American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Planum Temporale Asymmetries in Primates: A Comparative Study in Great Apes and Monkeys","authors":"Angela M. Achorn,&nbsp;Michele M. Mulholland,&nbsp;Chelsea M. Cox,&nbsp;Kimberley A. Phillips,&nbsp;Allyson J. Bennett,&nbsp;Peter J. Pierre,&nbsp;Chet C. Sherwood,&nbsp;Steven J. Schapiro,&nbsp;William D. Hopkins","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most human brains exhibit left hemisphere asymmetry for planum temporale (PT) surface area and gray matter volume, which is interpreted as cerebral lateralization for language. Once considered a uniquely human feature, PT asymmetries have now been documented in chimpanzees and olive baboons. The goal of the current study was to further investigate the evolution of PT asymmetries in nonhuman primates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We measured PT surface area in chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>, <i>n</i> = 90), bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>, <i>n</i> = 21), gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla</i>, <i>n</i> = 34), orangutans (<i>Pongo</i> spp., <i>n</i> = 33), olive baboons (<i>Papio anubis</i>, <i>n</i> = 105), rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>, <i>n</i> = 144), and tufted capuchins (<i>Sapajus apella</i>, <i>n</i> = 29) from magnetic resonance imaging scans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings reveal significant leftward biases in PT surface area among chimpanzees, gorillas, olive baboons, rhesus macaques, and capuchins. We did not find significant population-level asymmetries among orangutans and bonobos, which could be due, in part, to small sample sizes. We also detected significant age effects for rhesus macaques only, and no significant sex effects for any species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The observation of a population-level leftward bias for PT surface area among not only hominids (chimpanzees and gorillas), but also two cercopithecoids (olive baboons and rhesus macaques) and one platyrrhine (tufted capuchins) suggests that PT lateralization was likely present in some early anthropoid primate ancestors and relatives. This provides further evidence that human brains have since undergone changes to the size and connectivity of the PT in response to selection for the cognitive processes needed to support the evolution of language and speech.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Fusion Shape Changes of Humeral Metaphyseal Surfaces: A New Method for Assessing Maturity and Age in Non-Adult Skeletal Individuals","authors":"Azahara Salazar-Fernández,&nbsp;José Miguel Carretero,&nbsp;Yuliet Quintino,&nbsp;Katerina Harvati,&nbsp;Laura Rodríguez,&nbsp;Rebeca García-González","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25063","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current research delves into the use of 3D geometric morphometric for assessing shifts in maturity within both the proximal and distal humeral metaphyses. It mainly focuses on establishing correlations between these shifts and the shape changes observed in the corresponding epiphyses established through radiographic imaging.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The total sample comprises 120 right-side proximal humeral metaphyses and 91 right-side distal humeral metaphyses. The entire sample was categorized into four maturity groups for the humeral distal metaphysis and five maturity groups for the humeral proximal metaphysis based on the appearance and subsequent changes in shape and size. All humeri were scanned using 3D surface scanning devices. Two different 3D template configurations were created to capture the shape changes during the development of the proximal and distal metaphyses. We conducted an analysis of shape (Procrustes shape coordinates) and an analysis on the form space in order to assess both maturity changes of humeral metaphyses and their interrelationship with size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The shape changes explained by PC1 are crucial in establishing the maturational sequence in both the distal and proximal metaphyses. These shape changes reflect the appearance and subsequent changes in shape and size of their corresponding epiphyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a considerable overlap among different maturity groups related to the gradual nature of the maturational process. However, shape changes in proximal and distal humeral metaphyses are suitable to assess maturity in skeletal specimens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-Individual Stable Isotope Variation Tracks Brazilian Contemporary Dietary and Nutritional Transition","authors":"Luciano O. Valenzuela,&nbsp;Claudia Plens,&nbsp;Felipe Otero,&nbsp;Luciano L. Loupias,&nbsp;Evelyne Pessoa Soriano,&nbsp;Marcus Vitor Diniz de Carvalho,&nbsp;Erasmo de Almeida Junior,&nbsp;Eduardo Daruge Junior,&nbsp;Luiz Francesquini Júnior,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo Palhares Machado,&nbsp;Douglas H. Ubelaker","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25057","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contemporary dietary and nutritional transitions are commonplace, but difficult to study directly. In Brazil, and Latin America, this generalized process, leading to current obesity and malnutrition problems, started more than four decades ago. Although body weight and food availability are used to measure changes, not much information on food consumption and nutrition exist. Stable isotope analysis allows for the study of modern individual diets because it reflects the proportional contribution of different foods, general dietary patterns, and the effect of metabolism. Furthermore, when samples from tissues reflecting different time points are used, it allows for the assessment of individual transitions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore intra-person isotopic variation for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere for modern humans, and examine the nutritional transition reported for Brazil in the past four decades.