forces, efforts be made to promote personal hygiene, and we encourage all military staff to undergo full vaccination.
2021年10月12日，疾病控制部收到泰国南部一个军营发生2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)聚集性病例的通报。我们与地方卫生当局一起调查了疫情，目的是描述病例特征，确定风险因素并提供控制措施。我们通过审查实验室结果和医疗记录以及采访病例和军事人员进行了一项描述性研究。采用具有稳健标准误差的泊松回归进行了一项回顾性队列研究，以确定COVID-19的潜在风险。188名军人中，确诊病例37例(发病率19.7%)。男性和女性发病率分别为28.97%和10.71%。几乎所有病例(97.30%;36/37)症状轻微，1例无症状。参加特殊行动，士兵被要求在社区或森林中进行外联(调整风险比(RR) 2.75 [95% CI 1.60-4.75])和从事高危行为(调整风险比(RR) 3.41 [95% CI 1.64-7.06])是危险因素，而完成2剂疫苗接种计划(调整风险比(RR) 0.56 [95% CI 0.31-1.00])具有保护作用。我们建议在特种作战部队中实施严格的症状监测措施，努力促进个人卫生，并鼓励所有军人全面接种疫苗。
{"title":"Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Special Military Operations in Southern Thailand, 2021","authors":"Tawan Thongsawang, Kanokkarn Sawangsrisutikul, Phatcharida Hongchan, Patchanee Plernprom, Pattheenunt Thongsom, Paratthakorn Pingkan, Sareena Waeche, Zainab Waeduera-oh, M. Mokmula, Natthaprang Nittayasoot, R. Suphanchaimat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i2.263708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i2.263708","url":null,"abstract":"On 12 Oct 2021, the Department of Disease Control received notification of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cluster in a military camp in Southern Thailand. Together with local health authorities, we investigated the outbreak with the aim of describing case characteristics, identifying risk factors, and providing control measures. We conducted a descriptive study by reviewing laboratory results and medical records, as well as interviewing the cases and military staff. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to determine the potential risk of COVID-19 by Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Of 188 military members, 37 were confirmed cases (attack rate 19.7%). The attack rates among males and females were 28.97% and 10.71%, respectively. Almost all cases (97.30%; 36/37) had mild symptoms and one was asymptomatic. Attending a special operation where soldiers were tasked to go on outreach in communities or in the forest (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 2.75 [95% CI 1.60–4.75]) and engaging in high-risk behaviors (adjusted RR 3.41 [95% CI 1.64–7.06]) were risk factors, while completing 2-dose vaccination schedule (adjusted RR 0.56 [95% CI 0.31–1.00]) had a protective effect. We recommend that strict symptom monitoring measures be implemented among special operation forces, efforts be made to promote personal hygiene, and we encourage all military staff to undergo full vaccination.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134624756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v3i1.263363
N. Binh, Lan Pt, Tinh Pt, Nguyen Tmn
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{"title":"Description of the First Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Cases in Vietnam, June-July 2009","authors":"N. Binh, Lan Pt, Tinh Pt, Nguyen Tmn","doi":"10.59096/osir.v3i1.263363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v3i1.263363","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121311880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i2.262423
C. Sangsawang, S. Chantutanon, Laddawan Sukhum, Thidapon Thepparat
A series of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred among participants of two seminars at a hotel in Songkhla Province during 26–29 Apr 2019 and 8–10 May 2019. Investigations were done to determine the causes of the outbreaks and recommend control measures. A case was defined as a participant who developed diarrhea, vomiting, nausea or abdominal pain between 26–30 April (Seminar 1) or 8–13 May (Seminar 2). Samples of the drinking and cooking water used during the seminars were taken and rectal swabs from cases and food handlers were collected for bacterial culture and viral reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors. Of 349 participants interviewed, 237 were cases, giving an attack rate of 67.9%. The ages of the cases ranged from 11–57 years (median 15 years). The most common symptoms were watery diarrhea (94.1%), abdominal pain (81.0%) and nausea (57.8%). Rotavirus was detected in five cases, three food handlers and a sample of water used for cooking. All were of the same genotype G9P[8]. Implicated dishes included spicy seafood salad (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–11.8), shrimp in sauce (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0-8.2), roast duck with vegetables (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–7.3) and water from a cooler (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0–3.9). Contaminated water and infected food handlers were probable sources of cross-contamination. After the hotel’s water system was repaired and the food handlers were educated on safe food handling practices and good personal hygiene, no other outbreaks associated with the hotel were reported.
