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Cover & Editorial Board 封面与编辑委员会
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24769
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引用次数: 0
Changes in limb bone diaphyseal structure in chimpanzees during development 黑猩猩四肢骨骺结构在发育过程中的变化
IF 1.7 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24942
Michele M. Bleuze

Objectives

This study tests if femoral and humeral cross-sectional geometry (CSG) and cross-sectional properties (CSPs) in an ontogenetic series of wild-caught chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ssp.) reflect locomotor behavior during development. The goal is to clarify the relationship between limb bone structure and locomotor behavior during ontogeny in Pan.

Materials and Methods

The latex cast method was used to reconstruct cross sections at the midshaft femur and mid-distal humerus. Second moments of area (SMAs) (Ix, Iy, Imax, Imin), which are proportional to bending rigidity about a specified axis, and the polar SMA (J), which is proportional to average bending rigidity, were calculated at section locations. Cross-sectional shape (CSS) was assessed from Ix/Iy and Imax/Imin ratios. Juvenile and adult subsamples were compared.

Results

Juveniles and adults have significantly greater femoral J compared to humeral J. Mean interlimb proportions of J are not significantly different between the groups. There is an overall decreasing trend in diaphyseal circularity between the juvenile phase of development and adulthood, although significant differences are only found in the humerus.

Discussion

Juvenile chimpanzee locomotion includes forelimb- and hindlimb-biased behaviors. Juveniles and adults preferentially load their hindlimbs relative to their forelimbs. This may indicate similar locomotor behavior, although other explanations including a diversity of hindlimb-biased locomotor behaviors in juveniles cannot be ruled out. Different ontogenetic trends in forelimb and hindlimb CSS are consistent with limb bone CSG reflecting functional adaptation, albeit the complex nature of bone functional adaptation requires cautious interpretations of skeletal functional morphology from biomechanical analyses.

本研究测试了野生捕获的黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes ssp.)个体发育系列中的股骨和肱骨横截面几何(CSG)和横截面特性(CSP)是否反映了发育过程中的运动行为。目的是阐明黑猩猩在本体发育过程中四肢骨骼结构与运动行为之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information – Table of Contents 发行信息 - 目录
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24770
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetry in linear measurements and cross-sectional geometry in the humerus during ontogeny 肱骨在发育过程中的线性测量和横截面几何形状的不对称性
IF 1.7 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24940
Benjamin Osipov, Lesley Harrington, Libby Cowgill, Marla MacKinnon, Helen Kurki

Objectives

Adult upper limb asymmetry is used to reconstruct behavior. However, the developmental trajectory of asymmetry in bone length, cross-sectional geometry (CSG), and joint dimensions is poorly understood. This study examines the development trajectory of humeral asymmetry and if asymmetry in bone length, joint size, and CSG develop in concert.

Materials and Methods

Linear measurements of bone length and metaphyseal/epiphyseal breadth, bending rigidity (Imax and Imin), and cross-sectional shape (Imax/Imin) at 30%, 50%, and 70% of bone length were acquired from 3D models of humeri from four skeletal samples of prehistoric hunter-gatherer populations (n = 82). Dental age cohorts were used to assess ontogenetic trends. Percent absolute (%AA) and directional (%DA) asymmetry were calculated for paired measures. Percentage of matching direction of asymmetry across variables and correlation analysis tested relationships between variables.

Results

Within the total pooled sample, Imax shows the highest %AA and %DA, followed by shape and linear dimensions. Asymmetry is lowest in neonates and increases with age, particularly %DA of Imax in mid-proximal sections. Correlations among variables are low to moderate and strongest between Imax measures. Matching direction of asymmetry between variables is low and generally increases with age.

Discussion

Higher correlations with age in CSG likely indicate greater responsiveness to mechanical loading. Low correlations in magnitude of asymmetry and side dominance suggest independence in the development of asymmetry between maximum rigidity, shape, and linear measures. Differences in how asymmetric loading affects the ontogeny of linear and CSG variables may account for the heterogeneous development of asymmetry.