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values from 68 ¹⁴C-dated bone samples (vertebra, occipital, parietal, femur) from 17 individuals born in 1963, from three cemeteries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data reflect chronologically ordered high intra-individual <i>δ</i>¹⁵N variation tracking the dietary and nutrition transition over the last few decades, while no relationship between <i>δ</i>¹³C values and time was found. Vertebrae, reflecting diets from the mid 2000s, showed lower <i>δ</i>¹⁵N values than other bones reflecting the mid 1980s and early 1990s.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show how different bones capture nutritional transitions over the lifespan of modern individuals. Nitrogen isotope values were lower in recent tissues as a consequence of the changes in the agri-food industry and worldwide consumption patterns that have intensified in Latin America in the last decades.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manubriosternal Morphology of Anthropoid Primates","authors":"Emily R. Middleton,&nbsp;Morgan T. Alwell,&nbsp;Carol V. Ward","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the proportions of the manubrium and sternebrae across anthropoid primates to explore variation hypothesized to be related to thoracic shape and locomotor specialization, and to determine whether the sternoclavicular joint orientation in hominoids reflects hypothesized differences in shoulder joint positioning relative to the thorax.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Metric data and sternoclavicular joint orientation data were collected from calibrated photographs of manubria and sternebrae from a large sample (<i>n</i> = 244) of extant anthropoid primates, as well as a small sample of fossil taxa. Manubriosternal and rib cage metric data were also collected from CT scans of an additional 52 extant anthropoid torsos. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analyses, and linear correlations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Manubriosternal morphology varies among anthropoids and appears to track thoracic shape and positional repertoire. Hominoids tend to have broader manubria and sterna than monkeys. <i>Ekembo</i> and <i>Equatorius</i> appear to most closely resemble colobines and <i>Alouatta</i> in sternebral shape, suggesting a thorax most similar to these taxa. Neandertals and early anatomically modern humans are most similar to humans, providing no evidence for a relatively broad rib cage. Sternoclavicular joint orientation also differs among hominoids, with all hominoids having more cranially inclined joint surfaces than humans. The human-like value observed for <i>Australopithecus sediba</i> supports the hypothesis that the clavicle in this species was not inclined laterally in resting posture.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the correlation between manubriosternal breadths and thoracic form across anthropoids, this study suggests that manubriosterna may provide useful information for interpreting skeletal form and positional repertoires in fossil anthropoids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of an Extreme Weather Event on Primate Populations","authors":"Megan Beardmore-Herd,&nbsp;Meredith S. Palmer,&nbsp;Kaitlyn M. Gaynor,&nbsp;Susana Carvalho","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25049","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25049","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With contemporary, human-induced climate change at a crisis point, extreme weather events (e.g., cyclones, heatwaves, floods) are becoming more frequent, intense, and difficult to predict. These events can wreak rapid and significant changes on ecosystems; thus, it is imperative to understand how wildlife communities respond to these disruptions. Primates are perceived as being a largely adaptable order, but we often lack the quantitative data to rigorously assess how they are impacted by extreme environmental change. Leveraging detections from a long-term camera trap survey, this opportunistic study reports the effects of an extreme weather event on a little-studied population of free-ranging primates in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined shifts in gray-footed chacma baboon (<i>Papio ursinus griseipes</i>) and vervet monkey (<i>Chlorocebus pygerythrus</i>) spatial distribution and relative abundance following Cyclone Idai—a category four tropical cyclone that struck Mozambique in March 2019.