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Electroanalytical Overview: The Sensing of Mesalamine (5-Aminosalicylic Acid) 电分析概述:传感中沙胺(5-氨基水杨酸)
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00061
Robert D. Crapnell, Prashanth S. Adarakatti and Craig E. Banks*, 

Mesalamine, known as 5-aminosalicylic acid, is a medication used primarily in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. 5-Aminosalicylic acid can be measured using various benchtop laboratory techniques which involve liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy, but these are sophisticated and large, meaning that they cannot be used on-site because transportation of the samples, chemicals, and physical and biological reactions can potentially occur, which can affect the sample’s composition and potentially result in inaccurate results. An alternative approach is the use of electrochemical based sensing platforms which has the advantages of portability, cost-efficiency, facile miniaturization, and rapid analysis while nonetheless providing sensitivity and selectivity. We provide an overview of the use of the electroanalytical techniques for the sensing of 5-aminosalicylic acid and compare them to other laboratory-based measurements. The applications, challenges faced, and future opportunities for electroanalytical based sensing platforms are presented in this review.

美沙拉明又称 5-氨基水杨酸,是一种主要用于治疗炎症性肠病(包括溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病)的药物。5- 氨基水杨酸可以使用各种台式实验室技术进行测量,其中包括液相色谱-质谱法,但这些技术都很复杂,而且体积庞大,这意味着它们不能在现场使用,因为可能会发生样品运输、化学品以及物理和生物反应,从而影响样品的成分,并可能导致结果不准确。另一种方法是使用基于电化学的传感平台,它具有便携、成本效益高、易于微型化和快速分析等优点,同时还具有灵敏度和选择性。我们概述了 5-氨基水杨酸传感电分析技术的使用情况,并将其与其他实验室测量方法进行了比较。本综述介绍了基于电分析的传感平台的应用、面临的挑战和未来的机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Nanoscale Luminescence Imaging/Detection of Single Particles: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects 纳米级单颗粒发光成像/检测:最新技术与未来展望
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00052
Muhammad Saqib*, Mariam Zafar, Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa, Shahzad Murtaza, Ghulam Mustafa Kamal and Guobao Xu, 

Single-particle-level measurements, during the reaction, avoid averaging effects that are inherent limitations of conventional ensemble strategies. It allows revealing structure–activity relationships beyond averaged properties by considering crucial particle-selective descriptors including structure/morphology dynamics, intrinsic heterogeneity, and dynamic fluctuations in reactivity (kinetics, mechanisms). In recent years, numerous luminescence (optical) techniques such as chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and fluorescence (FL) microscopies have been emerging as dominant tools to achieve such measurements, owing to their diversified spectroscopy principles, noninvasive nature, higher sensitivity, and sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Correspondingly, state-of-the-art methodologies and tools are being used for probing (real-time, operando, in situ) diverse applications of single particles in sensing, medicine, and catalysis. Herein, we provide a concise and comprehensive perspective on luminescence-based detection and imaging of single particles by putting special emphasis on their basic principles, mechanistic pathways, advances, challenges, and key applications. This Perspective focuses on the development of emission intensities and imaging based individual particle detection. Moreover, several key examples in the areas of sensing, motion, catalysis, energy, materials, and emerging trends in related areas are documented. We finally conclude with the opportunities and remaining challenges to stimulate further developments in this field.