成人上肢不对称可用于重建行为。然而,人们对骨长度、横截面几何(CSG)和关节尺寸不对称的发育轨迹知之甚少。本研究探讨了肱骨不对称的发育轨迹,以及骨长度、关节尺寸和横截面几何尺寸的不对称是否会协同发展。
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引用次数: 0
The Trotter collection: A review of Mildred Trotter's hair research and an update for studies of human variation 特罗特作品集:米尔德里德-特罗特毛发研究回顾及人类变异研究的最新进展
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24930
Sandra L. Koch, Arslan Zaidi, Tomás González, Mark D. Shriver, Nina G. Jablonski

Objectives

Mildred Trotter was an anatomist and physical anthropologist whose studies on hair morphology, growth, somatic distribution, and trait relationships to age and ethnogeographic population were foundational to the field of microscopical hair analysis. The collection of human hair samples she assembled for her research has been an underutilized resource for studies on human hair variation. We applied updated methods and reviewed Trotter's original data to reassess the relationship hair traits have to diverse population labels.

Methods

Hair form and pigmentation patterns were measured from a subset of the hair samples accumulated by Trotter and we compared our data to Trotter's original results. Variability in hair traits were tested within individuals, within populations, and among ethnogeographic groups.

Results

Measured hair cross-section dimensions and melanosome density and distribution revealed substantial variability within individuals and ethnogeographic populations. Hair traits were found to not be distinctly separable by ancestry but instead showed continuous variation across human populations. Trotter's measurements were precise and the dataset she compiled remains valid, though the conclusions should be reviewed in light of our current understanding of human variation.

Discussion

Our findings support moving away from categorical ancestry classifications and eliminating the use of outdated racial typologies in favor of more descriptive trait analysis. Detailed analysis of trait pattern distributions are presented that may be useful for future research on human variation. We point to the need for additional research on human variation and hair trait relationships with reference to known population affinity.

米尔德里德-特罗特(Mildred Trotter)是一位解剖学家和体质人类学家,她对毛发形态、生长、体质分布以及毛发特征与年龄和人种的关系的研究,是毛发显微分析领域的奠基人。她为自己的研究收集的人类毛发样本一直是人类毛发变异研究中未被充分利用的资源。我们采用了最新的方法并回顾了 Trotter 的原始数据,以重新评估毛发特征与不同人群标签之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Letter to the editor: A Southern Cone origin rather than Peruvian affinities for ancient Patagonian B2 mitogenomes 致编辑的信:古代巴塔哥尼亚 B2 有丝分裂基因组的南锥体起源而非秘鲁亲缘关系。
IF 1.7 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24934
Claudio M. Bravi, Josefina M. B. Motti, Angelina García
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引用次数: 0
Changes in weight status among “Ju/’hoansi” San hunter-gatherers between 1968/69 and 1987—The effects of nutritional transition, sex and age 1968/69年至1987年间 "Ju/'hoansi "San族狩猎采集者体重状况的变化--营养过渡、性别和年龄的影响
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24935
Sylvia Kirchengast

Background

Changes in lifestyle and dietary habits that hunter-gatherer populations have undergone in recent decades have often led to rising obesity rates with disastrous consequences for their health.

Objectives

The associations between dietary habits and weight status were studied in 238 “Ju/’hoansi” San (93 women and 145 men) aged between 18 and 65 years in northern Namibia in 1987. Weight status was estimated based on the World Health Organization body mass index (BMI) categories, and dietary habits were recorded using food recall methods. Anthropometrics and weight status were compared with those of a sex- and age-matched sample of “Ju/’hoansi” San people collected by Nancy Howell in 1968/69.

Results

Body weight had increased significantly among “Ju/’hoansi” San people from 1968/69 to 1987. The number of underweight people decreased from 1968/69 to 1987. In 1987, most participants (60.9%) were of normal weight. Overweight was found in 1.3% of the women, but not among men. No participants were obese. Less than 4% of the women and less than 2% of the men consumed exclusively traditional hunter-gatherer food. Westernized food products were significantly (p < 0.001) more common among men and younger people. Dietary patterns were significantly associated with weight status. The less traditional the diet, the higher the BMI (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The transition to domestic agricultural and westernized foods was positively associated with increasing BMI. Overweight, however, was still an extremely rare condition in this population in 1987.

