American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献_第3页

Financial Barriers to Success: Opening the Discussion of the Financial Burdens and Graduate Student Experiences in Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology 成功的经济障碍：开启生物考古学和法医人类学的经济负担和研究生经历的讨论

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70182

Abigail Elaine Houkes, Laura Cirillo

Objectives

This study examines the financial barriers faced by graduate students in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology, addressing a critical gap by incorporating recent perspectives. Prior research has highlighted financial inequities within the field, yet few studies focus on burdens impacting students' well-being, academic success, and career paths. This research aims to amplify student voices and identify actionable, student-centered solutions to alleviate financial strain and support retention.

Materials and Methods

A 29-question anonymous survey was distributed to current and recent biological anthropology graduate students (n = 103) across the United States. Questions covered various financial factors, including institutional costs, students' lived experiences with strain, and career advancement expenses. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic coding for qualitative responses.

Results

The survey revealed that nearly all participants depend on some form of financial aid (assistantships, grants, fellowships, or scholarships), with many reporting insufficient stipends, unmet living costs, and a need for external employment. Over half-expressed concerns about financial impacts on career opportunities, with many using loans or credit to cover essential costs like conferences, travel, and program fees. Financial strain significantly impacted well-being, with 58% considering leaving the field due to financial pressures.

Discussion

The findings underscore the urgent need for institutional reforms to ensure livable wages, transparent funding, and professional development support. Addressing these barriers is essential for retaining diverse talent and fostering a sustainable future in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. This study advocates practical solutions to reduce financial inequity and promote a more inclusive academic environment.

本研究考察了生物考古学和法医人类学研究生面临的经济障碍，通过结合最近的观点解决了一个关键的差距。先前的研究强调了该领域内的经济不平等，但很少有研究关注影响学生福祉、学业成功和职业道路的负担。本研究旨在扩大学生的声音，并确定可操作的，以学生为中心的解决方案，以减轻经济压力和支持保留。材料与方法一项包含29个问题的匿名调查被分发给美国各地的生物人类学研究生（n = 103）。问题涵盖了各种经济因素，包括机构成本、学生的生活压力经历和职业发展费用。定量数据采用描述性统计分析，定性数据采用专题编码分析。调查显示，几乎所有参与者都依赖某种形式的经济援助（助学金、助学金、研究金或奖学金），许多人报告津贴不足，生活费用未满足，需要外部就业。超过一半的人担心经济对职业机会的影响，许多人使用贷款或信贷来支付会议、差旅费和项目费用等基本费用。经济压力严重影响了他们的幸福感，58%的人由于经济压力考虑离开这个领域。研究结果强调，迫切需要进行制度改革，以确保工资水平适宜、资金透明和专业发展支持。解决这些障碍对于留住多样化人才和促进生物考古学和法医人类学的可持续未来至关重要。本研究提倡切实可行的解决方案，以减少财务不平等，促进更具包容性的学术环境。

{"title":"Financial Barriers to Success: Opening the Discussion of the Financial Burdens and Graduate Student Experiences in Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology","authors":"Abigail Elaine Houkes, Laura Cirillo","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines the financial barriers faced by graduate students in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology, addressing a critical gap by incorporating recent perspectives. Prior research has highlighted financial inequities within the field, yet few studies focus on burdens impacting students' well-being, academic success, and career paths. This research aims to amplify student voices and identify actionable, student-centered solutions to alleviate financial strain and support retention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 29-question anonymous survey was distributed to current and recent biological anthropology graduate students (<i>n</i> = 103) across the United States. Questions covered various financial factors, including institutional costs, students' lived experiences with strain, and career advancement expenses. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic coding for qualitative responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The survey revealed that nearly all participants depend on some form of financial aid (assistantships, grants, fellowships, or scholarships), with many reporting insufficient stipends, unmet living costs, and a need for external employment. Over half-expressed concerns about financial impacts on career opportunities, with many using loans or credit to cover essential costs like conferences, travel, and program fees. Financial strain significantly impacted well-being, with 58% considering leaving the field due to financial pressures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings underscore the urgent need for institutional reforms to ensure livable wages, transparent funding, and professional development support. Addressing these barriers is essential for retaining diverse talent and fostering a sustainable future in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. This study advocates practical solutions to reduce financial inequity and promote a more inclusive academic environment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introducing Contextual Observations in Support of All Gender Expressions (COSAGE): A Crowdsourced Guide for Documenting Assigned Sex at Birth and Gender Expression in Human Identification Efforts 引入上下文观察以支持所有性别表达（COSAGE）：记录出生时指定性别和人类身份识别工作中的性别表达的众包指南。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70180

Samantha H. Blatt, Mariyam I. Isa, Amy R. Michael, Taylor M. Flaherty, Ashley Smith, Samantha Unwin, Stephanie Howard

Objectives

Forensic practitioners will encounter unidentified decedents who are transgender and gender diverse (TGD) in their casework. While gender identity cannot be estimated from the skeleton, nor known until a decedent is positively identified, physical and contextual evidence of gender expression may inform biocultural identification efforts. The Contextual Observations in Support of All Gender Expressions (COSAGE) form is introduced as a tool meant to mitigate cognitive biases and guide a biocultural approach for considering evidence of gender expression in unidentified persons cases.

Materials and Methods

COSAGE was developed through a crowdsourcing approach with input from anthropologists, TGD community members, and authors' positionality. The form allows users to document gender-affirming personal items and medical procedures alongside more traditional skeletal sex estimation and contextual evidence in unidentified decedent cases. The form is a “living” document designed to evolve with changes to skeletal methods, gender-affirming personal items, medical procedures, and terminology.

