Cecilia García-Campos, Cecilia Yacobi Izquierdo, Mario Modesto-Mata, Laura Martín-Francés, Marina Martínez de Pinillos, María Martinón-Torres, Bernárdo Perea Perez, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Daniel García-Martínez
Objectives
Dental anthropological investigations into sexual dimorphism have conventionally concentrated on evaluating the dimensions and configuration of the enamel cap of canines. However, the morphology of the crown dentine surface can be closely linked to that of the enamel surface. This link can facilitate examination of crown morphology even when the enamel surface is slightly worn. Here, we determine if the morphology of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) differs within (maxillary vs. mandibular) and between a sample of male (n = 26) and female (n = 21) contemporary human permanent canines from Europe.
Methods
The morphological data of the EDJ were gathered employing a template comprising 96 landmarks and sliding semilandmarks. Subsequently, the data underwent analysis through form space principal component analysis following Procrustes registration, utilizing standard 3D geometric morphometric techniques.
Results
Significant differences in the morphology of the EDJ were observed between the sexes, particularly concerning the overall shape of the crown, the symmetry of the mesial and distal edges, and the development of the distal accessory ridge.
Conclusions
Sex differences in the morphology of the EDJ could relate in part to retention of the canine-premolar honing complex in males. Our results indicate that analyses of the permanent canine EDJ may potentially provide a novel method for estimating the sex of adult and nonadult skeletons.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) of permanent canines of European modern humans","authors":"Cecilia García-Campos, Cecilia Yacobi Izquierdo, Mario Modesto-Mata, Laura Martín-Francés, Marina Martínez de Pinillos, María Martinón-Torres, Bernárdo Perea Perez, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Daniel García-Martínez","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24913","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24913","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dental anthropological investigations into sexual dimorphism have conventionally concentrated on evaluating the dimensions and configuration of the enamel cap of canines. However, the morphology of the crown dentine surface can be closely linked to that of the enamel surface. This link can facilitate examination of crown morphology even when the enamel surface is slightly worn. Here, we determine if the morphology of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) differs within (maxillary vs. mandibular) and between a sample of male (<i>n</i> = 26) and female (<i>n</i> = 21) contemporary human permanent canines from Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The morphological data of the EDJ were gathered employing a template comprising 96 landmarks and sliding semilandmarks. Subsequently, the data underwent analysis through form space principal component analysis following Procrustes registration, utilizing standard 3D geometric morphometric techniques.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences in the morphology of the EDJ were observed between the sexes, particularly concerning the overall shape of the crown, the symmetry of the mesial and distal edges, and the development of the distal accessory ridge.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sex differences in the morphology of the EDJ could relate in part to retention of the canine-premolar honing complex in males. Our results indicate that analyses of the permanent canine EDJ may potentially provide a novel method for estimating the sex of adult and nonadult skeletons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139973776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Only occasionally, does a book catalyze a field of study—Larry Keeley's (1996) War Before Civilization is one of that rare breed. For several decades leading up to the 1990s, archaeologists in the English-speaking world, especially North America, paid scant attention to conflict involving the prestate, kin-based societies that characterized the great majority of human existence. That is not true today. Warfare has emerged as a major focus of research, with much of the recent work consisting of detailed descriptions of skeletal trauma, defensive works, weapons, and conflict-related artwork. They far outnumber insightful excursions into conflict's role in past community life or the evolutionary processes that led to the world as we know it today.
The 1990s transformation—it centered on Keeley's (1996) book, as well as the work of a handful of other researchers (Haas & Creamer, 1993; Lambert, 1997; LeBlanc, 1999; Milner et al., 1991; Wilcox & Haas, 1994)—boiled down to how archaeological data were perceived.1 Blinkered by naively idyllic visions of life in distant times, it was once possible to ignore ethnographic and historical descriptions of conflict in places such as highland New Guinea (Heider, 1970) and tropical lowland South America (Chagnon, 1968, 1988). Archaeological evidence of intergroup conflict, never in short supply, could be fobbed off as something else entirely, notably some form of otherwise unexplained ritual behavior. Interpretations owed more to researcher preconceptions than to what was actually observed.