在反应过程中进行单颗粒级测量,可避免传统集合策略固有限制的平均效应。它通过考虑关键的粒子选择性描述因子,包括结构/形态动态、内在异质性和反应性(动力学、机理)的动态波动,揭示了平均特性之外的结构-活性关系。近年来,化学发光(CL)、电化学发光(ECL)和荧光(FL)显微镜等多种发光(光学)技术因其光谱原理多样化、非侵入性、灵敏度高和足够的时空分辨率而逐渐成为实现此类测量的主要工具。相应地,最先进的方法和工具正被用于探测(实时、操作、原位)单颗粒在传感、医学和催化方面的各种应用。在此,我们将通过特别强调单颗粒的基本原理、机理途径、进展、挑战和关键应用,简明而全面地透视基于发光的单颗粒检测和成像。本视角侧重于基于发射强度和成像的单颗粒检测的发展。此外,还记录了传感、运动、催化、能源、材料等领域的几个关键实例,以及相关领域的新兴趋势。最后,我们总结了该领域进一步发展所面临的机遇和挑战。
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引用次数: 0
In-Depth Glycoproteomic Assay of Urinary Prostatic Acid Phosphatase 尿液前列腺酸性磷酸酶的深度糖蛋白组测定
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00055
Wei Wang, Carmen R. de Nier, Manfred Wuhrer and Guinevere S.M. Lageveen-Kammeijer*, 

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a well-known clinical biomarker in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, but a better test is still needed, as the serum-level-based PSA quantification exhibits limited specificity and comes with poor predictive value. Prior to PSA, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was used, but it was replaced by PSA because PSA improved the early detection of PCa. Upon revisiting PAP and its glycosylation specifically, it appears to be a promising new biomarker candidate. Namely, previous studies have indicated that PAP glycoforms differ between PCa and non-PCa individuals. However, an in-depth characterization of PAP glycosylation is still lacking. In this study, we established an in-depth glycoproteomic assay for urinary PAP by characterizing both the micro- and macroheterogeneity of the PAP glycoprofile. For this purpose, PAP samples were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry after affinity purification from urine and proteolytic digestion. The developed urinary PAP assay was applied on a pooled DRE (digital rectal examination) urine sample from nine individuals. Three glycosylation sites were characterized, namely N94, N220, and N333, via N-glycopeptide analysis. Taking sialic acid linkage isomers into account, a total of 63, 27, and 4 N-glycan structures were identified, respectively. The presented PAP glycoproteomic assay will enable the determination of potential glycomic biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of PCa in cohort studies.

前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)是诊断前列腺癌(PCa)的著名临床生物标志物,但由于基于血清水平的 PSA 定量特异性有限且预测价值不高,因此仍需要更好的检测方法。在 PSA 之前,人们使用前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP),但由于 PSA 提高了 PCa 的早期检测率,PAP 被 PSA 所取代。重新审视前列腺酸性磷酸酶及其糖基化特性后,它似乎是一个很有希望的候选生物标记物。也就是说,以前的研究表明 PCa 患者和非 PCa 患者的 PAP 糖基化形式不同。然而,目前仍缺乏对 PAP 糖基化的深入研究。在本研究中,我们通过表征 PAP 糖型的微观和宏观异质性,建立了尿液 PAP 的深入糖蛋白组学检测方法。为此,在对尿液进行亲和纯化和蛋白水解消化后,采用毛细管电泳结合质谱法对 PAP 样品进行了分析。所开发的尿液 PAP 检测方法适用于来自九个人的 DRE(数字直肠检查)尿液样本。通过 N-糖肽分析,确定了三个糖基化位点,即 N94、N220 和 N333。考虑到半乳淀粉酸连接异构体,共鉴定出 63、27 和 4 个 N-糖结构。所介绍的 PAP 糖蛋白组测定方法将有助于确定潜在的糖生物标记物,以便在队列研究中对 PCa 进行早期检测和预后判断。
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引用次数: 0
HILIC-IM-MS for Simultaneous Lipid and Metabolite Profiling of Bacteria HILIC-IM-MS同时分析细菌的脂质和代谢物
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00051
Jana M. Carpenter, Hannah M. Hynds, Kingsley Bimpeh and Kelly M. Hines*, 

