American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献_第5页

Costs and benefits of allomaternal care to mothers and others in wild Phayre's leaf monkeys 野生费氏叶猴异母照料母亲和其他人的成本与收益。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25035

Samantha Vee, Carola Borries, Eileen Larney, Andreas Koenig

Objectives

Allomaternal care (AMC) is suggested to be energetically beneficial to mothers and costly to allomothers. However, among primates, AMC is a heterogeneous phenomenon and its implications are less clear especially in female dispersal species. Here, we investigated infant care in a female dispersal species, Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus), to evaluate whether mothers were constrained by infant care and benefitted energetically from AMC, whether AMC was energetically costly for allomothers and how maternal experience was associated with AMC.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected via instantaneous focal animal sampling between 2004 and 2005 for juvenile and adult females (N = 18) from two groups at the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (440 h). We used generalized linear mixed models to determine how infant care during the first month after birth affected the time mothers and allomothers spent feeding, socializing, resting, and locomoting and how AMC varied.

Results

In the first month, infants spent 26% of their time with an allomother. We found no differences in mothers' overall activity before versus after birth, although mothers fed significantly more and rested less when without their infant. Allomothers fed and rested less when with an infant. AMC varied between 0.0% and 20.5%, with immature females being most active.

Discussion

Mothers appear to benefit energetically from AMC such that their overall activity after birth remained unchanged. Costs and benefits for allomothers seem to be variable. Some very active immature females may be benefitting from learning-to-mother. The overall low cost of AMC may facilitate a reciprocal social network among unrelated females.

目的：异体母体护理（AMC）被认为对母亲有利，对异体母亲则代价高昂。然而，在灵长类动物中，异体母体护理是一种不同的现象，其影响也不太清楚，尤其是在雌性散居物种中。在这里，我们调查了雌性散居物种法氏叶猴（Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus）的婴儿护理情况，以评估母亲是否受到婴儿护理的限制并从AMC中获得能量上的益处，AMC是否会使异体付出能量上的代价，以及母亲的经验如何与AMC相关联：2004年至2005年期间，我们通过瞬时焦点动物取样收集了泰国Phu Khieo野生动物保护区两组幼年和成年雌性（N = 18）的数据（440小时）。我们使用广义线性混合模型来确定婴儿出生后第一个月的护理如何影响母亲和所有母亲用于喂养、社交、休息和运动的时间，以及 AMC 的变化情况：在出生后的第一个月，婴儿有 26% 的时间是与母亲一起度过的。我们发现，母亲在婴儿出生前和出生后的总体活动量没有差异，但母亲在没有婴儿陪伴时的喂食量和休息量明显较多。异体母亲与婴儿在一起时喂食和休息的时间较少。AMC在0.0%到20.5%之间变化，未成熟雌性最活跃：讨论：母亲似乎从AMC中获得了能量上的益处，因此她们出生后的总体活动量保持不变。所有雌性动物的成本和收益似乎各不相同。一些非常活跃的未成熟雌性可能从 "学习为母 "中受益。AMC的总体成本较低，这可能会促进无血缘关系的雌性之间建立互惠的社会网络。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic ancestry in Puerto Rican afro-descendants illustrates diverse histories of African diasporic populations 波多黎各非洲后裔的遗传祖先说明了非洲散居人口的不同历史。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25029

Maria A. Nieves-Colón, Emma C. Ulrich, Lijuan Chen, Gabriel A. Torres Colón, Maricruz Rivera Clemente, La Corporación Piñones Se Integra (COPI), Jada Benn Torres

Objectives

Genetic studies of contemporary Puerto Ricans reflect a demographic history characterized by admixture between Indigenous American, African, and European peoples. While previous studies provide genetic perspectives on the general Puerto Rican population, less is known about the island's sub-populations, specifically Afro-Puerto Ricans.

Materials and Methods

In this study, the genetic ancestry of Afro-Puerto Ricans is characterized and compared to other Caribbean populations. Thirty DNA samples collected among self-identified Puerto Ricans of African descent in Loíza (n = 2), Piñones (n = 13), San Juan (n = 2), Mayagüez (n = 9), and Ponce (n = 4), were genotyped at 750,000 loci on the National Geographic Genochip. We then applied unsupervised clustering and dimensionality-reduction methods to detect continental and subcontinental African and European genetic ancestry patterns.