近几十年来,狩猎采集人群生活方式和饮食习惯的改变往往导致肥胖率上升,给他们的健康带来灾难性后果。
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引用次数: 0
Founder effects identify languages of the earliest Americans. 创始人效应确定了最早的美国人的语言。
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24923
Johanna Nichols
<p><p>The known languages of the Americas comprise nearly half of the world's language families and a wide range of structural types, a level of diversity that required considerable time to develop. This paper proposes a model of settlement and expansion designed to integrate current linguistic analysis with other prehistoric research on the earliest episodes in the peopling of the Americas. Diagnostic structural features from phonology and morphology are compared across 60 North American languages chosen for coverage of geography and language families and adequacy of description. Frequency comparison and graphic cluster analysis are applied to assess the fit of linguistic types and families with late Pleistocene time windows when entry from Siberia to North America was possible. The linguistic evidence is consistent with two population strata defined by early coastal entries ~24,000 and ~15,000 years ago, then an inland entry stream beginning ~14,000 ff. and mixed coastal/inland ~12,000 ff. The dominant structural properties among the founder languages are still reflected in the modern linguistic populations. The modern linguistic geography is still shaped by the extent of glaciation during the entry windows. Structural profiles imply that two linguistically distinct and internally diverse ancient Siberian linguistic populations provided the founding American populations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Describe early North American linguistic population structure and chronology; align distribution of structural types with archeological and paleoclimatological evidence on the earliest settlements. Propose an improved model of early settlement and expansion and pose some priority research questions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Classification of languages based on a tripartite geolinguistic division based on geographical and linguistic evidence. Survey of phonological and morphological patterns of 60 languages representing the structural, geographical, and genealogical diversity of North America. Survey of 16 morphological and phonological features of known or likely high stability and family-identifying value across those languages. Frequency comparison and cluster analysis to elucidate the tripartite analysis and compare to the chronology and geolinguistics implied by paleoclimatological and archeological work.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is enough evidence (linguistic, archeological, genetic, and geological) to indicate four glacial-age openings allowing entries to North America: coastal c. 24,000 and 15,000 years ago; inland c. 14,000 years ago and continuing; and coastal c. 12,000 years ago and continuing. Geographical distribution of modern languages reflects the geography and chronology of the openings and the two human and linguistic population strata they formed, and plausibly also the structural types of the founding languages.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Improved model of North American settlement (
已知的美洲语言包括世界上近一半的语系和多种结构类型,这种多样性的发展需要相当长的时间。本文提出了一个定居和扩张模型,旨在将当前的语言分析与其他史前研究结合起来,研究美洲最早的人口迁移过程。本文比较了 60 种北美语言的语音学和形态学诊断结构特征,这些语言是根据地理和语系的覆盖范围以及描述的充分性而选择的。通过频率比较和图形聚类分析,评估了语言类型和语系与晚更新世时间窗口的契合度,当时从西伯利亚进入北美是可能的。语言学证据与两个人口层相一致,即早期沿海进入(距今约 24,000 年和约 15,000 年),然后内陆进入(距今约 14,000 年)和沿海/内陆混合进入(距今约 12,000 年)。创始语言的主要结构特性仍然反映在现代语言群体中。现代语言地理仍受进入窗口期冰川作用程度的影响。结构特征意味着,两个语言上截然不同且内部多样的古西伯利亚语言种群提供了美洲的创始语言种群:描述早期北美语言人群的结构和年代学;将结构类型的分布与最早定居点的考古学和古气候学证据相统一。提出早期定居和扩张的改进模式,并提出一些优先研究的问题:基于地理和语言证据的三方地理语言学划分的语言分类。对代表北美结构、地理和家谱多样性的 60 种语言的语音和形态模式进行调查。调查这些语言中已知或可能具有高度稳定性和家族识别价值的 16 种形态和语音特征。通过频率比较和聚类分析来阐明三方分析,并与古气候学和考古学工作所暗示的年代学和地理语言学进行比较:有足够的证据(语言学、考古学、遗传学和地质学)表明有四个冰川时代的开口允许进入北美洲:约 24,000 年前和 15,000 年前的沿海地区;约 14,000 年前及其后的内陆地区;约 12,000 年前及其后的沿海地区。现代语言的地理分布反映了开辟地的地理和年代学及其形成的两个人类和语言人口层,也可能反映了创始语言的结构类型:改进的北美定居模式(两个年代层,四个条目);与其他拟议模式的比较。语言学、遗传学和考古学研究的进一步问题和研究课题。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation 超越骨骼研究:气候适应中鼻腔气道功能的计算分析。
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24932
Markus Bastir, Daniel Sanz-Prieto, Manuel A. Burgos, Alejandro Pérez-Ramos, Yann Heuzé, Laura Maréchal, Andrej Evteev, Viviana Toro-Ibacache, Francisco Esteban-Ortega

Objectives

Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology.

Materials and Methods

We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold–dry; hot–dry; and hot–humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes.

Results

Subjects from hot–humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions.

Discussion

Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution.