Results

The COSAGE form is a four-part guide for documenting (1) the analyst's decision-making process for estimating skeletal sex and assigned sex at birth (ASAB), (2) skeletal evidence of gender-affirming care, (3) nonskeletal evidence of gender-affirming care and other aspects of physical appearance, and (4) associated personal items. Examples of potentially gender-affirming items and skeletal modifications are embedded within the form and suggestions are presented for reporting this evidence within unidentified persons databases.

Discussion

The COSAGE form contributes to a growing call to apply biocultural approaches in forensic anthropology casework. Practitioners can use the form to better document contextual information that may aid identification efforts in cases involving TGD decedents.

目的：法医从业者将遇到身份不明的死者谁是跨性别和性别多样化（TGD）在他们的案件工作。虽然不能从骨骼中估计性别身份，也不能在死者被确定身份之前知道，但性别表达的身体和环境证据可能为生物文化鉴定工作提供信息。“支持所有性别表达的语境观察”（COSAGE）表格是一种工具，旨在减轻认知偏见，并指导生物文化方法来考虑身份不明者案件中性别表达的证据。材料和方法：COSAGE是通过众包的方式开发的，并得到了人类学家、TGD社区成员和作者的意见。该表格允许用户记录性别确认的个人物品和医疗程序，以及更传统的骨骼性别估计和身份不明的死者案件的背景证据。该表单是一个“活的”文档，旨在随着骨骼方法、性别确认个人物品、医疗程序和术语的变化而发展。结果：COSAGE表格是一个包含四部分的指南，用于记录(1)分析师估计骨骼性别和出生性别（ASAB）的决策过程，(2)性别肯定护理的骨骼证据，(3)性别肯定护理和身体外表其他方面的非骨骼证据，以及(4)相关的个人物品。表格中嵌入了可能确认性别的项目和骨骼修改的示例，并提出了在身份不明人员数据库中报告这些证据的建议。讨论：COSAGE形式有助于在法医人类学案件工作中应用生物文化方法的呼声越来越高。从业者可以使用该表格更好地记录上下文信息，这可能有助于在涉及TGD死者的案件中进行识别工作。

{"title":"Introducing Contextual Observations in Support of All Gender Expressions (COSAGE): A Crowdsourced Guide for Documenting Assigned Sex at Birth and Gender Expression in Human Identification Efforts","authors":"Samantha H. Blatt, Mariyam I. Isa, Amy R. Michael, Taylor M. Flaherty, Ashley Smith, Samantha Unwin, Stephanie Howard","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70180","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forensic practitioners will encounter unidentified decedents who are transgender and gender diverse (TGD) in their casework. While gender identity cannot be estimated from the skeleton, nor known until a decedent is positively identified, physical and contextual evidence of gender expression may inform biocultural identification efforts. The Contextual Observations in Support of All Gender Expressions (COSAGE) form is introduced as a tool meant to mitigate cognitive biases and guide a biocultural approach for considering evidence of gender expression in unidentified persons cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>COSAGE was developed through a crowdsourcing approach with input from anthropologists, TGD community members, and authors' positionality. The form allows users to document gender-affirming personal items and medical procedures alongside more traditional skeletal sex estimation and contextual evidence in unidentified decedent cases. The form is a “living” document designed to evolve with changes to skeletal methods, gender-affirming personal items, medical procedures, and terminology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The COSAGE form is a four-part guide for documenting (1) the analyst's decision-making process for estimating skeletal sex and assigned sex at birth (ASAB), (2) skeletal evidence of gender-affirming care, (3) nonskeletal evidence of gender-affirming care and other aspects of physical appearance, and (4) associated personal items. Examples of potentially gender-affirming items and skeletal modifications are embedded within the form and suggestions are presented for reporting this evidence within unidentified persons databases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The COSAGE form contributes to a growing call to apply biocultural approaches in forensic anthropology casework. Practitioners can use the form to better document contextual information that may aid identification efforts in cases involving TGD decedents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Patterning Cascade Model and Human Mandibular Premolar Variation 模式级联模型与人类下颌前磨牙变异。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70178

Molly Militello, Dori E. Kenessey, Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kathleen S. Paul

Objectives

The patterning cascade model (PCM) provides a predictive framework for examining crown variation and posits that tooth size and enamel knot spacing, along with surrounding inhibitory fields, strongly influence crown morphology. The aim of this study is to determine if mandibular premolar variation aligns with predictions derived from the PCM.

Materials and Methods

Using three-dimensional (3D) scans and two-dimensional (2D) images of dental casts representing a contemporary human sample (n = 63), we collected crown area, cusp area, and intercusp distance measurements, including 3D distances to account for differential cusp height. After controlling for size variation, relative measurements were subjected to analyses of variance, t-tests, dichotomized generalized linear model regressions, and linear regressions to examine their relationship with lingual cusp number.

Results

Relative intercusp distance between the mesiolingual cusp and its distal neighbor differs significantly between two and three lingual cusped premolars; those with two lingual cusps exhibit greater distance, on average. Two lingual cusped P₄s exhibit greater 2D distance between the buccal and mesiolingual cusps. Models involving the relative area of the mesiolingual cusp and its distal neighbor were significant, with three lingual cusped P₄s exhibiting smaller cusps.