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Baboon spatial distributions were impacted in the first month after the cyclone, with more detections in areas where flooding was less severe. Spatial distributions renormalized once floodwaters began to recede. We describe vervet monkey spatial distribution trends, though sample size limitations inhibited statistical analysis. Primate relative abundance did not appear to substantially decrease following the cyclone, suggesting troops were able to adopt behavioral adjustments to evade rising floodwaters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings highlight the behavioral flexibility of Gorongosa's primates and their ability to adapt to extreme—if temporary—disruptions, with implications for primate conservation in the Anthropocene and research into how rapid climatic events may have shaped primate evolution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.25049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opening the Cabinets: A Critical Evaluation of Skeletal Teaching Collections in the United States","authors":"Ariel Gruenthal-Rankin,&nbsp;Tessa Somogyi","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25051","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25051","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The collections of human remains within our university laboratories and classrooms are considered by many to be integral to teaching osteology. However, as an outgrowth of the Western scientific tradition of mind/body dualism, human remains within skeletal teaching collections are often regarded differently than those in museums or applied contexts. From processing to storage, the personhood of each individual becomes abstracted as we purchase, “inherit,” handle, organize, and digitally scan their bones for teaching purposes. In this way, skeletons within teaching collections are ontologically transformed from people to objects. The objectification of human bodies is rooted in Enlightenment era scientific practices that are directly connected to colonialism and white supremacy. Here, we argue that the anonymization of the skeletons of people in academic institutions, and the maintenance of non-consent-based skeletal collections, perpetuates structural violence on the deceased and their descendant communities. We critically examine the origins and ethics of non-consent-based anatomical teaching collections and discuss the violence within these assemblages. Finally, we develop practical steps toward a more humanistic and ethical osteological classroom and pedagogy. Suggested strategies include ceasing the use of skeletal individuals for whom consent is unknown or non-existent and instead using only skeletal or replica skeletal materials from those who have donated or willed their bodies and engaging with critical pedagogical perspectives to challenge norms in our field.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142915733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Liminality in Evolving Forensic Anthropology Professionalism","authors":"Donna C. Boyd","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25054","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Emerging aspects of professionalism within forensic anthropology, while enhancing the scientific foundation and practice for the discipline, have created liminalistic spaces and experiences in education and training, employment, ethics, and identities that reflect the broader transitional status in the discipline as a whole. These liminal states and problems are discussed in terms of their creation, development, and potential for resolution. They are interpreted within a liminal framework which requires navigation through significant changes in roles, status, and identity in forensic anthropology practice. Recommendations for mitigating the identified deficiencies, ambiguities, and frustrations they produce include expansion of educational training, certification, employment options, and roles and responsibilities, as well as adherence to standards and recognition and promotion of self-care. Successful navigation of these issues will lead to a stronger future for both the discipline and the practitioner.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Laws of Developmental Direction Using a Documented Skeletal Collection","authors":"Jennifer S. Nelson,&nbsp;Lesley Harrington,&nbsp;Emily Holland,&nbsp;Hugo F. V. Cardoso","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25047","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many human growth studies note a trend of differential variation in limb segment lengths, where distal elements show greater variability than their proximal counterparts. This has been attributed to their developmental sequence, where bones further from the head develop later and are more impacted by fluctuating growth conditions. We aimed to explore limb dimensions within this framework, known as the laws of developmental direction, in children (0.09–11.75 years) from a documented skeletal collection of low socioeconomic status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Z</i>-scores were generated for diaphyseal length measurements of six limb bones. Differences between mean <i>z</i>-score values of the limbs, as well as of the proximal and distal segments of each limb, were assessed using paired samples <i>t</i>-tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The lower limb was significantly more