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Adjusting the Aperture: Decolonizing Time in Studies of Human Behavior and Evolution 调整孔径:人类行为和进化研究中的非殖民化时间。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70187
Robin G. Nelson

Biological anthropology has long positioned foraging and often pastoralist populations as the most appropriate referent communities for the rigorous study of human behavior and evolution. With this, we have created a framework in which these communities exist in a world system that experiences the passage of time functionally differently than do individuals living in industrialized settings. Such thinking has come to structure our understanding of behavioral phenomena across time and space, encourage narrow interpretations of the relevance of various social processes, and constrain our ability to accurately imagine the full capacity of human behavioral variability. Our selective sampling persists despite the development of extra-genetic theoretical models that should be applicable in all communities. To meet even the most modest ends of this decolonial moment and for our science to continue expanding to include shifting landscapes resulting from increased globalization, it is necessary to move beyond assumptions about what has or has not changed in foraging communities, incorporate analyses about changes into research questions when appropriate, contend with observer bias in highly sampled communities, and expand research programs interested in human behavior and evolution to communities engaged in all kinds of economies and subsistence practices.

长期以来,生物人类学一直将觅食人群和游牧人群定位为严谨研究人类行为和进化的最合适的参考群体。有了这个,我们创造了一个框架,在这个框架中,这些社区存在于一个世界体系中,经历时间流逝的功能与生活在工业化环境中的个人不同。这样的想法已经开始构建我们对跨越时间和空间的行为现象的理解,鼓励对各种社会过程的相关性进行狭隘的解释,并限制我们准确想象人类行为可变性的全部能力。尽管发展了适用于所有社区的遗传外理论模型,但我们的选择性抽样仍然存在。为了满足这个非殖民时代最温和的目标,为了让我们的科学继续扩展,以包括日益全球化所导致的不断变化的景观,有必要超越对觅食社区发生或未发生变化的假设,在适当的时候将对变化的分析纳入研究问题,在高度抽样的社区中与观察者的偏见作斗争,将对人类行为和进化感兴趣的研究项目扩展到从事各种经济和生存实践的社区。
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引用次数: 0
The Visual-Predation Theory: A Binocular Look Backward 视觉捕食理论:双目回顾。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70192
Matt Cartmill, Kaye Brown

Although there is general agreement nowadays that the last common euprimate ancestor looked something like a diminutive mouse lemur or the Eocene primate Teilhardina, debate continues over the adaptive meanings of the synapomorphies that distinguished it from more primitive mammals. We review the background and history of the visual-predation theory of the origin of the order Primates, evaluate the objections and alternatives to it that have been put forward since it was first proposed in 1970, and conclude that with some corrections and additions, the visual-predation account continues to be the best available explanation for the origins of the euprimate synapomorphies. Nevertheless, the theory has implications that need to be tested through broad-based, multidisciplinary comparative research.

尽管现在人们普遍认为,最后一个共同的原始灵长类祖先看起来有点像小型鼠狐猴或始新世灵长类动物泰伊哈地那,但关于将其与更原始的哺乳动物区分开来的突触形态的适应性意义的争论仍在继续。我们回顾了灵长类起源的视觉捕食理论的背景和历史,评估了自1970年该理论首次提出以来提出的反对意见和替代意见,并得出结论,经过一些修正和补充,视觉捕食说仍然是对灵长类突触起源的最佳解释。然而,这一理论的含义需要通过广泛的、多学科的比较研究来检验。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing Biological Mortality Bias From Deciduous Tooth Emergence 评估乳牙长出的生物学死亡率偏差。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70202
Darryl J. Holman, Chris J. Dolinski

Objectives

Traits found in a skeletal sample are frequently used to infer qualities of the living population from which the skeletons were drawn. However, traits observed in a mortality sample may exhibit biological mortality bias in that they may not accurately represent the same traits in the living sample. The purpose of this research was to assess biological mortality bias in deciduous tooth emergence, a trait that is used to estimate chronological age in skeletal samples.

Materials and Methods

Data on clinical tooth emergence were collected from longitudinal studies of Javanese, Guatemalan, and Bangladeshi children that included a living sample (those who survived through the study) and a mortality sample (those who died during the study). Parametric hazards analysis was used to test for differences in the timing of tooth emergence between the living and mortality samples.