Discussion

These findings partially align with PCM-derived expectations. The mesiolingual cusp is involved in all significant findings, which suggests its precursory enamel knot placement and inhibitory zoning have the greatest influence on mandibular premolar morphology. Generally, 2D and 3D analyses yield similar results, but the strength of the relationship is greater for 3D measurements in P₃s, which are characterized by marked cusp height disparities.

目的：模式级联模型（PCM）为检查冠变异提供了一个预测框架，并假设牙齿大小和牙釉质结间距以及周围的抑制场强烈影响冠形态。本研究的目的是确定下颌前磨牙变异是否与PCM预测相符。材料和方法：使用代表当代人类样本（n = 63）的牙模的三维（3D）扫描和二维（2D）图像，我们收集了牙冠面积、牙尖面积和牙尖间距离测量值，包括3D距离，以解释牙尖高度的差异。在控制大小变化后，对相关测量值进行方差分析、t检验、二分类广义线性模型回归和线性回归，以检验其与舌尖数的关系。结果：两颗和三颗舌尖前磨牙的中舌尖与远端相邻尖间相对距离差异显著；平均而言，那些有两个舌尖的人表现出更大的距离。两个舌尖P4s在颊尖和中舌尖之间表现出更大的二维距离。涉及中舌尖及其远端邻居的相对面积的模型是显著的，三个舌尖P4s显示较小的尖。讨论：这些发现部分符合pcm衍生的期望。中舌尖参与了所有重要的发现，这表明其前体牙釉质结的放置和抑制分区对下颌前磨牙形态的影响最大。一般来说，2D和3D分析产生相似的结果，但p3的3D测量关系更强，其特征是明显的尖端高度差异。

{"title":"The Patterning Cascade Model and Human Mandibular Premolar Variation","authors":"Molly Militello, Dori E. Kenessey, Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kathleen S. Paul","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70178","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The patterning cascade model (PCM) provides a predictive framework for examining crown variation and posits that tooth size and enamel knot spacing, along with surrounding inhibitory fields, strongly influence crown morphology. The aim of this study is to determine if mandibular premolar variation aligns with predictions derived from the PCM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using three-dimensional (3D) scans and two-dimensional (2D) images of dental casts representing a contemporary human sample (<i>n</i> = 63), we collected crown area, cusp area, and intercusp distance measurements, including 3D distances to account for differential cusp height. After controlling for size variation, relative measurements were subjected to analyses of variance, <i>t</i>-tests, dichotomized generalized linear model regressions, and linear regressions to examine their relationship with lingual cusp number.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Relative intercusp distance between the mesiolingual cusp and its distal neighbor differs significantly between two and three lingual cusped premolars; those with two lingual cusps exhibit greater distance, on average. Two lingual cusped P<sub>4</sub>s exhibit greater 2D distance between the buccal and mesiolingual cusps. Models involving the relative area of the mesiolingual cusp and its distal neighbor were significant, with three lingual cusped P<sub>4</sub>s exhibiting smaller cusps.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings partially align with PCM-derived expectations. The mesiolingual cusp is involved in all significant findings, which suggests its precursory enamel knot placement and inhibitory zoning have the greatest influence on mandibular premolar morphology. Generally, 2D and 3D analyses yield similar results, but the strength of the relationship is greater for 3D measurements in P<sub>3</sub>s, which are characterized by marked cusp height disparities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12687927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can Asymmetrical Mechanical Loading Be Accurately Inferred From the Analysis of Skeletal Material? 从骨骼材料的分析中可以准确地推断出不对称的机械载荷吗？

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70176

Antonio Profico, Nathan Jeffery, Fotios Alexandros Karakostis

Objectives

Reconstructing habitual limb preference in the past is crucial for understanding the evolution of hominin behavior. However, our ability to reliably identify asymmetrical behaviors from bone remains is limited due to a lack of experimental evidence directly correlating a history of loading asymmetry with skeletal asymmetry. We address this gap by analyzing an existing laboratory sample of rats subjected to asymmetric loading, relying on four methodological approaches that address both external and internal bone morphology.

Materials and Methods

Data were derived from nine genetically consistent Wistar rat tibiofibulae, exposed to controlled asymmetrical loading. Asymmetry was evaluated using 3D geometric morphometrics for analyzing bone shape, cross-sectional geometry for assessing biomechanical strength, cortical thickness mapping of compact bone distribution, and V.E.R.A. (1.0 and 2.0) for quantifying 3D muscle attachment sites.

Results

The findings revealed a clear association between asymmetrical loading and bone asymmetry, particularly in the distal periosteum and medio-anterior midshaft, which exhibited notable 3D shape changes and increased cortical thickness. Additionally, polar second moment of area values were higher in stimulated limbs, indicating improved biomechanical function. The 3D entheseal areas of the stimulated limbs were also proportionally larger, with no apparent association with allometric factors.

Discussion

This study provides experimental proof-of-concept that asymmetric biomechanical loading influences skeletal bilateral asymmetry, suggesting that reconstructing limb preference is feasible using these methods. Future applications could enhance our understanding of the evolution of hominin handedness and its role in ancient lifeways.