stunted in growth relative to the upper limb (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), as was the distal segment of the upper limb relative to the proximal segment (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). In contrast, the distal segment of the lower limb was significantly less stunted in growth relative to the proximal segment (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings of increased sensitivity in the lower limb relative to the upper limb and in the distal segment of the upper limb relative to its proximal segment are consistent with the laws of developmental direction. However, the finding of greater sensitivity in the proximal segment of the lower limb relative to the distal segment does not align with the theorized developmental gradient. These results reveal the complexity of human growth and developmental plasticity in response to biocultural factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11669766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing Patterns of Skeletal Indicators of Developmental Stress Through the Double Lens of Ontogeny and the Life Course Approach in a Contemporary Reference Sample","authors":"Louise K. Corron,&nbsp;Cait B. McPherson,&nbsp;Ethan C. Hill,&nbsp;Lexi O'Donnell","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Skeletal indicators of developmental stress are commonly used to assess health, disease, and patterns of morbidity and mortality in past populations. Incorporating information about individual life history, such as adverse life events, allows for a more thorough understanding of their etiology. This paper adopts the double lens of ontogeny and the life course to analyze indicators of developmental stress in relation to known individual pathologies and developmental patterns of the cranium, vertebrae, and long bones.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Six skeletal indicators were collected on CT scans or virtual skeletal reconstructions of 1033 contemporary deceased male and female individuals aged between 0 and 20 years from New Mexico: cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, Harris lines, stunting, vertebral neural canal diameters, and bone mineral density. Autopsy reports provided information on age, sex, disease type, and duration. Polychoric and polyserial correlations, boxplots, balloon plots, factor analyses of mixed data, and cluster analyses were used to explore patterns among indicators, ontogeny, sex, and disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The presence and prevalence of indicators varied depending on age and disease: Harris lines, stunted growth, and cribra orbitalia were common in younger age groups and in cases of long-term or respiratory illnesses, while porotic hyperostosis was more prevalent in adolescent and young adult males.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Skeletal indicators of developmental stress are most likely associated with the timing of adverse life events in relation to the corresponding ontogenetic patterns, developmental sensitivity to stressors, and developmental plasticity/canalization of the different skeletal elements that bear them.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apparent Stasis of Endocranial Volume in Two Chimpanzee Subspecies","authors":"Richard W. Wrangham,&nbsp;Steven Worthington","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25048","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.25048","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Self-domestication theory and preliminary data suggest that western chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes verus</i>) could have smaller brains than eastern chimpanzees (<i>P. t. schweinfurthii</i>), but no large-scale studies of chimpanzee endocranial volume (ECV) have tested this. This study compares ECV of wild adult <i>P. t. verus</i> and <i>P. t. schweinfurthii</i>, along with femoral head diameter (FHD; an index of body size), bizygomatic breadth (BZB) and palate length (PAL).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adult crania of <i>P. t. schweinfurthii</i> (60 females, 90 males, from Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo) and <i>P. t. verus</i> (43 females, 37 males, from Liberia and Ivory Coast) were sampled. ECV was measured using 3 mm diameter glass beads, and FHD, PAL, and BZB with digital calipers. Quantities of interest were estimated using Bayesian inference.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No meaningful differences were found between subspecies on average in ECV, FHD, or the relationship between ECV and FHD. Within countries and subspecies, ECV varied widely among individuals, partly because males had higher ECV on average than females. When sex was controlled for, ECV was unrelated to FHD. Within subspecies there was no evidence of meaningful differences in average ECV among countries. PAL was the only measure that differed between subspecies on average, being shorter in <i>P. t. verus</i> females.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current data show that within sexes, mean ECV is similar between <i>P. t. verus</i> and <i>P. t. schweinfurthii</i>. This suggests that average brain size in chimpanzees has remained unchanged for ~0.7 million years, in contrast to orangutans (<i>Pongo</i>) and humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}