Three decades ago, resistance to the thought that prestate societies were tainted by warfare was given intellectual heft by Ferguson and Whitehead's (1992, p. 3) “tribal zone.” Within that zone, people who had previously lived in harmony were reeling from direct and indirect contact with much larger, more powerful, and overtly exploitative nation states. This critique was part of a larger concern about the uncritical use of ethnographic and historical accounts as proxies for past societies known through artifacts, architectural features, and the like. Archaeologists were accordingly challenged to come up with their own data on interactions among societies classified as bands, tribes, and chiefdoms.2 Baldly stated, 30 years ago it was not known whether these societies in precontact times regularly fought one another or not. Tarted up with modern language and sensitivities, ruminations about what took place were scarcely more than a reprise of a centuries-old debate over whether human existence was perpetual Hobbesian warre in the absence of “that great Leviathan called a Commonwealth, or State” or a Rousseauian Eden (Hobbes, 1962[1651], p. 19). Keeley (1996, p. 18) believed archaeologists had “pacified the huma
{"title":"Trouble in paradise. Legacy review of: War before civilization. By Lawrence H. Keeley, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1996. xiv + 245 pp. ISBN: 0-19-509112-4 (hardback)","authors":"George R. Milner","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24924","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24924","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Only occasionally, does a book catalyze a field of study—Larry Keeley's (<span>1996</span>) <i>War Before Civilization</i> is one of that rare breed. For several decades leading up to the 1990s, archaeologists in the English-speaking world, especially North America, paid scant attention to conflict involving the prestate, kin-based societies that characterized the great majority of human existence. That is not true today. Warfare has emerged as a major focus of research, with much of the recent work consisting of detailed descriptions of skeletal trauma, defensive works, weapons, and conflict-related artwork. They far outnumber insightful excursions into conflict's role in past community life or the evolutionary processes that led to the world as we know it today.</p><p>The 1990s transformation—it centered on Keeley's (<span>1996</span>) book, as well as the work of a handful of other researchers (Haas & Creamer, <span>1993</span>; Lambert, <span>1997</span>; LeBlanc, <span>1999</span>; Milner et al., <span>1991</span>; Wilcox & Haas, <span>1994</span>)—boiled down to how archaeological data were perceived.<sup>1</sup> Blinkered by naively idyllic visions of life in distant times, it was once possible to ignore ethnographic and historical descriptions of conflict in places such as highland New Guinea (Heider, <span>1970</span>) and tropical lowland South America (Chagnon, <span>1968</span>, <span>1988</span>). Archaeological evidence of intergroup conflict, never in short supply, could be fobbed off as something else entirely, notably some form of otherwise unexplained ritual behavior. Interpretations owed more to researcher preconceptions than to what was actually observed.</p><p>Three decades ago, resistance to the thought that prestate societies were tainted by warfare was given intellectual heft by Ferguson and Whitehead's (<span>1992</span>, p. 3) “tribal zone.” Within that zone, people who had previously lived in harmony were reeling from direct and indirect contact with much larger, more powerful, and overtly exploitative nation states. This critique was part of a larger concern about the uncritical use of ethnographic and historical accounts as proxies for past societies known through artifacts, architectural features, and the like. Archaeologists were accordingly challenged to come up with their own data on interactions among societies classified as bands, tribes, and chiefdoms.<sup>2</sup> Baldly stated, 30 years ago it was not known whether these societies in precontact times regularly fought one another or not. Tarted up with modern language and sensitivities, ruminations about what took place were scarcely more than a reprise of a centuries-old debate over whether human existence was perpetual Hobbesian warre in the absence of “that great Leviathan called a Commonwealth, or State” or a Rousseauian Eden (Hobbes, <span>1962</span>[1651], p. 19). Keeley (<span>1996</span>, p. 18) believed archaeologists had “pacified the huma","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24924","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140427017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole M. Schapker, Judith Janisch, Lydia C. Myers, Taylor Phelps, Liza J. Shapiro, Jesse W. Young
Objectives
An accident during arboreal locomotion can lead to risky falls, but it remains unclear that the extent to which primates, as adept arborealists, change their locomotion in response to the perceived risk of moving on high supports in the tree canopy. By using more stable forms of locomotion on higher substrates, primates might avoid potentially fatal consequences.