Results

There were no significant differences between the living and mortality samples for Bangladesh and Java, although there was a trend toward delayed emergence in the Bangladesh mortality sample. The Guatemalan mortality sample exhibited advanced emergence of the posterior dentition for the mortality sample. No evidence of biological mortality bias was found in pooled analyses of the Bangladesh and Java samples or pooled analyses of all three samples.

Discussion

We found limited evidence that deciduous tooth emergence in a mortality sample (e.g., a skeletal series) would differ from the timing of emergence in the living population from which the mortality sample was drawn.

目的:在骨骼样本中发现的特征经常被用来推断骨骼绘制的生活人群的品质。然而,在死亡样本中观察到的特征可能表现出生物死亡率偏差,因为它们可能不能准确地代表活样本中的相同特征。本研究的目的是评估乳牙出现的生物死亡率偏差,这是一种用于估计骨骼样本实足年龄的特征。材料和方法:从爪哇、危地马拉和孟加拉国儿童的纵向研究中收集临床牙齿出现的数据,包括活样本(研究中幸存的儿童)和死亡样本(研究中死亡的儿童)。参数危害分析用于检验活的和死亡的样本在牙齿出现时间上的差异。结果:孟加拉国和爪哇的存活和死亡样本之间没有显著差异,尽管孟加拉国的死亡样本有延迟出现的趋势。危地马拉死亡样本显示死亡样本的后牙列出现较早。在对孟加拉国和爪哇样本的合并分析或对所有三个样本的合并分析中,未发现生物死亡率偏倚的证据。讨论:我们发现有限的证据表明,死亡率样本(例如骨骼系列)的乳牙出现时间与抽取死亡率样本的生活人群的乳牙出现时间不同。
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引用次数: 0
A New Experimental Protocol for Assessing Hominoid Assisted Arboreal Bipedalism 评估类人猿辅助树栖两足行走的新实验方案。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70189
Victoria A. Lockwood, François Druelle, Alicia Blasi-Toccacceli, Jean-Pascal Guéry, Guillaume Daver

Arboreal bipedalism is suggested as a precursor and adaptive locomotor mode for the immediate ancestor of hominin terrestrial bipedalism, yet detailed investigation of its locomotor biomechanics is hindered by its low frequency and observation difficulties in free-ranging hominoids. Further difficulties are faced in the creation and installation of a suitable experimental setup in natural settings. Captive studies may potentially reduce logistical issues, but data on arboreal bipedalism are scarce. We present an experimental design and protocol for collecting video data on arboreal bipedalism in captive primates, from which qualitative and quantitative gait data can be extracted. Our protocol increases the frequency of this rare behavior. Data were collected on six adult chimpanzees (three males, three females) at La Vallée des Singes, Romagne, France. The chimpanzees voluntarily engaged with a simulated arboreal foraging scenario consisting of two parallel PVC tubes and a high-value food reward. Five GoPro cameras recorded interactions with the experimental equipment. For validation of the effectiveness of our experimental design, protocol interactions were identified as successful (activity completed) or unsuccessful. All age and sex classes had successful interactions. Full strides were observed alongside the identification of two forms of arboreal bipedalism, forward-facing and sideways. This highlights the variation within the arboreal bipedalism locomotor category and the capacity for our experimental design to provide suitable data for gait parameter analysis and interspecies comparisons. Our protocol thus permits detailed investigation of arboreal bipedalism's role in the evolution of hominin bipedalism.