Although MALDI-ToF platforms for microbial identifications have found great success in clinical microbiology, the sole use of protein fingerprints for the discrimination of closely related species, strain-level identifications, and detection of antimicrobial resistance remains a challenge for the technology. Several alternative mass spectrometry-based methods have been proposed to address the shortcomings of the protein-centric approach, including MALDI-ToF methods for fatty acid/lipid profiling and LC-MS profiling of metabolites. However, the molecular diversity of microbial pathogens suggests that no single “ome” will be sufficient for the accurate and sensitive identification of strain- and susceptibility-level profiling of bacteria. Here, we describe the development of an alternative approach to microorganism profiling that relies upon both metabolites and lipids rather than a single class of biomolecule. Single-phase extractions based on butanol, acetonitrile, and water (the BAW method) were evaluated for the recovery of lipids and metabolites from Gram-positive and -negative microorganisms. We found that BAW extraction solutions containing 45% butanol provided optimal recovery of both molecular classes in a single extraction. The single-phase extraction method was coupled to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to resolve similar-mass metabolites and lipids in three dimensions and provide multiple points of evidence for feature annotation in the absence of tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that the combined use of metabolites and lipids can be used to differentiate microorganisms to the species- and strain-level for four of the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using data from a single ionization mode. These results present promising, early stage evidence for the use of multiomic signatures for the identification of microorganisms by liquid chromatography, ion mobility, and mass spectrometry that, upon further development, may improve upon the level of identification provided by current methods.

尽管用于微生物鉴定的MALDI-ToF平台在临床微生物学领域取得了巨大成功,但仅使用蛋白质指纹图谱来区分近缘物种、菌株水平鉴定和抗微生物药物耐药性检测仍然是该技术的挑战。已经提出了几种基于质谱的替代方法来解决以蛋白质为中心的方法的缺点,包括用于脂肪酸/脂质分析的MALDI-ToF方法和代谢物的LC-MS分析。然而,微生物病原体的分子多样性表明,没有一个单一的“基因组”足以准确和敏感地识别细菌的菌株和敏感水平谱。在这里,我们描述了一种微生物分析的替代方法的发展,这种方法依赖于代谢物和脂质,而不是单一种类的生物分子。以丁醇、乙腈和水为基础的单相萃取法(BAW法)对革兰氏阳性和阴性微生物的脂质和代谢物的回收率进行了评估。我们发现含有45%丁醇的BAW提取液在一次提取中对这两类分子的回收率最佳。将单相萃取法与亲水性相互作用液相色谱法(HILIC)和离子迁移质谱法(IM-MS)相结合,对相似质量的代谢物和脂质进行三维解析,并在没有串联质谱法的情况下为特征注释提供多点证据。我们证明,使用单一电离模式的数据,代谢物和脂质可以用于区分四种ESKAPE病原体(屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌)的种和菌株水平的微生物。这些结果为利用多组特征通过液相色谱、离子迁移率和质谱鉴定微生物提供了有希望的早期证据,在进一步发展的基础上,可能会提高当前方法提供的鉴定水平。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Quantitative Analysis of Xenobiotics in Blood Plasma through Cross-Matrix Calibration and Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling 通过交叉矩阵校准和贝叶斯层次模型加强血浆中异种抗生素的定量分析
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00049
Nipunika H. Godage, Song S. Qian, Erasmus Cudjoe and Emanuela Gionfriddo*, 

This study addresses the challenges of matrix effects and interspecies plasma protein binding (PPB) on measurement variability during method validation across diverse plasma types (human, rat, rabbit, and bovine). Accurate measurements of small molecules in plasma samples often require matrix-matched calibration approaches with the use of specific plasma types, which may have limited availability or affordability. To mitigate the costs associated with human plasma measurements, we explore in this work the potential of cross-matrix-matched calibration using Bayesian hierarchical modeling (BHM) to correct for matrix effects associated with PPB. We initially developed a targeted quantitative approach utilizing biocompatible solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for xenobiotic analysis in plasma. The method was evaluated for absolute matrix effects across human, bovine, rat, and rabbit plasma comparing pre- and postmatrix extraction standards. Absolute matrix effects from 96 to 108% for most analytes across plasma sources indicate that the biocompatibility of the extraction phase minimizes interference coextraction. However, the extent of PPB in different media can still affect the accuracy of the measurement when the extraction of small molecules is carried out via free concentration, as in the case of microextraction techniques. In fact, while matrix-matched calibration revealed high accuracy, cross-matrix calibration (e.g., using a calibration curve generated from bovine plasma) proved inadequate for precise measurements in human plasma. A BHM was used to calculate correction factors for each analyte within each plasma type, successfully mitigating the measurement bias resulting from diverse calibration curve types used to quantify human plasma samples. This work contributes to the development of cost-effective, efficient calibration strategies for biofluids. Leveraging easily accessible plasma sources, like bovine plasma, for method optimization and validation prior to analyzing costly plasma (e.g., human plasma) holds substantial advantages applicable to biomonitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.