Materials and Methods
Using high-speed cameras, we recorded the quadrupedal locomotion of four wild lemur species—Eulemur rubriventer, Eulemur rufifrons, Hapalemur aureus, and Lemur catta (N = 113 total strides). We quantified the height, diameter, and angular orientation of locomotor supports using remote sensors and tested the influence of support parameters on gait kinematics, specifically predicting that in response to increasing substrate height, lemurs would decrease speed and stride frequency, but increase stride length and the mean number of supporting limbs.
Results
Lemurs did not adjust stride frequency on substrates of varying height. Adjustments to speed, stride length, and the mean number of supporting limbs in response to varying height often ran counter to predictions. Only E. rubriventer decreased speed and increased the mean number of supporting limbs on higher substrates.
Discussion
Results suggest that quadrupedal walking is a relatively safe form of locomotion for lemurs, requiring subtle changes in gait to increase stability on higher—that is, potentially riskier—substrates. Continued investigation of the impact of height on locomotion will be important to determine how animals assess risk in their environment and how they choose to use this information to move more safely.
{"title":"From such great heights: The effects of substrate height and the perception of risk on lemur locomotor mechanics","authors":"Nicole M. Schapker, Judith Janisch, Lydia C. Myers, Taylor Phelps, Liza J. Shapiro, Jesse W. Young","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24917","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24917","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An accident during arboreal locomotion can lead to risky falls, but it remains unclear that the extent to which primates, as adept arborealists, change their locomotion in response to the perceived risk of moving on high supports in the tree canopy. By using more stable forms of locomotion on higher substrates, primates might avoid potentially fatal consequences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using high-speed cameras, we recorded the quadrupedal locomotion of four wild lemur species—<i>Eulemur rubriventer</i>, <i>Eulemur rufifrons, Hapalemur aureus, and Lemur catta</i> (<i>N =</i> 113 total strides). We quantified the height, diameter, and angular orientation of locomotor supports using remote sensors and tested the influence of support parameters on gait kinematics, specifically predicting that in response to increasing substrate height, lemurs would decrease speed and stride frequency, but increase stride length and the mean number of supporting limbs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lemurs did not adjust stride frequency on substrates of varying height. Adjustments to speed, stride length, and the mean number of supporting limbs in response to varying height often ran counter to predictions. Only <i>E. rubriventer</i> decreased speed and increased the mean number of supporting limbs on higher substrates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results suggest that quadrupedal walking is a relatively safe form of locomotion for lemurs, requiring subtle changes in gait to increase stability on higher—that is, potentially riskier—substrates. Continued investigation of the impact of height on locomotion will be important to determine how animals assess risk in their environment and how they choose to use this information to move more safely.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139973775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher B. Ruff, Ian J. Wallace, Christopher Toya, Mario Antonio Peña Muñoz, Jana Valesca Meyer, Taylor Busby, Adam Z. Reynolds, Jordan Martinez, Marcus Miller-Moore, Roberto Rios
Objectives
Comparisons between Indigenous peoples over time and within a particular geographic region can shed light on the impact of environmental transitions on the skeleton, including relative bone strength, sexual dimorphism, and age-related changes. Here we compare long bone structural properties of the inhabitants of the late prehistoric-early historic Pecos Pueblo with those of present-day Indigenous individuals from New Mexico.
Materials and Methods
Femora and tibiae of 126 adults from Pecos Pueblo and 226 present-day adults were included in the study. Cross-sectional diaphyseal properties—areas and second moments of area—were obtained from past studies of the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample, and from computed tomography scans of recently deceased individuals in the present-day sample.
Results
Femora and tibiae from Pecos individuals are stronger relative to body size than those of present-day Indigenous individuals. Present-day individuals are taller but not wider, and this body shape difference affects cross-sectional shape, more strongly proximally. The tibia shows anteroposterior strengthening among Pecos individuals, especially among males. Sexual dimorphism in midshaft bone shape is stronger within the Pecos Pueblo sample. With aging, Pecos individuals show more medullary expansion but also more subperiosteal expansion than present-day individuals, maintaining bone strength despite cortical thinning.