树栖两足动物被认为是人类陆生两足动物直系祖先的先驱和适应性运动模式,但其运动生物力学的详细研究受到其频率低和在散居人科动物中观察困难的阻碍。进一步的困难是在自然环境中创建和安装合适的实验装置。圈养研究可能会潜在地减少后勤问题,但关于树栖两足动物的数据很少。我们提出了一种实验设计和方案,用于收集圈养灵长类动物树栖两足行走的视频数据,从中可以提取定性和定量的步态数据。我们的协议增加了这种罕见行为的频率。研究人员在法国罗马的La vallsamade des Singes收集了6只成年黑猩猩(3只雄性,3只雌性)的数据。黑猩猩自愿参与模拟的树上觅食场景,包括两个平行的PVC管和一个高价值的食物奖励。五台GoPro相机记录了与实验设备的相互作用。为了验证我们实验设计的有效性,协议交互被确定为成功(活动完成)或不成功。所有年龄和性别的班级都有成功的互动。在鉴定两种形式的树栖两足动物(向前和侧向)的同时,观察到完整的步幅。这突出了树栖两足动物运动类别的差异,以及我们的实验设计为步态参数分析和物种间比较提供合适数据的能力。因此,我们的方案允许详细调查树栖两足动物在人类两足动物进化中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Primate Swallowing Is Powered by Both Rotation and Contraction of Suprahyoid Muscles 灵长类动物的吞咽是由舌骨上肌的旋转和收缩驱动的。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70195
Courtney P. Orsbon, Nicholas J. Gidmark, Callum F. Ross

Objectives

Swallowing biomechanics in primates and other mammals is poorly understood, and the effect of hyoid descent on swallowing biomechanics lacks experimental interrogation. In macaques, which share similar swallowing kinematics with humans, the base of the tongue and the food bolus are hypothesized to be driven into the oropharynx by a hydraulic mechanism, at the core of which is elevation and protraction of the hyoid. Here, the musculoskeletal mechanisms driving these hyoid movements are experimentally evaluated in macaque primates.

Materials and Methods

We integrate XROMM-based measures of mandibular, cranial, and hyolingual kinematics with electromyography of suprahyoid and lingual muscles to evaluate the underlying kinetics of swallowing.

Results

All suprahyoid muscles rotate during swallowing and tongue base retraction. Hyoid elevation and protraction are powered by concentric activation and rotation of posterior mylohyoid and both digastric muscle bellies, followed by concentric activation of geniohyoid muscle. Genioglossus is predominantly active early in swallowing.

Discussion

Morphology, function, and coordination of suprahyoid and lingual muscles are especially important determinants of swallowing performance in macaques, and probably humans. Here, we characterize suprahyoid muscle biomechanics within a dynamic framework of architectural gear ratios and pulley systems that optimize hyoid elevation velocity to quickly “prime the pump” and subsequent hyoid protraction power and/or force to drive the hydraulic mechanism of tongue base retraction. Because of muscle rotation, primate hyolingual muscle function is particularly dependent on hyoid posture and muscle geometry, which may have important implications for the evolution of swallowing biomechanics in human evolution.

目的:灵长类动物和其他哺乳动物的吞咽生物力学尚不清楚,舌骨下降对吞咽生物力学的影响缺乏实验研究。猕猴的吞咽运动与人类相似,它们的舌根和食物是通过一种液压机制驱动进入口咽部的,其核心是舌骨的抬高和拉伸。在这里,驱动这些舌骨运动的肌肉骨骼机制在猕猴灵长类动物中进行了实验评估。材料和方法:我们将基于xrom的下颌、颅骨和舌舌运动学测量与舌骨上肌和舌肌肌电图相结合,以评估吞咽的潜在动力学。结果:舌骨上肌在吞咽和舌底收缩时均有旋转。舌骨的提升和拉伸是由后下颌舌骨肌和二腹肌腹部的同心激活和旋转驱动的,然后是膝舌骨肌的同心激活。颏舌肌在吞咽早期主要活跃。讨论:舌骨上肌和舌肌的形态、功能和协调是决定猕猴(可能也包括人类)吞咽能力的重要因素。在这里,我们在建筑齿轮比和滑轮系统的动态框架内表征舌骨上肌的生物力学,优化舌骨上升速度以快速“启动泵”和随后的舌骨拉伸力和/或力来驱动舌基收缩的液压机制。由于肌肉旋转,灵长类动物舌舌肌功能特别依赖于舌骨姿势和肌肉几何形状,这可能对人类进化中吞咽生物力学的进化具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
We Already Know a Bit About the Evolution of Love… 我们已经知道一点关于爱的进化....
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70201
Adam Bode
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引用次数: 0
Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal the Maternal Diversity and Genetic Influence of the Qijia Culture in Prehistoric Eastern Asia 古代线粒体基因组揭示史前东亚齐家文化母系多样性及其遗传影响
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70196
Chunxiang Li, Jian Li,  Anaer, Shizhu Gao, Yang Xu, Maolin Ye, Linhai Cai, Yinqiu Cui