目的：重建过去的习惯性肢体偏好对理解人类行为的进化至关重要。然而，由于缺乏将负载不对称历史与骨骼不对称直接联系起来的实验证据，我们从骨骼遗骸中可靠地识别不对称行为的能力是有限的。我们通过分析受到不对称载荷的大鼠的现有实验室样本来解决这一差距，依靠四种方法方法来解决外部和内部骨形态。材料和方法：数据来源于9只基因一致的Wistar大鼠胫腓骨，暴露在受控的不对称载荷下。采用三维几何形态测量法分析骨形状、横截面几何法评估生物力学强度、致密骨分布的皮质厚度映射以及ve.r.a（1.0和2.0）量化3D肌肉附着部位来评估不对称性。结果：研究结果显示不对称载荷与骨不对称之间存在明显的关联，特别是在远端骨膜和中前中轴，表现出明显的3D形状变化和皮质厚度增加。此外，受刺激肢体的极秒面积矩值更高，表明生物力学功能得到改善。受刺激肢体的三维骨骺面积也按比例增大，与异速生长因子无明显关联。讨论：本研究提供了不对称生物力学载荷影响骨骼双侧不对称的实验概念证明，表明使用这些方法重建肢体偏好是可行的。未来的应用可以增强我们对古人类利手性的进化及其在古代生活方式中的作用的理解。

{"title":"Can Asymmetrical Mechanical Loading Be Accurately Inferred From the Analysis of Skeletal Material?","authors":"Antonio Profico, Nathan Jeffery, Fotios Alexandros Karakostis","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70176","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reconstructing habitual limb preference in the past is crucial for understanding the evolution of hominin behavior. However, our ability to reliably identify asymmetrical behaviors from bone remains is limited due to a lack of experimental evidence directly correlating a history of loading asymmetry with skeletal asymmetry. We address this gap by analyzing an existing laboratory sample of rats subjected to asymmetric loading, relying on four methodological approaches that address both external and internal bone morphology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were derived from nine genetically consistent Wistar rat tibiofibulae, exposed to controlled asymmetrical loading. Asymmetry was evaluated using 3D geometric morphometrics for analyzing bone shape, cross-sectional geometry for assessing biomechanical strength, cortical thickness mapping of compact bone distribution, and V.E.R.A. (1.0 and 2.0) for quantifying 3D muscle attachment sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings revealed a clear association between asymmetrical loading and bone asymmetry, particularly in the distal periosteum and medio-anterior midshaft, which exhibited notable 3D shape changes and increased cortical thickness. Additionally, polar second moment of area values were higher in stimulated limbs, indicating improved biomechanical function. The 3D entheseal areas of the stimulated limbs were also proportionally larger, with no apparent association with allometric factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides experimental proof-of-concept that asymmetric biomechanical loading influences skeletal bilateral asymmetry, suggesting that reconstructing limb preference is feasible using these methods. Future applications could enhance our understanding of the evolution of hominin handedness and its role in ancient lifeways.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145688332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Functional Morphology of the Scaphoid in Extant African Apes, Humans and Fossil Hominins 现存非洲猿、人类和古人类的舟骨功能形态学。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70157

Nadine G. Steer, Ameline Bardo, Thomas W. Davies, Antonio Rosas, Matthew M. Skinner, Tracy L. Kivell

Objectives

The morphology of the hominoid scaphoid has played a key role in functional and evolutionary hypotheses related to the emergence of hominin bipedalism and tool use. However, the scaphoid's complex morphology is challenging to comparatively analyze via traditional 2D linear measurements. This study quantifies scaphoid morphology utilizing 3D geometric morphometrics (3D GM) in African apes, humans and extinct hominins to provide a more holistic functional understanding of scaphoid morphology.

Materials and Methods

We use 3D GM, including anatomical and sliding semi-landmarks, to quantify scaphoid morphology in a comparative sample of African apes (Gorilla, Gorilla beringei, Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes) (N = 54), extant and fossil Homo sapiens (N = 20) and nine fossil hominin scaphoids from Australopithecus sp., Australopithecus sediba, Homo naledi and Neandertals.

Results

Principal component analysis indicates that extant species can be distinguished by differences in scaphoid shape that are consistent with variation in hand use during locomotion and manipulation. The australopith scaphoids plot between the African ape and modern human distributions, whereas H. naledi falls between Gorilla and human distributions.

Discussion

Results confirm previous studies describing differences between extant African apes and modern human scaphoids that were interpreted as advantageous for knuckle-walking and forceful manipulation, respectively. However, we highlight greater variation between Pan and Gorilla than previously recognized. The fossil hominin scaphoids present differing mosaics of joint orientation and shape, creating a distinct overall morphology in each hominin species. This may reflect differing functional pressures acting upon hominin wrists resulting from disparate combinations of locomotor and manipulative behaviors.

目的：类人猿舟骨的形态在与人类两足行走和工具使用的出现有关的功能和进化假设中起着关键作用。然而，由于舟状骨的复杂形态，很难通过传统的二维线性测量进行比较分析。本研究利用三维几何形态计量学（3D GM）对非洲猿、人类和已灭绝古人类的舟状骨形态进行量化，以提供对舟状骨形态更全面的功能理解。材料和方法：我们使用三维GM技术，包括解剖和滑动半标记，量化了非洲猿类（大猩猩、白使大猩猩、泛猿和泛穴居人）（N = 54）、现存和化石智人（N = 20）和来自南方古猿、南方古猿sediba、纳勒迪人和尼安德特人的9个古人类舟骨化石的舟骨形态。结果：主成分分析表明，现有物种可以通过舟状骨形状的差异来区分，这与运动和操作过程中手部使用的变化一致。南猿的舟骨分布在非洲猿和现代人类分布之间，而纳勒迪人的舟骨分布在大猩猩和人类分布之间。讨论：结果证实了先前的研究，这些研究描述了现存非洲猿和现代人类舟骨之间的差异，这些差异分别被解释为有利于指关节行走和有力操作。然而，我们强调了潘和大猩猩之间的差异比以前认识到的更大。古人类舟骨化石在关节方向和形状上呈现出不同的镶嵌，在每个古人类物种中形成了不同的整体形态。这可能反映了由于不同的运动和操作行为组合而导致的作用于古人类手腕的不同功能压力。