Results

Admixture analyses reveal that on average, the largest genetic ancestry component for Afro-Puerto Ricans is African in origin, followed by European and Indigenous American genetic ancestry components. African biogeographic origins of Afro-Puerto Ricans align most closely with contemporary peoples of Lower Guinea and the Bight of Biafra, while the European genetic ancestry component is most similar to contemporary Iberian, Italian, and Basque populations. These findings contrast with the biogeographic origins of comparative Barbadian and Puerto Rican populations.

Discussion

Our results suggest that while there are similarities with regard to general patterns of genetic ancestry among African descendants in the Caribbean, there is previously unrecognized regional heterogeneity, including among Puerto Rican sub-populations. These results are also consistent with available historical sources, while providing depth absent from the documentary record, particularly with regard to African ancestry.

目标：对当代波多黎各人的基因研究反映了美洲土著人、非洲人和欧洲人混血的人口历史。虽然以前的研究提供了波多黎各总人口的遗传视角，但对该岛的亚人口，特别是非裔波多黎各人的了解较少：在这项研究中，非裔波多黎各人的遗传特征被描述出来，并与其他加勒比人口进行了比较。在洛伊萨（n = 2）、皮诺内斯（n = 13）、圣胡安（n = 2）、马亚圭斯（n = 9）和庞塞（n = 4）收集了 30 份自我认定为非洲裔波多黎各人的 DNA 样本，在国家地理 Genochip 上对 750,000 个位点进行了基因分型。然后，我们采用无监督聚类和降维方法检测非洲大陆和亚大陆的非洲和欧洲遗传祖先模式：结果：混血分析表明，平均而言，非洲裔波多黎各人最大的遗传祖先是非洲人，其次是欧洲人和美洲土著人。非洲裔波多黎各人的非洲生物地理起源与当代下几内亚和比夫拉湾的民族最为接近，而欧洲遗传祖先成分与当代伊比利亚人、意大利人和巴斯克人最为相似。这些发现与比较巴巴多斯人和波多黎各人的生物地理起源形成鲜明对比：讨论：我们的研究结果表明，虽然加勒比海地区非洲后裔的遗传祖先的一般模式具有相似性，但也存在以前未曾认识到的地区异质性，包括波多黎各亚人群之间的异质性。这些结果也与现有的历史资料相吻合，同时提供了文献记录中缺乏的深度，特别是在非洲人祖先方面。

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引用次数: 0

Pongo's ecological diversity from dental macrowear analysis 从牙齿宏观磨损分析看 Pongo 的生态多样性。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25031

Luca Fiorenza, D. Rex Mitchell, Ottmar Kullmer

Objectives

Orangutans are found in tropical rainforests of Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatra (Pongo abelii and Pongo tapanuliensis), and they are primarily considered frugivorous species. However, ecological studies reported differences in feeding behavior between these species. P. pygmaeus spend more time feeding on low-quality foods, such as bark and tough vegetation than do P. abelii. The aim of this study is to investigate if there is any geographic variation in molar macrowear pattern between the two species.

Methods

We analyzed the macrowear pattern of second mandibular molars of 58 orangutan specimens combining dental topographic measurements (occlusal relief index, percentage of dentine exposure, and percentage of enamel wear) with the occlusal fingerprint analysis method.

Results

The molar macrowear patterns of P. abelii and P. pygmaeus show no significant differences in most of the variables examined in this study. While P. pygmaeus molars are generally characterized by flatter occlusal morphology with slightly larger crushing and grinding areas than those of P. abelii, these differences are not statistically significant. However, we do observe a more variable wear in P. pygmaeus.

Conclusions

Similarities in molar macrowear patterns between the two species could be linked to overlapping long-term diets, primarily composed of ripe and pulpy fruits. Dental macrowear is a cumulative process that occurs during the individual's lifetime, and it may be difficult to detect seasonal changes through its examination. Future studies could integrate tooth micro- and macrowear data for a better understanding of primate dental ecology.