Objectives

The Qijia culture (2300–1500 bce) in northwest China's Gansu-Qinghai region facilitated prehistoric exchanges between East Asia and the Eurasian steppe, yet its population origins and demographic dynamics remain unclear. We investigate the maternal genetic diversity, ancestry, and regional impact of the Qijia people to clarify their role in the prehistoric peopling of East Asia.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed 29 complete mitochondrial genomes from Qijia-associated individuals, comparing them with a comprehensive dataset of ancient and modern Eurasian populations using haplogroup assignment, phylogenetic analysis, and population genetic statistics.

Results

The Qijia population exhibits a dual ancestry structure, deriving from millet-farming groups from the Middle Yellow River (Shimao/Yangshao/Longshan cultures) and pastoralist populations from the Eastern Eurasian steppe. Notably, our analysis reveals little to no detectable contribution from Western Eurasia, despite archaeological evidence of cultural exchange. Key haplogroups, particularly F1g and D4j1b, link the Qijia people to modern Tibeto-Burman speakers (e.g., Tibetans and Qiangic groups), supporting a model of southward migration via the Tibetan-Yi Corridor. The presence of southern haplogroup F1a1a may indicate limited northward gene flow into the region.

Discussion

The Qijia culture likely served as a genetic “melting pot” and a subsequent source population, illustrating demographic processes that were distinct from mere cultural diffusion. Its dual origins reflect a convergence of agricultural expansion from the Central Plains and pastoralist movements from the north. Furthermore, its profound genetic connections to Tibeto-Burman groups highlight its enduring legacy in shaping the genetic landscape of modern populations in Southwest China.

目的:中国西北甘青地区的齐家文化(公元前2300-1500年)促进了东亚和欧亚草原之间的史前交流,但其人口起源和人口动态尚不清楚。本文研究了齐家人的母系遗传多样性、祖先和区域影响,以阐明其在史前东亚人类活动中的作用。材料和方法:我们分析了来自齐家相关个体的29个完整线粒体基因组,并利用单倍群分配、系统发育分析和群体遗传统计,将其与欧亚古代和现代人群的综合数据集进行了比较。结果:齐家人群具有双重祖先结构,即来自黄河中游地区(世茂/仰韶/龙山文化)的谷子种植群体和来自欧亚东部草原的游牧群体。值得注意的是,我们的分析显示,尽管有文化交流的考古证据,但欧亚大陆西部的贡献几乎没有。关键单倍群,特别是F1g和D4j1b,将齐家人和现代藏缅语系的人联系在一起(例如,南部单倍群F1a1a的存在可能表明该地区的基因向北流动有限。讨论:齐家文化可能是一个基因“大熔炉”和随后的人口来源,说明了不同于单纯文化传播的人口统计过程。它的双重起源反映了中原的农业扩张和北方的畜牧运动的融合。此外,其与藏缅群体的深厚遗传联系突出了其在塑造中国西南现代人口遗传景观方面的持久遗产。
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引用次数: 0
With Thanks 谢谢。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70198
Trudy R. Turner
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引用次数: 0
Sex Differences in Estimated Lean Body Mass of Captive and Wild Orangutans 圈养猩猩和野生猩猩估计瘦体重的性别差异。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70173
Faye S. Harwell, Janine L. Brown, Stephen Paris, Nicole P. Boisseau, Erin Kane, Tri Wahyu Susanto, Endro Setiawan, Cheryl D. Knott

Objectives

Male and female primates experience different ecological and reproductive constraints, which often lead to differences in how they allocate energy. Since testosterone promotes muscle growth, male primates generally possess greater relative muscle mass than females. Orangutans exhibit a rare phenomenon called male bimaturism, where there are two adult male morphs. Male orangutans reach adulthood as the unflanged morph and may transition to the flanged morph during their lifetime. Here, we investigated muscle mass differences of wild and captive orangutans among the age-sex classes while accounting for flange status.

Methods

Estimated lean body mass (ELBM) can be obtained by comparing urinary creatinine (CR) residuals using specific gravity (SG). We analyzed 2329 urine samples collected from 51 orangutans under human care and 279 samples from 29 wild Bornean orangutans at Gunung Palung National Park, Borneo, Indonesia.