{"title":"Functional Morphology of the Scaphoid in Extant African Apes, Humans and Fossil Hominins","authors":"Nadine G. Steer, Ameline Bardo, Thomas W. Davies, Antonio Rosas, Matthew M. Skinner, Tracy L. Kivell","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70157","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The morphology of the hominoid scaphoid has played a key role in functional and evolutionary hypotheses related to the emergence of hominin bipedalism and tool use. However, the scaphoid's complex morphology is challenging to comparatively analyze via traditional 2D linear measurements. This study quantifies scaphoid morphology utilizing 3D geometric morphometrics (3D GM) in African apes, humans and extinct hominins to provide a more holistic functional understanding of scaphoid morphology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We use 3D GM, including anatomical and sliding semi-landmarks, to quantify scaphoid morphology in a comparative sample of African apes (<i>Gorilla</i>, <i>Gorilla beringei</i>, <i>Pan paniscus</i> and <i>Pan troglodytes</i>) (<i>N</i> = 54), extant and fossil <i>Homo sapiens</i> (<i>N</i> = 20) and nine fossil hominin scaphoids from <i>Australopithecus</i> sp., <i>Australopithecus sediba</i>, <i>Homo naledi</i> and Neandertals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Principal component analysis indicates that extant species can be distinguished by differences in scaphoid shape that are consistent with variation in hand use during locomotion and manipulation. The australopith scaphoids plot between the African ape and modern human distributions, whereas <i>H. naledi</i> falls between <i>Gorilla</i> and human distributions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results confirm previous studies describing differences between extant African apes and modern human scaphoids that were interpreted as advantageous for knuckle-walking and forceful manipulation, respectively. However, we highlight greater variation between <i>Pan</i> and <i>Gorilla</i> than previously recognized. The fossil hominin scaphoids present differing mosaics of joint orientation and shape, creating a distinct overall morphology in each hominin species. This may reflect differing functional pressures acting upon hominin wrists resulting from disparate combinations of locomotor and manipulative behaviors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145678843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mozambique's Colonial-Era Non-Human Primate Collection at the National Museum of Natural History and Science of Lisbon: Taxonomy, Provenance, and Historical Context 里斯本国家自然历史和科学博物馆的莫桑比克殖民时期非人类灵长类动物收藏：分类、来源和历史背景。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70174

Matilde Osório, Cecilia Veracini

Objectives

This study reviews Mozambique's non-human primate collection housed at the National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) in Lisbon. The collection originates from the Zoological Missions of Mozambique (1948 and 1955) carried out under Portuguese colonial administration. The objectives of this work were to: i. reorganize the collection to facilitate future research; ii. compile data on the species represented, number of individuals, their sex, age, and geographic provenance; iii. document the historical and sociocultural context of the Zoological Missions with particular attention to the Gorongosa region.

Material and Methods

Methods Include: 1. Zoological Examination of Each Specimen (Taxonomic Identification and Updated Nomenclature); 2. Historical Research on the Collection (e.g., Collectors, Collection Sites, and Methodologies) Drawing on Materials From Historical Archive, Institute of Tropical Scientific Research, Zoology Centre Collection, University of Lisbon.

Results

A total of 34 individuals were identified (26 skulls and 30 skins), comprising 26 individuals from the family Galagidae (Otolemur crassicaudatus, Paragalago granti, Galago moholi) and 8 individuals from the family Cercopithecidae (Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Cercopithecus mitis, Papio ursinus). Among these, 13 individuals (eight O. crassicaudatus, one Paragalago granti, one C. pygerythrus and three P. ursinus) originated from the historical Gorongosa region. Historical evidence indicates that Portuguese zoologists considered Gorongosa as a prime area for the establishment of a national park, speculating that it could also be used for breeding and domestication of large fauna.

Discussion

The review of Portugal's primate collections offers new opportunities to investigate primate taxa that still present taxonomic and evolutionary challenges. Understanding the historical and sociopolitical contexts in which these collections were assembled is essential for reinterpreting their scientific and cultural value within contemporary biological anthropology.

目的：本研究回顾了位于里斯本的莫桑比克国家自然历史与科学博物馆（MUHNAC）收藏的非人灵长类动物。这些藏品来自葡萄牙殖民统治下的莫桑比克动物使团（1948年和1955年）。这项工作的目标是：1 .重新整理收集，以促进未来的研究；2。汇编有关所代表的物种、个体数量、性别、年龄和地理来源的数据；3。记录动物任务的历史和社会文化背景，特别关注戈龙戈萨地区。材料与方法：方法包括：1。每个标本的动物学检验（分类鉴定和最新命名法）2. 收集的历史研究（例如，收集者，收集地点和方法），从历史档案中提取材料，热带科学研究所，动物学中心收藏，里斯本大学。结果：共鉴定出34只（颅骨26只，皮30只），其中加拉科26只（耳鼠、大副加拉、莫霍利加拉），蠓科8只（pygerythrus、mitis、Papio ursinus）。其中13个个体（8只O. crassicaudatus， 1只Paragalago granti， 1只C. pygerythrus， 3只P. ursinus）来自历史上的戈龙戈萨地区。历史证据表明，葡萄牙动物学家认为戈龙戈萨是建立国家公园的最佳地区，并推测它也可以用来繁殖和驯化大型动物。讨论：对葡萄牙灵长类动物收藏的回顾提供了新的机会来研究仍然存在分类和进化挑战的灵长类动物分类群。了解这些藏品聚集的历史和社会政治背景，对于在当代生物人类学中重新解释它们的科学和文化价值至关重要。