目的：猩猩分布在婆罗洲（Pongo pygmaeus）和苏门答腊岛（Pongo abelii 和 Pongo tapanuliensis）的热带雨林中，主要被认为是节食物种。然而，生态学研究报告显示，这些物种的觅食行为存在差异。蟒蛇比阿伯拉蟒蛇花更多时间捕食低质量食物，如树皮和坚韧的植被。本研究的目的是调查这两个物种的臼齿大磨损模式是否存在地理差异：方法：我们结合牙齿地形测量（咬合松动指数、牙本质暴露百分比和釉质磨损百分比）和咬合指纹分析方法，分析了58只猩猩标本的第二下颌臼齿的大磨损模式：结果：阿贝尔猩猩和侏儒猩猩的臼齿大磨损模式在本研究的大多数变量中没有明显差异。虽然侏儒臼齿的咬合面形态一般较扁平，碾压和磨削区域略大于阿贝尔臼齿，但这些差异在统计学上并不显著。然而，我们确实观察到侏儒臼齿的磨损变化更大：结论：这两个物种的臼齿大面积磨损模式相似，这可能与它们长期以成熟果实和果肉为主要食物有关。牙齿大面积磨损是个体一生中的累积过程，可能很难通过检查发现其季节性变化。未来的研究可以整合牙齿微观和宏观磨损数据，以更好地了解灵长类牙齿生态学。

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引用次数: 0

Migration scale, process, and impact in the Tiwanaku colonies: Paleomobility at the archaeological site of Omo M10 提瓦纳库殖民地的迁移规模、过程和影响：奥莫考古遗址的古流动性M10

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25016

Allisen C. Dahlstedt, Sarah I. Baitzel, Paul S. Goldstein, Kelly J. Knudson

Objectives

Contemporary migrations show form and intensity of interaction between homeland and host communities to shape social dynamics and identities. We apply here a contemporary theoretical framework and biogeochemical analyses to elucidate the scale, processes, and impacts of migration in the Tiwanaku polity (6th–11th c. CE) by inferring the mobility of individuals interred at the Tiwanaku-affiliated site of Omo M10 (Moquegua Valley, Peru).

Materials and Methods

For each of 124 individuals, we captured paleomobility across the life-course by analyzing up to four enamel and bone samples that formed during discrete developmental periods for radiogenic strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and stable oxygen (δ¹⁸O_{carbonate(VPDB)}) isotopes.

Results

At Omo M10, archaeological human enamel and bone values range from ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.70632–0.72183 and δ¹⁸O_{carbonate(VPDB)} = −13.4‰ to +1.7‰, with a mean of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.70763 ± 0.00164 (1σ, n = 334) and δ¹⁸O = −7.8‰ ± 1.9‰ (1σ, n = 334).

Discussion

Together with archaeological evidence, we interpret these data as evidence for multigenerational interaction between communities in the high-altitude Tiwanaku heartland and at the site of Omo M10. Our results suggest that one-fourth of individuals spent some part of their life outside of Moquegua and one in eight individuals from Omo M10 were first-generation migrants. Greater mobility of females and juveniles at Omo M10 indicates that gender and family were important social constructs in maintaining relationships and cultural continuity in provincial Tiwanaku life, and communities maintained autochthonous migration streams with Tiwanaku-affiliated populations throughout the south-central Andes. Intra-individual biogeochemical analyses of migration at Omo M10 contribute a nuanced perspective on the diverse experiences of multigenerational Tiwanaku colonies.

当代移民显示了故乡与东道社区之间互动的形式和强度，从而形成了社会动态和身份认同。在此，我们运用当代理论框架和生物地球化学分析，通过推断埋葬在奥莫 M10 蒂瓦纳库附属遗址（秘鲁莫克瓜山谷）中的个体的流动性，来阐明蒂瓦纳库政体（公元前 6-11 世纪）中迁徙的规模、过程和影响。

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引用次数: 0

Cover & Editorial Board 封面与编辑委员会

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24779

引用次数: 0

Craniometric variation and the ancestry of modern humans 颅测量变异与现代人的祖先

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25028

John H. Relethford

Objectives

Ancient and contemporary DNA provide information about geographic variation in the ancestry of present-day humans. All living populations have ancestry from early Homo sapiens originating in sub-Saharan Africa. Populations of Eurasian descent also have a small amount of Neandertal ancestry. This study examines whether craniometric distances between recent modern human samples reflect this geographic variation in ancestry. Among recent modern humans, Eurasians are expected to be more similar to Neandertals, whereas both sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians are expected to be equidistant from early H. sapiens.

Materials and Methods

Data on 33 craniometric traits from 2524 recent modern humans were compared with data from the literature for Neandertals and early H. sapiens. Mahalanobis distances were computed for each modern specimen to both the Neandertal and early H. sapiens means. These distances were examined for differences between recent humans from sub-Saharan Africa (N = 373) and those of Eurasian descent (N = 2151).