Results

In both datasets, flanged males had the greatest mean ELBM followed by females and unflanged males. Flanged males had significantly greater ELBM than adult females and unflanged males in both captive and wild environments.

Conclusions

Flanged males have greater ELBM than unflanged males, suggesting increased energetic investment in muscle mass. Differences in body composition likely reflect the distinctive reproductive strategies and behavioral niches utilized by the two morphs. Flanging is an energetically costly process to undergo and maintain and is associated with a costly reproductive strategy. Because of these sex/morph differences, we recommend indexing urine samples against SG to avoid potential sex biases when indexing with CR.

目的:雄性和雌性灵长类动物经历不同的生态和生殖限制,这往往导致他们如何分配能量的差异。由于睾丸激素促进肌肉生长,雄性灵长类动物通常比雌性拥有更大的相对肌肉质量。猩猩表现出一种罕见的现象,叫做雄性双性恋,即有两个成年雄性变体。雄性猩猩成年时是无法兰的形态,并可能在一生中过渡到有法兰的形态。在此,我们调查了野生猩猩和圈养猩猩的肌肉质量在考虑法兰状态的情况下,在年龄-性别类别之间的差异。方法:用比重法(SG)比较尿肌酐(CR)残留量,得到估计的瘦体重(ELBM)。在印度尼西亚婆罗洲古农帕隆国家公园采集了51只人工饲养的猩猩的2329份尿样和29只野生婆罗洲猩猩的279份尿样进行了分析。结果:在这两个数据集中,有法兰的男性平均ELBM最高,其次是女性和无法兰的男性。在圈养和野生环境中,有法兰的雄性的ELBM显著高于成年雌性和未带法兰的雄性。结论:有法兰的男性比没有法兰的男性有更大的ELBM,表明肌肉质量的能量投入增加。身体组成的差异可能反映了这两种物种不同的繁殖策略和行为龛。翻边是一个能量上昂贵的过程,经历和维持,并与昂贵的生殖策略。由于这些性别/形态差异,我们建议将尿液样本与SG进行索引,以避免在用CR进行索引时出现潜在的性别偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary on Seersholm Et al.: Yersinia pestis Infection Is Not Synonymous With Deadly Plague in Neolithic Scandinavia. 对Seersholm等人的评论:在新石器时代的斯堪的纳维亚,鼠疫耶尔森氏菌感染不是致命鼠疫的同义词。
IF 2 2区 生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70200
Hamadou Oumarou Hama, Michel Drancourt, Philip Slavin, Florent Sebbane

Objectives: Emerging genomic evidence has identified ancestral strains of Yersinia pestis in ancient human populations, which has sparked debates about its pathogenic role in later Neolithic societies. Here, we review published evidence linking anthropological and biological data reflecting the past natural history of Y. pestis infection.

Materials and methods: Review of reported ancient Y. pestis genomes, paleomicrobiological, archaeological, and ecological data related to ancient plague.

Results and discussion: While some researchers attributed the Scandinavian Neolithic population decline to plague epidemics, we argue that early Y. pestis strains were more likely associated with outbreaks of food-borne enteritis rather than flea-borne plague. This hypothesis is supported by genetic, archaeological, and ecological analyses, which indicate that Y. pestis evolved key flea-borne transmission mechanisms only later in its history.

目的:新出现的基因组证据已经在古代人群中发现了鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的祖先菌株,这引发了关于其在新石器时代晚期社会中致病作用的争论。在这里,我们回顾了已发表的证据,将反映鼠疫杆菌感染过去自然历史的人类学和生物学数据联系起来。材料和方法:回顾已报道的古代鼠疫耶尔森氏菌基因组、古微生物学、考古学和与古代鼠疫有关的生态学资料。结果和讨论:虽然一些研究人员将斯堪的纳维亚新石器时代人口的下降归因于鼠疫流行,但我们认为,早期鼠疫杆菌菌株更可能与食源性肠炎的爆发有关,而不是跳蚤传播的鼠疫。这一假设得到了遗传学、考古学和生态学分析的支持,这些分析表明,鼠疫杆菌只是在其历史的后期才进化出关键的蚤媒传播机制。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
American Journal of Biological Anthropology
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