Discussion
Higher activity levels, carried out over rough terrain and throughout adult life, likely explain the relatively stronger lower limb bones of the Pecos individuals, as well as their greater subperiosteal expansion with aging. Greater sexual dimorphism in bone structure among Pecos individuals potentially reflects greater gender-based differences in behavioral patterns.
{"title":"The effects of the industrial transition on lower limb bone structure: A comparison of the inhabitants of Pecos Pueblo and present-day Indigenous peoples of New Mexico","authors":"Christopher B. Ruff, Ian J. Wallace, Christopher Toya, Mario Antonio Peña Muñoz, Jana Valesca Meyer, Taylor Busby, Adam Z. Reynolds, Jordan Martinez, Marcus Miller-Moore, Roberto Rios","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24922","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24922","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Comparisons between Indigenous peoples over time and within a particular geographic region can shed light on the impact of environmental transitions on the skeleton, including relative bone strength, sexual dimorphism, and age-related changes. Here we compare long bone structural properties of the inhabitants of the late prehistoric-early historic Pecos Pueblo with those of present-day Indigenous individuals from New Mexico.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Femora and tibiae of 126 adults from Pecos Pueblo and 226 present-day adults were included in the study. Cross-sectional diaphyseal properties—areas and second moments of area—were obtained from past studies of the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample, and from computed tomography scans of recently deceased individuals in the present-day sample.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Femora and tibiae from Pecos individuals are stronger relative to body size than those of present-day Indigenous individuals. Present-day individuals are taller but not wider, and this body shape difference affects cross-sectional shape, more strongly proximally. The tibia shows anteroposterior strengthening among Pecos individuals, especially among males. Sexual dimorphism in midshaft bone shape is stronger within the Pecos Pueblo sample. With aging, Pecos individuals show more medullary expansion but also more subperiosteal expansion than present-day individuals, maintaining bone strength despite cortical thinning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Higher activity levels, carried out over rough terrain and throughout adult life, likely explain the relatively stronger lower limb bones of the Pecos individuals, as well as their greater subperiosteal expansion with aging. Greater sexual dimorphism in bone structure among Pecos individuals potentially reflects greater gender-based differences in behavioral patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139973777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Práxedes Martínez-Moreno, Andrea Valsecchi, Sergio Damas, Javier Irurita, Pablo Mesejo
Objectives
Over the past few years, several methods have been proposed to improve the accuracy of age estimation in infants with a focus on dental development as a reliable marker. However, traditional approaches have limitations in efficiently combining information from different teeth and features. In order to address these challenges, this article presents a study on age estimation in infants with Machine Learning (ML) techniques, using deciduous teeth.
Materials and Methods
The involved dataset comprises 114 infant skeletons from the Granada osteological collection of identified infants, aged between 5 months of gestation and 3 years of age. The samples consist of features such as the maximum length and mineralization and alveolar stages of teeth. For the purpose of designing a method capable of combining all the information available from each individual, a Multilayer Perceptron model is proposed, one of the most popular artificial neural networks. This model has been validated using the leave-one-out experimental validation protocol. Through different groups of experiments, the study examines the informativeness of the aforementioned features, individually and in combination.
Results
The results indicate that the fusion of different variables allows for more accurate age estimates (RMSE = 66 days) than when variables are analyzed separately (RMSE = 101 days). Additionally, the study demonstrates the benefits of involving multiple teeth, which significantly reduces the RMSE compared to a single tooth.
Discussion
This article underlines the clear advantages of ML-based methods, emphasizing their potential to improve the accuracy and robustness when estimating the age of infants.