Results

Eurasians as a group are significantly closer than sub-Saharan Africans to Neandertals. There is no significant difference between the distances of sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians to early H. sapiens.

Discussion

The differences between sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians for both Neandertals and early H. sapiens are as expected. Although there has been geographic differentiation among recent modern humans, including differences in Neandertal admixture, these differences have not affected overall similarity of recent modern sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians to the earliest samples of H. sapiens.

古代和当代 DNA 提供了当今人类祖先的地理变异信息。所有现存人群的祖先都来自撒哈拉以南非洲地区的早期智人。欧亚后裔中也有少量尼安德特人的祖先。本研究探讨了近期现代人样本之间的颅骨测量距离是否反映了这种祖先的地理差异。在最近的现代人中，欧亚人预计与尼安德特人更为相似，而撒哈拉以南非洲人和欧亚人预计与早期智人的距离相等。

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引用次数: 0

Disentangling social, environmental, and zoonotic transmission pathways of a gastrointestinal protozoan (Blastocystis spp.) in northeast Madagascar 厘清马达加斯加东北部一种胃肠道原生动物（布氏囊虫属）的社会、环境和人畜共患传播途径

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25030

Tyler M. Barrett, Georgia C. Titcomb, Mark M. Janko, Michelle Pender, Kayla Kauffman, Alma Solis, Maheriniaina Toky Randriamoria, Hillary S. Young, Peter J. Mucha, James Moody, Randall A. Kramer, Voahangy Soarimalala, Charles L. Nunn

Objectives

Understanding disease transmission is a fundamental challenge in ecology. We used transmission potential networks to investigate whether a gastrointestinal protozoan (Blastocystis spp.) is spread through social, environmental, and/or zoonotic pathways in rural northeast Madagascar.

Materials and Methods

We obtained survey data, household GPS coordinates, and fecal samples from 804 participants. Surveys inquired about social contacts, agricultural activity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Fecal samples were screened for Blastocystis using DNA metabarcoding. We also tested 133 domesticated animals for Blastocystis. We used network autocorrelation models and permutation tests (network k-test) to determine whether networks reflecting different transmission pathways predicted infection.

Results

We identified six distinct Blastocystis subtypes among study participants and their domesticated animals. Among the 804 human participants, 74% (n = 598) were positive for at least one Blastocystis subtype. Close proximity to infected households was the most informative predictor of infection with any subtype (model averaged OR [95% CI]: 1.56 [1.33–1.82]), and spending free time with infected participants was not an informative predictor of infection (model averaged OR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.82–1.10]). No human participant was infected with the same subtype as the domesticated animals they owned.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that Blastocystis is most likely spread through environmental pathways within villages, rather than through social or animal contact. The most likely mechanisms involve fecal contamination of the environment by infected individuals or shared food and water sources. These findings shed new light on human-pathogen ecology and mechanisms for reducing disease transmission in rural, low-income settings.

了解疾病传播是生态学的一项基本挑战。我们利用传播潜力网络来研究一种胃肠道原生动物（布氏囊虫属）是否通过社会、环境和/或人畜共患病途径在马达加斯加东北部农村地区传播。

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引用次数: 0

Stone toolmaking energy expenditure differs between novice and expert toolmakers 石器制作新手和专家的能量消耗不同

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25026

Justin Pargeter, Adela Cebeiro, Stephanie B. Levy

Objectives

This study investigates the energetic costs associated with Oldowan-style flake production and how skill differences influence these costs.

Materials and Methods

Nine adult participants, including novice and expert toolmakers, underwent a 2-h experimental session where we measured energy expenditure and flaking outcomes. We measured body mass (kg), percent body fat, and fat-free mass (kg) and used open-circuit indirect calorimetry to quantify energy expenditure. The lithic analysis used standard linear and mass measurements on the resulting cores and flakes. Qualitative observations from the video recordings provide insight into the subject's body positions and hand grips.

Results

Results reveal significant differences in energy expenditure between novice and expert toolmakers, with experts demonstrating lower overall energy expenditure. Additionally, experts produced more flakes, reduced greater core mass per unit of energy expenditure, and exhibited distinct body positions, hand grips, and core/flake morphologies compared with novices.