研究目的人类鼻腔解剖学的生态地理变异历来都是根据骨骼形态学进行分析,并结合呼吸空调的气候适应性进行解释。只有少数研究分析了鼻腔软组织形态,而鼻腔软组织与空调生理密切相关:我们使用了来自柬埔寨、智利、俄罗斯和西班牙的成年个体(N = 146)的活体计算机断层扫描。我们利用计算流体动力学对吸气时的气流进行了模拟(N = 438),以分析鼻腔软组织在三种不同环境条件下(冷-干、热-干和热-湿)在流入道、功能道和流出道的空调能力。我们对不同人群和性别进行了统计比较:结果:在所有三种条件下,来自湿热地区的受试者的空调能力都明显低于来自寒冷地区的受试者,特别是在流入道的峡部区域和内部功能道的前部。功能束后部则没有发现差异。在任何一种条件下,任何一条管道都没有发现性别差异:讨论:我们的统计分析支持鼻前软组织形态的气候适应模型,该模型符合并补充了以前对干燥头骨的研究。然而,我们的研究结果对将空调能力完全归因于鼻腔内功能道的形态功能模型提出了质疑。相反,我们的研究结果支持那些认为外鼻和面部内软组织气道都有助于在吸气时有效地加温和加湿空气的研究。这支持了对现代中面部变异和进化的功能性解释。
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引用次数: 0
Pump and sway: Wild primates use compliant supports as a tool to augment leaping in the canopy 泵和摇摆:野生灵长类动物使用顺应性支撑物作为在树冠上跳跃的辅助工具。
2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24914
Judith Janisch, Lydia C. Myers, Nicole Schapker, Jack Kirven, Liza J. Shapiro, Jesse W. Young

Objectives

Despite qualitative observations of wild primates pumping branches before leaping across gaps in the canopy, most studies have suggested that support compliance increases the energetic cost of arboreal leaping, thus limiting leaping performance. In this study, we quantified branch pumping behavior and tree swaying in wild primates to test the hypothesis that these behaviors improve leaping performance.

Materials and Methods

We recorded wild colobine monkeys crossing gaps in the canopy and quantitatively tracked the kinematics of both the monkey and the compliant support during behavioral sequences. We also empirically measured the compliance of a sample of locomotor supports in the monkeys' natural habitat, allowing us to quantify the resonant properties of substrates used during leaping.

Results

Analyses of three recordings show that adult red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles) use branch compliance to their advantage by actively pumping branches before leaping, augmenting their vertical velocity at take-off. Quantitative modeling of branch resonance periods, based on empirical measurements of support compliance, suggests that monkeys specifically employed branch pumping on relatively thin branches with protracted periods of oscillation. Finally, an additional four recordings show that both red colobus and black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) utilize tree swaying to cross large gaps, augmenting horizontal velocity at take-off.

Discussion

This deliberate branch manipulation to produce a mechanical effect for stronger propulsion is consistent with the framework of instrumental problem-solving. To our knowledge, this is the first study of wild primates which quantitatively shows how compliant branches can be used advantageously to augment locomotor performance.

研究目的尽管定性观察到野生灵长类在跨越树冠间隙前会抽动树枝,但大多数研究认为,支撑顺应性会增加树栖跳跃的能量成本,从而限制跳跃表现。在这项研究中,我们量化了野生灵长类动物的树枝抽动行为和树木摇摆,以验证这些行为能提高跳跃性能的假设:我们记录了野生疣猴跨越树冠缝隙的过程,并定量跟踪了行为序列中猴子和顺应性支撑物的运动学特性。我们还根据经验测量了猴子自然栖息地中运动支撑物的顺应性样本,从而可以量化跳跃过程中使用的基底的共振特性:结果:对三段录音的分析表明,成年红疣猴(Piliocolobus tephrosceles)在跳跃前会主动抽动树枝,以提高起飞时的垂直速度,从而利用树枝的顺应性。根据对支撑顺应性的经验测量,对树枝共振期进行定量建模,结果表明,猴类专门对摆动期较长的相对较细的树枝进行树枝抽水。最后,另外四次记录显示,红疣猴和黑白疣猴(Colobus guereza)都利用树的摇摆来穿过大的空隙,从而提高起飞时的水平速度:这种故意操纵树枝以产生机械效应从而加强推进力的行为符合工具性问题解决的框架。据我们所知,这是首次对野生灵长类动物进行研究,定量展示了如何利用顺应性树枝来提高运动性能。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
American Journal of Biological Anthropology
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