{"title":"Information fusion for infant age estimation from deciduous teeth using machine learning","authors":"Práxedes Martínez-Moreno, Andrea Valsecchi, Sergio Damas, Javier Irurita, Pablo Mesejo","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24912","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24912","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over the past few years, several methods have been proposed to improve the accuracy of age estimation in infants with a focus on dental development as a reliable marker. However, traditional approaches have limitations in efficiently combining information from different teeth and features. In order to address these challenges, this article presents a study on age estimation in infants with Machine Learning (ML) techniques, using deciduous teeth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The involved dataset comprises 114 infant skeletons from the Granada osteological collection of identified infants, aged between 5 months of gestation and 3 years of age. The samples consist of features such as the maximum length and mineralization and alveolar stages of teeth. For the purpose of designing a method capable of combining all the information available from each individual, a Multilayer Perceptron model is proposed, one of the most popular artificial neural networks. This model has been validated using the leave-one-out experimental validation protocol. Through different groups of experiments, the study examines the informativeness of the aforementioned features, individually and in combination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results indicate that the fusion of different variables allows for more accurate age estimates (RMSE = 66 days) than when variables are analyzed separately (RMSE = 101 days). Additionally, the study demonstrates the benefits of involving multiple teeth, which significantly reduces the RMSE compared to a single tooth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article underlines the clear advantages of ML-based methods, emphasizing their potential to improve the accuracy and robustness when estimating the age of infants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24912","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139944530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samar M. Syeda, Zewdi J. Tsegai, Marine Cazenave, Matthew M. Skinner, Tracy L. Kivell
Objectives
Reconstruction of fossil hominin manual behaviors often relies on comparative analyses of extant hominid hands to understand the relationship between hand use and skeletal morphology. In this context, the intermediate phalanges remain understudied. Thus, here we investigate cortical bone morphology of the intermediate phalanges of extant hominids and compare it to the cortical structure of the proximal phalanges, to investigate the relationship between cortical bone structure and inferred loading during manual behaviors.
Materials and Methods
Using micro-CT data, we analyze cortical bone structure of the intermediate phalangeal shaft of digits 2–5 in Pongo pygmaeus (n = 6 individuals), Gorilla gorilla (n = 22), Pan spp. (n = 23), and Homo sapiens (n = 23). The R package morphomap is used to study cortical bone distribution, cortical thickness and cross-sectional properties within and across taxa.
Results
Non-human great apes generally have thick cortical bone on the palmar shaft, with Pongo only having thick cortex on the peaks of the flexor sheath ridges, while African apes have thick cortex along the entire flexor sheath ridge and proximal to the trochlea. Humans are distinct in having thicker dorsal shaft cortex as well as thick cortex at the disto-palmar region of the shaft.
Discussion
Variation in cortical bone distribution and properties of the intermediate phalanges is consistent with differences in locomotor and manipulative behaviors in extant great apes. Comparisons between the intermediate and proximal phalanges reveals similar patterns of cortical bone distribution within each taxon but with potentially greater load experienced by the proximal phalanges, even in knuckle-walking African apes. This study provides a comparative context for the reconstruction of habitual hand use in fossil hominins and hominids.
{"title":"Cortical bone architecture of hominid intermediate phalanges reveals functional signals of locomotion and manipulation","authors":"Samar M. Syeda, Zewdi J. Tsegai, Marine Cazenave, Matthew M. Skinner, Tracy L. Kivell","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24902","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24902","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reconstruction of fossil hominin manual behaviors often relies on comparative analyses of extant hominid hands to understand the relationship between hand use and skeletal morphology. In this context, the intermediate phalanges remain understudied. Thus, here we investigate cortical bone morphology of the intermediate phalanges of extant hominids and compare it to the cortical structure of the proximal phalanges, to investigate the relationship between cortical bone structure and inferred loading during manual behaviors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using micro-CT data, we analyze cortical bone structure of the intermediate phalangeal shaft of digits 2–5 in <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> (<i>n</i> = 6 individuals), <i>Gorilla gorilla</i> (<i>n</i> = 22), <i>Pan</i> spp. (<i>n</i> = 23), and <i>Homo sapiens</i> (<i>n</i> = 23). The R package morphomap is used to study cortical bone distribution, cortical thickness and cross-sectional properties within and across taxa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Non-human great apes generally have thick cortical bone on the palmar shaft, with <i>Pongo</i> only having thick cortex on the peaks of the flexor sheath ridges, while African apes have thick cortex along the entire flexor sheath ridge and proximal to the trochlea. Humans are distinct in having thicker dorsal shaft cortex as well as thick cortex at the disto-palmar region of the shaft.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Variation in cortical bone distribution and properties of the intermediate phalanges is consistent with differences in locomotor and manipulative behaviors in extant great apes. Comparisons between the intermediate and proximal phalanges reveals similar patterns of cortical bone distribution within each taxon but with potentially greater load experienced by the proximal phalanges, even in knuckle-walking African apes. This study provides a comparative context for the reconstruction of habitual hand use in fossil hominins and hominids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139944529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historical evidence from 18th- and 19th-century England suggests that industrialization's impacts on health were largely negative, especially among marginalized groups. However, available documentary evidence is often biased toward adult men and rarely sheds light on the experiences of other members of the population, such as women and children. Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) can serve as a proxy measurement of developmental instability and stress during development. This study examines the associations among age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and FA in skeletal samples from industrial-era England.