{"title":"Mozambique's Colonial-Era Non-Human Primate Collection at the National Museum of Natural History and Science of Lisbon: Taxonomy, Provenance, and Historical Context","authors":"Matilde Osório, Cecilia Veracini","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70174","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reviews Mozambique's non-human primate collection housed at the National Museum of Natural History and Science (MUHNAC) in Lisbon. The collection originates from the Zoological Missions of Mozambique (1948 and 1955) carried out under Portuguese colonial administration. The objectives of this work were to: i. reorganize the collection to facilitate future research; ii. compile data on the species represented, number of individuals, their sex, age, and geographic provenance; iii. document the historical and sociocultural context of the Zoological Missions with particular attention to the Gorongosa region.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Methods Include: 1. Zoological Examination of Each Specimen (Taxonomic Identification and Updated Nomenclature); 2. Historical Research on the Collection (e.g., Collectors, Collection Sites, and Methodologies) Drawing on Materials From Historical Archive, Institute of Tropical Scientific Research, Zoology Centre Collection, University of Lisbon.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 34 individuals were identified (26 skulls and 30 skins), comprising 26 individuals from the family Galagidae (<i>Otolemur crassicaudatus, Paragalago granti, Galago moholi</i>) and 8 individuals from the family Cercopithecidae (<i>Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Cercopithecus mitis, Papio ursinus</i>). Among these, 13 individuals (eight <i>O. crassicaudatus</i>, one <i>Paragalago granti</i>, one <i>C. pygerythrus</i> and three <i>P. ursinus</i>) originated from the historical Gorongosa region. Historical evidence indicates that Portuguese zoologists considered Gorongosa as a prime area for the establishment of a national park, speculating that it could also be used for breeding and domestication of large fauna.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The review of Portugal's primate collections offers new opportunities to investigate primate taxa that still present taxonomic and evolutionary challenges. Understanding the historical and sociopolitical contexts in which these collections were assembled is essential for reinterpreting their scientific and cultural value within contemporary biological anthropology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12673634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145669384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Proceedings of the 94th Business Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists 美国生物人类学家协会第94届商业会议论文集。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70175

Kristi L. Lewton

引用次数: 0

Human Trackway Parameters on Hard and Soft Substrates 软硬基质上的人体轨迹参数。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70179

David Webb, Laura Zacharias, Kahlan Tripp

Objectives

To understand ancient hominins' locomotion, our best comparison is with modern humans, and it is easiest to study humans walking in a laboratory setting. However, trackways made on tile or concrete might not be representative of those made in softer substrates like dirt or sand, suggesting that some laboratory studies might not be applicable to ancient hominins. Therefore, a number of authors have considered different substrates in their experiments and sometimes have tried to match the substrates in the laboratory with those at various ancient sites. We expand on those efforts by evaluating some aspects of human trackways that might be expected to differ in different substrates.

Materials and Methods

A group of 20 subjects walked on hard, medium, and soft substrates, and three parameters were measured: foot angle, step length, and step width. Linear, mixed-effects regression was used to evaluate the effects of substrate on these parameters.

Results

Step width (p = 0.74) and step length (p = 0.19) were not significantly affected by substrate type. However, foot angle was (p = 0.002). Even so, the effect was very small and substrate accounted for only 1% of the variation in foot angle, whereas individual variation accounted for 50%. Also, the variance of all three measured parameters increased with softer substrates.

Discussion

This work on trails of footprints complements pre-existing research on individual prints on various substrates. Results here are encouraging for those interested in laboratory research to compare modern human trackways with those of ancient hominins. Even trackways produced on hard floors are similar to those made in softer, sandy substrates and may therefore be useful in understanding our ancient relatives' locomotion. However, because variation in parameters increases as the substrate becomes softer, some differences due to substrate may be obscured by large variances.

目的：为了了解古人类的运动方式，我们最好与现代人进行比较，而在实验室环境中研究人类的行走方式是最容易的。然而，在瓷砖或混凝土上建造的轨道可能不能代表在泥土或沙子等较软的基质上建造的轨道，这表明一些实验室研究可能不适用于古人类。因此，许多作者在他们的实验中考虑了不同的底物，有时试图将实验室中的底物与不同古代遗址中的底物相匹配。我们通过评估人类轨迹的某些方面来扩展这些努力，这些方面可能在不同的基质中有所不同。材料与方法：20名受试者分别在硬、中、软三种基质上行走，测量足角、步长、步宽三个参数。采用线性、混合效应回归评价基质对这些参数的影响。结果：底物类型对台阶宽度（p = 0.74）和台阶长度（p = 0.19）无显著影响。而足角为（p = 0.002）。即便如此，这种影响也非常小，底物只占足角变化的1%，而个体差异占50%。此外，所有三个测量参数的方差随着较软的基质而增加。讨论：这项关于足迹痕迹的工作补充了现有的关于各种基材上的个人足迹的研究。对于那些对比较现代人和古人类足迹的实验室研究感兴趣的人来说，这里的结果令人鼓舞。即使是在坚硬的地面上形成的轨道，也与那些在柔软的沙质基材上形成的轨道相似，因此可能有助于理解我们古老亲戚的运动方式。然而，由于衬底变得更软，参数的变化会增加，由于衬底的一些差异可能会被大的方差所掩盖。