Discussion

The study provides novel insights into the bio-cultural impacts of stone toolmaking skill acquisition, suggesting that skilled performance reduces the metabolic costs of stone tool production. These findings contribute to debates surrounding the origins of human cultural capacities and highlight the importance of including energy expenditure measures in knapping experiments. Moreover, the results suggest that the presence or absence of expertise in the Paleolithic would have fundamentally altered selective pressures and the reliability of skill reproduction. This study enhances our understanding of differences in stone toolmaking skill and their implications for human energy allocation strategies during early technological evolution.

本研究调查了与奥尔道万式薄片生产相关的能量成本，以及技能差异如何影响这些成本。

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引用次数: 0

Adult mortality in the metropolis of London 1100–1850: A Bayesian view based on osteological data 1100-1850 年伦敦大都市的成人死亡率：基于骨学数据的贝叶斯观点

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25025

Nils Müller-Scheeßel, Christoph Rinne, Katharina Fuchs

Objectives

The present paper highlights the potential of osteological data for answering demographic questions through the development and application of a Bayesian approach incorporating age estimations of adults.

Materials and methods

The metropolis of London is a rewarding study region for such an approach due to the large number of cemeteries, with thousands of individuals, spanning a period from 1100 AD to the mid-19th century, that have been excavated and published in the past two decades. Furthermore, London has a rich tradition of early written records on mortality that can be used for comparison purposes. In order to gain comparable results from the different source categories, we use a Bayesian framework in which the Gompertz distribution features centrally.

Results

Our intensive simulations show that the Bayesian approach performs better than maximum likelihood estimation or ordinary least squares in terms of recovering the original age distribution parameters. They also show how strongly population growth affects mortality patterns. The osteological data suggests that during medieval times and the Early Modern period, the modal age-at-death of the general population of London remained more or less constant and hovered around 30 years, and that only monks showed a higher modal age, of about 45 years. However, from the 17th century onwards, life expectancy of adults increased markedly.

Discussion

Our comparison of written sources and osteological data demonstrates their general comparability and highlights the much higher mortality among adults in London than in the rest of England and Wales. We conclude that Bayesian modeling has great potential for recovering true mortality patterns from osteological data.

本文通过开发和应用一种包含成人年龄估计的贝叶斯方法，强调了骨学数据在回答人口统计问题方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Tracking anthropometric dimensions and grip strength among children, adolescents and adults in an indigenous community of southern Mexico: 1968–1978–2000 跟踪墨西哥南部一个土著社区的儿童、青少年和成年人的人体测量尺寸和握力：1968-1978-2000 年

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25017

Bertis B. Little, Maria Eugenia Peña Reyes, Robert M. Malina

Purpose

To track body size and proportions, arm dimensions and grip strength in children, adolescents, and adults resident in an indigenous community in Oaxaca who were measured on two or three occasions across surveys in 1968, 1978, and 2000.

Methods

The three cross-sectional surveys included measures of height, weight, sitting height, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and grip strength in surveys of schoolchildren in 1968 and of schoolchildren, adolescents and adults in 1978 and 2000. Cross-checks of surnames, forenames and ages/dates of birth of participants in the three surveys identified three samples of individuals measured on two occasions (1968–1978, two age groups in 1978–2000) and a subsample of individuals measured in the three surveys. Partial correlations controlling for age at each observation were calculated for each variable in the three sex-specific samples measured on two occasions, and for the subsamples of males and females measured on three occasions.

Results

Allowing for variation in age among subsamples, inter-age correlations were moderate to high for stature, moderate for sitting height and estimated leg length, and low to moderate for weight, BMI, arm and estimated arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold, and grip strength.

Conclusion

Allowing for the relatively broad chronological age intervals, the inter-age correlations for height, weight and BMI were at the low end, while those for grip strength and for strength per unit body weight for males (though not females) were generally in the range of correlations noted in studies of European samples. Likely associated with improved health, nutritional, and sanitation conditions, obesity and overweight were emerging among adults by 2000. Obesity and overweight in adults paralleled the introduction of mechanized agriculture that reduced routine physical work. Among children, the association of obesity and overweight is likely with increased nutritional availability, but poor choices in diet.

跟踪瓦哈卡州一个土著社区的儿童、青少年和成年人的体型和比例、手臂尺寸和握力，他们在 1968 年、1978 年和 2000 年的调查中接受过两次或三次测量。

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引用次数: 0