{"title":"An Intermittent Gastroenteritis Outbreak of Rotavirus Genotype G9P[8] in a Hotel in Songkhla Province, Thailand, April–May 2019","authors":"C. Sangsawang, S. Chantutanon, Laddawan Sukhum, Thidapon Thepparat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i2.262423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i2.262423","url":null,"abstract":"A series of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred among participants of two seminars at a hotel in Songkhla Province during 26–29 Apr 2019 and 8–10 May 2019. Investigations were done to determine the causes of the outbreaks and recommend control measures. A case was defined as a participant who developed diarrhea, vomiting, nausea or abdominal pain between 26–30 April (Seminar 1) or 8–13 May (Seminar 2). Samples of the drinking and cooking water used during the seminars were taken and rectal swabs from cases and food handlers were collected for bacterial culture and viral reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors. Of 349 participants interviewed, 237 were cases, giving an attack rate of 67.9%. The ages of the cases ranged from 11–57 years (median 15 years). The most common symptoms were watery diarrhea (94.1%), abdominal pain (81.0%) and nausea (57.8%). Rotavirus was detected in five cases, three food handlers and a sample of water used for cooking. All were of the same genotype G9P[8]. Implicated dishes included spicy seafood salad (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–11.8), shrimp in sauce (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0-8.2), roast duck with vegetables (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–7.3) and water from a cooler (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0–3.9). Contaminated water and infected food handlers were probable sources of cross-contamination. After the hotel’s water system was repaired and the food handlers were educated on safe food handling practices and good personal hygiene, no other outbreaks associated with the hotel were reported.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121521339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.59096/osir.v16i1.261866
Vishal Chhetri, T. Dorji, Adeep Monger, H. Pokhrel
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency can cause beriberi leading to cardiac involvement or, more commonly, peripheral neuropathy. Common causes of thiamine deficiency are alcohol use, maternal thiamine deficiency, poor dietary diversity, unhygienic food preparation, and unsafe cooking practices. This report presents an analysis of suspected peripheral neuropathy outbreaks recorded at the Royal Centre for Disease Control between 2020 and 2021. The suspected outbreaks were reported from schools and monastic institutes with the main complaints of numbness and swelling of lower limbs. Three of the four events were confirmed due to thiamine deficiency by laboratory analysis. Of 34 samples tested, 27 (79%) had thiamine deficiency, defined as a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) level <75.0 nmol/L. The mean ThDP level was 56.5 nmol/L. There were no statistically significant differences in the average ThDP level among the patients of different age groups. Given the fact that micronutrient deficiency was established as the cause of the current peripheral neuropathy outbreaks, we recommend that the supply of fortified rice across both government and private institutes in the country be initiated. Holistic approaches should be implemented to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in the country.
{"title":"Peripheral Neuropathy Outbreaks in Bhutan, 2020–2021","authors":"Vishal Chhetri, T. Dorji, Adeep Monger, H. Pokhrel","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i1.261866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i1.261866","url":null,"abstract":"Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency can cause beriberi leading to cardiac involvement or, more commonly, peripheral neuropathy. Common causes of thiamine deficiency are alcohol use, maternal thiamine deficiency, poor dietary diversity, unhygienic food preparation, and unsafe cooking practices. This report presents an analysis of suspected peripheral neuropathy outbreaks recorded at the Royal Centre for Disease Control between 2020 and 2021. The suspected outbreaks were reported from schools and monastic institutes with the main complaints of numbness and swelling of lower limbs. Three of the four events were confirmed due to thiamine deficiency by laboratory analysis. Of 34 samples tested, 27 (79%) had thiamine deficiency, defined as a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) level <75.0 nmol/L. The mean ThDP level was 56.5 nmol/L. There were no statistically significant differences in the average ThDP level among the patients of different age groups. Given the fact that micronutrient deficiency was established as the cause of the current peripheral neuropathy outbreaks, we recommend that the supply of fortified rice across both government and private institutes in the country be initiated. Holistic approaches should be implemented to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in the country.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"291 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120930301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High levels of dietary sodium are associated with hypertension and non-communicable diseases. We aimed to develop a model for reducing sodium consumption at the district level using a mechanism developed by the District Health Board (DHB). Hankha District in Chai Nat Province was selected as the study area. The study was conducted between June and December 2022. Research methods included the development of a model to reduce sodium consumption, questionnaires and focus group discussions, and measuring the amount of salt in food and blood pressure levels among study participants. The developed model comprised three measures; monitoring people’s sodium consumption; creating a mechanism for driving and managing the environment contributing to behavioral changes; and providing knowledge and promoting behaviors among groups at high risk for hypertension. After model development, the mean knowledge scores among DHB members and their skills in managing plans and projects were significantly higher than those before the process. Mean knowledge scores, health literacy and proper sodium consumption behaviors among at-risk groups were also higher. In addition, the increased knowledge scores significantly correlated with proper sodium consumption behaviors. Our results should encourage authorities at the policy level to apply a DHB mechanism to reduce sodium consumption in communities.
{"title":"Model Development for Reducing Sodium Consumption at the District Level Using a District Health Board Mechanism","authors":"Pairoj Prompunjai, Theerawut Thammakun, Thipphayarat Singthong","doi":"10.59096/osir.v16i1.262035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v16i1.262035","url":null,"abstract":"High levels of dietary sodium are associated with hypertension and non-communicable diseases. We aimed to develop a model for reducing sodium consumption at the district level using a mechanism developed by the District Health Board (DHB). Hankha District in Chai Nat Province was selected as the study area. The study was conducted between June and December 2022. Research methods included the development of a model to reduce sodium consumption, questionnaires and focus group discussions, and measuring the amount of salt in food and blood pressure levels among study participants. The developed model comprised three measures; monitoring people’s sodium consumption; creating a mechanism for driving and managing the environment contributing to behavioral changes; and providing knowledge and promoting behaviors among groups at high risk for hypertension. After model development, the mean knowledge scores among DHB members and their skills in managing plans and projects were significantly higher than those before the process. Mean knowledge scores, health literacy and proper sodium consumption behaviors among at-risk groups were also higher. In addition, the increased knowledge scores significantly correlated with proper sodium consumption behaviors. Our results should encourage authorities at the policy level to apply a DHB mechanism to reduce sodium consumption in communities.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124046813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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