{"title":"Human Trackway Parameters on Hard and Soft Substrates","authors":"David Webb, Laura Zacharias, Kahlan Tripp","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70179","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To understand ancient hominins' locomotion, our best comparison is with modern humans, and it is easiest to study humans walking in a laboratory setting. However, trackways made on tile or concrete might not be representative of those made in softer substrates like dirt or sand, suggesting that some laboratory studies might not be applicable to ancient hominins. Therefore, a number of authors have considered different substrates in their experiments and sometimes have tried to match the substrates in the laboratory with those at various ancient sites. We expand on those efforts by evaluating some aspects of human trackways that might be expected to differ in different substrates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A group of 20 subjects walked on hard, medium, and soft substrates, and three parameters were measured: foot angle, step length, and step width. Linear, mixed-effects regression was used to evaluate the effects of substrate on these parameters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Step width (<i>p</i> = 0.74) and step length (<i>p</i> = 0.19) were not significantly affected by substrate type. However, foot angle was (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Even so, the effect was very small and substrate accounted for only 1% of the variation in foot angle, whereas individual variation accounted for 50%. Also, the variance of all three measured parameters increased with softer substrates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work on trails of footprints complements pre-existing research on individual prints on various substrates. Results here are encouraging for those interested in laboratory research to compare modern human trackways with those of ancient hominins. Even trackways produced on hard floors are similar to those made in softer, sandy substrates and may therefore be useful in understanding our ancient relatives' locomotion. However, because variation in parameters increases as the substrate becomes softer, some differences due to substrate may be obscured by large variances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145649516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anthropometric Measurements Amongst Contemporary Deceased Adults From New Mexico Vary in Relation to Childhood Socioeconomic Status 新墨西哥州当代已故成年人的人体测量值与儿童社会经济地位有关。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70153

Adrianna N. Wiley, Cristina Lama, Michelle E. Cameron

Objectives

Energetic deficits through lack of access to resources and/or increased exposure to stressors are associated with the disadvantaged biocultural environments often afforded to individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We use anthropometric and demographic data collected from 224 adult (aged 20–50 years) individuals whose computed tomography (CT) scans are housed in the New Mexico Decedent Image Database to explore how various limb proportions differ between childhood SES levels.

Materials and Methods

Relationships between childhood SES and body proportions, calculated from standard anthropometrics measured on CT scans, were tested using ANOVA and ANCOVA.

Results

Higher-SES individuals have larger dimensions for a given trunk length than lower-SES individuals across all measurements. The largest differences in individual segments are found in the lower limb segments (tibia and thigh); though total upper limb shows greater between-group differences than total lower limb. Foot length (autopod) differences do not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

While individuals who face resource deficits in early childhood may undergo catch-up growth later in development, our study indicates the material disadvantage offered by lower- and middle-SES in New Mexico prevents catch-up growth from equalizing linear growth outcomes even in less plastic dimensions. Our study demonstrates the importance of limb segments as biomarkers of childhood biocultural environments. We highlight that SES is a socially defined category of resource allocation with clear biological impacts, which may be socially mitigated by policies supporting a more equitable division of resources.

由于缺乏获取资源的途径和/或暴露于压力源的增加而导致的能量不足与社会经济地位较低的个体所处的不利生物文化环境有关。我们使用从新墨西哥州已故图像数据库中收集的224名成年人（年龄在20-50岁）的计算机断层扫描（CT）数据收集人体测量学和人口统计学数据，以探索儿童SES水平之间不同肢体比例的差异。材料和方法：根据CT扫描测量的标准人体测量值计算儿童SES与身体比例之间的关系，使用方差分析和方差分析进行检验。结果：在所有测量中，高ses个体的躯干长度比低ses个体的尺寸更大。单个节段差异最大的是下肢节段（胫骨和大腿）；但上肢全组差异大于下肢全组差异。足长（autopod）差异无统计学意义。结论：虽然在儿童早期面临资源不足的个体可能在发育后期经历追赶性生长，但我们的研究表明，新墨西哥州中低社会地位提供的物质劣势阻止了追赶性生长平衡线性生长结果，即使在较低的可塑性维度上也是如此。我们的研究证明了肢体节段作为儿童生物文化环境的生物标志物的重要性。我们强调，社会经济地位是一种社会定义的资源分配类别，具有明显的生物影响，可以通过支持更公平的资源分配的政策在社会上减轻这种影响。

{"title":"Anthropometric Measurements Amongst Contemporary Deceased Adults From New Mexico Vary in Relation to Childhood Socioeconomic Status","authors":"Adrianna N. Wiley, Cristina Lama, Michelle E. Cameron","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70153","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Energetic deficits through lack of access to resources and/or increased exposure to stressors are associated with the disadvantaged biocultural environments often afforded to individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We use anthropometric and demographic data collected from 224 adult (aged 20–50 years) individuals whose computed tomography (CT) scans are housed in the New Mexico Decedent Image Database to explore how various limb proportions differ between childhood SES levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Relationships between childhood SES and body proportions, calculated from standard anthropometrics measured on CT scans, were tested using ANOVA and ANCOVA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Higher-SES individuals have larger dimensions for a given trunk length than lower-SES individuals across all measurements. The largest differences in individual segments are found in the lower limb segments (tibia and thigh); though total upper limb shows greater between-group differences than total lower limb. Foot length (autopod) differences do not reach statistical significance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While individuals who face resource deficits in early childhood may undergo catch-up growth later in development, our study indicates the material disadvantage offered by lower- and middle-SES in New Mexico prevents catch-up growth from equalizing linear growth outcomes even in less plastic dimensions. Our study demonstrates the importance of limb segments as biomarkers of childhood biocultural environments. We highlight that SES is a socially defined category of resource allocation with clear biological impacts, which may be socially mitigated by policies supporting a more equitable division of resources.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12665644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145649449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing Virtual Anthropometric Measurements and Quantifying Their Relationship to Osteometric Measurements Using Computed Tomography Scans From an Online Database 评估虚拟人体测量和量化他们的关系骨测量使用计算机断层扫描从一个在线数据库