Materials and Methods
The sample for this study comes from four industrial-era cemeteries from England (A.D. 1711–1857). Geometric morphometric analyses of three-dimensional landmark coordinate data were used to generate a measure of FA for each individual (Mahalanobis distance). A three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impacts of sex, SES, and FA scores on adult age at death (n = 168).
Results
Significant associations existed between age at death and SES (p = 0.004) and FA scores (p = 0.094). Comparisons of the estimated means indicated that age at death was consistently higher among high SES individuals and individuals with FA scores less than one standard deviation from the mean.
Conclusions
This study supports findings from previous studies that have suggested that the differences in resource access and environmental buffering generated by socioeconomic inequality can impact longevity and patterns of mortality among socioeconomic status groups. Likewise, stress in early life—evinced by craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry—can influence observed patterns of longevity in adults decades later.
目的：18 和 19 世纪英国的历史证据表明，工业化对健康的影响在很大程度上是负面的，尤其是在边缘群体中。然而，现有的文献证据往往偏重于成年男性，而很少揭示其他人群（如妇女和儿童）的经历。颅面波动不对称（FA）可作为发育过程中不稳定性和压力的替代测量指标。本研究探讨了工业时代英格兰骨骼样本中年龄、性别、社会经济地位（SES）与颅面波动不对称之间的关系：本研究的样本来自英格兰（公元 1711-1857 年）四个工业时代的墓地。通过对三维地标坐标数据进行几何形态分析，得出每个个体的FA值（马哈拉诺比距离）。采用三方方差分析来评估性别、社会经济地位和 FA 分数对成年死亡年龄的影响（n = 168）：死亡年龄与社会经济地位（p = 0.004）和 FA 分数（p = 0.094）之间存在显著关联。对估计平均值的比较表明，在社会经济地位高的人和 FA 分数低于平均值一个标准差的人中，死亡年龄一直较高：本研究支持以往的研究结果，即社会经济不平等造成的资源获取和环境缓冲方面的差异会影响社会经济地位群体的寿命和死亡模式。同样，生命早期的压力--由颅面波动不对称所引发--也会影响几十年后观察到的成人长寿模式。
{"title":"Using craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry to examine the effects of sex, socioeconomic status, and early life experiences on adult age at death in industrial England","authors":"Samantha L. Yaussy","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24907","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.24907","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Historical evidence from 18th- and 19th-century England suggests that industrialization's impacts on health were largely negative, especially among marginalized groups. However, available documentary evidence is often biased toward adult men and rarely sheds light on the experiences of other members of the population, such as women and children. Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) can serve as a proxy measurement of developmental instability and stress during development. This study examines the associations among age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and FA in skeletal samples from industrial-era England.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample for this study comes from four industrial-era cemeteries from England (A.D. 1711–1857). Geometric morphometric analyses of three-dimensional landmark coordinate data were used to generate a measure of FA for each individual (Mahalanobis distance). A three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impacts of sex, SES, and FA scores on adult age at death (<i>n</i> = 168).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant associations existed between age at death and SES (<i>p</i> = 0.004) and FA scores (<i>p</i> = 0.094). Comparisons of the estimated means indicated that age at death was consistently higher among high SES individuals and individuals with FA scores less than one standard deviation from the mean.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study supports findings from previous studies that have suggested that the differences in resource access and environmental buffering generated by socioeconomic inequality can impact longevity and patterns of mortality among socioeconomic status groups. Likewise, stress in early life—evinced by craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry—can influence observed patterns of longevity in adults decades later.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139913624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Information – Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24766","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139745022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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