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70142

Adrianna N. Wiley, Cristina Lama, Michelle E. Cameron

Objectives

Anthropometrics are a powerful tool for understanding bodily diversity. Using computed tomography (CT) scans from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database, we assess sources of methodological error that may complicate virtual anthropometric methods and quantify the comparability of anthropometric and osteometric measures.

Materials and Methods

Standard measurement protocols were adapted for virtual measurement. Intra- and interobserver measurement error, and error from changing CT scan thresholds were evaluated. Relationships between anthropometric and osteometric correlates were then evaluated using pairwise Fligner–Killeen tests on coefficients of variation (CVs). Biological codependence was explored using reduced major axis (RMA) regressions.

Results

Measurement and threshold errors were low. Breadth and circumferential measures had the largest measurement errors and were most impacted by different threshold choices. Linear measurements show no significant differences between anthropometric and osteometric definitions, while circumferential measures have significantly different CVs for the male (p = 0.02) and pooled groups (p = 0.01). Bi-iliocristal and bi-iliac breadths had significantly different CVs, except in the < 25 BMI group. RMA models reflect a positive linear relationship between paired measures that is stronger for linear (r ≥ 0.98) than circumferential (r = 0.82) measurements. Pelvic breadth shows the weakest relationship (r = 0.46).

Conclusions

Anthropometric measures can be precisely defined in a replicable manner in virtual spaces, and linear measurements taken osteologically are comparable to those taken anthropometrically. However, circumferential measures are more impacted by threshold choice and soft tissue variation than linear measurements. Anthropometrically and osteometrically defined circumferential correlates should be compared with caution. Pelvic breadth measurements may only be comparable in individuals with BMIs < 25.

人体测量学是了解人体多样性的有力工具。利用来自新墨西哥州影像数据库的计算机断层扫描（CT），我们评估了可能使虚拟人体测量方法复杂化的方法学误差来源，并量化了人体测量和骨测量的可比性。材料与方法采用标准测量方案进行虚拟测量。评估了观察者内部和观察者之间的测量误差，以及CT扫描阈值变化带来的误差。然后使用变异系数（CVs）的两两Fligner-Killeen检验评估人体测量和骨测量相关指标之间的关系。使用减少长轴（RMA）回归探讨生物共依赖性。结果测量误差和阈值误差较低。宽度测量和周向测量误差最大，受阈值选择的影响最大。线性测量在人体测量和骨测量定义之间没有显着差异，而周向测量在男性组（p = 0.02）和合并组（p = 0.01）中有显着差异。除了BMI为25的组外，双髂和双髂宽度的cv有显著差异。RMA模型反映了成对测量之间的正线性关系，线性测量（r≥0.98）比周向测量（r = 0.82）更强。骨盆宽度的相关性最弱（r = 0.46）。结论人体测量测量可以在虚拟空间中以可复制的方式精确定义，骨学上的线性测量可与人体测量测量相媲美。然而，与线性测量相比，周向测量更容易受到阈值选择和软组织变化的影响。人体测量学和骨测量学定义的周向相关物应谨慎比较。骨盆宽度测量可能仅在bmi个体中具有可比性[lt；] 25。

{"title":"Assessing Virtual Anthropometric Measurements and Quantifying Their Relationship to Osteometric Measurements Using Computed Tomography Scans From an Online Database","authors":"Adrianna N. Wiley, Cristina Lama, Michelle E. Cameron","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anthropometrics are a powerful tool for understanding bodily diversity. Using computed tomography (CT) scans from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database, we assess sources of methodological error that may complicate virtual anthropometric methods and quantify the comparability of anthropometric and osteometric measures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Standard measurement protocols were adapted for virtual measurement. Intra- and interobserver measurement error, and error from changing CT scan thresholds were evaluated. Relationships between anthropometric and osteometric correlates were then evaluated using pairwise Fligner–Killeen tests on coefficients of variation (CVs). Biological codependence was explored using reduced major axis (RMA) regressions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Measurement and threshold errors were low. Breadth and circumferential measures had the largest measurement errors and were most impacted by different threshold choices. Linear measurements show no significant differences between anthropometric and osteometric definitions, while circumferential measures have significantly different CVs for the male (<i>p</i> = 0.02) and pooled groups (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Bi-iliocristal and bi-iliac breadths had significantly different CVs, except in the < 25 BMI group. RMA models reflect a positive linear relationship between paired measures that is stronger for linear (<i>r</i> ≥ 0.98) than circumferential (<i>r</i> = 0.82) measurements. Pelvic breadth shows the weakest relationship (<i>r</i> = 0.46).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anthropometric measures can be precisely defined in a replicable manner in virtual spaces, and linear measurements taken osteologically are comparable to those taken anthropometrically. However, circumferential measures are more impacted by threshold choice and soft tissue variation than linear measurements. Anthropometrically and osteometrically defined circumferential correlates should be compared with caution. Pelvic breadth measurements may only be comparable in individuals with BMIs < 25.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0