本研究解决了基质效应和种间血浆蛋白结合(PPB)在不同血浆类型(人、大鼠、兔和牛)的方法验证过程中测量变异性的挑战。准确测量等离子体样品中的小分子通常需要使用特定等离子体类型的基质匹配校准方法,这可能是有限的可用性或负担得起的。为了降低与人体血浆测量相关的成本,我们在这项工作中探索了使用贝叶斯分层建模(BHM)的交叉矩阵匹配校准的潜力,以纠正与PPB相关的矩阵效应。我们最初开发了一种有针对性的定量方法,利用生物相容性固相微萃取结合液相色谱-质谱法对血浆中的异种生物进行分析。通过比较基质提取前后的标准,评估了该方法在人、牛、大鼠和兔血浆中的绝对基质效应。对于大多数等离子体源的分析物,绝对基质效应从96%到108%表明萃取相的生物相容性使干扰共萃取最小化。然而,在微萃取技术中,当通过自由浓度提取小分子时,不同介质中PPB的程度仍然会影响测量的准确性。事实上,虽然矩阵匹配校准显示出很高的准确性,但交叉矩阵校准(例如,使用牛血浆生成的校准曲线)被证明不足以精确测量人血浆。BHM用于计算每种血浆类型中每种分析物的校正因子,成功减轻了用于定量人类血浆样品的不同校准曲线类型所导致的测量偏差。这项工作有助于开发成本效益高、效率高的生物流体校准策略。利用容易获得的血浆来源,如牛血浆,在分析昂贵的血浆(如人血浆)之前进行方法优化和验证,具有适用于生物监测和药代动力学研究的实质性优势。
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引用次数: 0
Advances and Perspectives of Responsive Probes for Measuring γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase γ-谷氨酰转肽酶响应探针的研究进展与展望
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00045
Yiming Zhang, Zexi Zhang, Miaomiao Wu and Run Zhang*, 

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a plasma-membrane-bound enzyme that is involved in the γ-glutamyl cycle, like metabolism of glutathione (GSH). This enzyme plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, thus being tested as a key biomarker for several medical conditions, such as liver injury, carcinogenesis, and tumor progression. For measuring GGT activity, a number of bioanalytical methods have emerged, such as chromatography, colorimetric, electrochemical, and luminescence analyses. Among these approaches, probes that can specifically respond to GGT are contributing significantly to measuring its activity in vitro and in vivo. This review thus aims to highlight the recent advances in the development of responsive probes for GGT measurement and their practical applications. Responsive probes for fluorescence analysis, including “off–on”, near-infrared (NIR), two-photon, and ratiometric fluorescence response probes, are initially summarized, followed by discussing the advances in the development of other probes, such as bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, photoacoustic, Raman, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). The practical applications of the responsive probes in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring and GGT inhibitor screening are then highlighted. Based on this information, the advantages, challenges, and prospects of responsive probe technology for GGT measurement are analyzed.

γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)是一种质膜结合酶,参与γ-谷氨酰循环,如谷胱甘肽(GSH)的代谢。这种酶在保护细胞免受氧化应激方面起着重要作用,因此被测试为几种医学状况的关键生物标志物,如肝损伤、致癌和肿瘤进展。为了测量GGT活性,出现了许多生物分析方法,如色谱法、比色法、电化学和发光分析。在这些方法中,能够特异性响应GGT的探针在体外和体内测量其活性方面做出了重大贡献。因此,本综述旨在强调用于GGT测量的响应探针的发展及其实际应用的最新进展。本文首先总结了用于荧光分析的响应探针,包括“开关”、近红外(NIR)、双光子和比例荧光响应探针,然后讨论了其他探针的发展进展,如生物发光、化学发光、光声、拉曼、磁共振成像(MRI)和正电子发射断层扫描(PET)。然后重点介绍了反应性探针在癌症诊断和治疗监测以及GGT抑制剂筛选中的实际应用。在此基础上,分析了响应式探针技术在GGT测量中的优势、挑战和前景。
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引用次数: 0
The Growing Influence of Mass Spectrometry in Measurement Science 质谱法在测量科学中日益增长的影响
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00065
Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah*, 
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引用次数: 0
Interfacing Aptamer-Modified Nanopipettes with Neuronal Media and Ex Vivo Brain Tissue 适配体修饰的纳米吸管与神经元介质和离体脑组织的连接
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00047
Annina Stuber, Anna Cavaccini, Andreea Manole, Anna Burdina, Yassine Massoud, Tommaso Patriarchi, Theofanis Karayannis and Nako Nakatsuka*, 

Aptamer-functionalized biosensors exhibit high selectivity for monitoring neurotransmitters in complex environments. We translated nanoscale aptamer-modified nanopipette sensors to detect endogenous dopamine release in vitro and ex vivo. These sensors employ quartz nanopipettes with nanoscale pores (ca. 10 nm diameter) that are functionalized with aptamers that enable the selective capture of dopamine through target-specific conformational changes. The dynamic behavior of aptamer structures upon dopamine binding leads to the rearrangement of surface charge within the nanopore, resulting in measurable changes in ionic current. To assess sensor performance in real time, we designed a fluidic platform to characterize the temporal dynamics of nanopipette sensors. We then conducted differential biosensing by deploying control sensors modified with nonspecific DNA alongside dopamine-specific sensors in biological milieu. Our results confirm the functionality of aptamer-modified nanopipettes for direct measurements in undiluted complex fluids, specifically in the culture media of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, sensor implantation and repeated measurements in acute brain slices was possible, likely owing to the protected sensing area inside nanoscale DNA-filled orifices, minimizing exposure to nonspecific interferents and preventing clogging. Further, differential recordings of endogenous dopamine released through electrical stimulation in the dorsolateral striatum demonstrate the potential of aptamer-modified nanopipettes for ex vivo recordings with unprecedented spatial resolution and reduced tissue damage.

适配体功能化的生物传感器在复杂环境中监测神经递质具有高选择性。我们翻译了纳米级适配体修饰的纳米吸管传感器来检测内源性多巴胺的体外和体外释放。这些传感器采用带有纳米级孔(直径约10纳米)的石英纳米吸管,这些孔被适体功能化,能够通过靶向特异性构象变化选择性捕获多巴胺。多巴胺结合后适配体结构的动态行为导致纳米孔内表面电荷的重排,导致离子电流的可测量变化。为了实时评估传感器的性能,我们设计了一个流体平台来表征纳米吸管传感器的时间动态。然后,我们通过在生物环境中部署用非特异性DNA修饰的控制传感器和多巴胺特异性传感器来进行差异生物传感。我们的研究结果证实了适配体修饰的纳米吸管在未稀释的复杂液体中直接测量的功能,特别是在人类诱导的多能干细胞衍生的多巴胺能神经元的培养基中。此外,在急性脑切片中植入传感器和重复测量是可能的,这可能是由于纳米级dna填充孔内受保护的传感区域,最大限度地减少了暴露于非特异性干扰物并防止堵塞。此外,通过电刺激在背侧纹状体释放内源性多巴胺的差异记录表明,适体修饰的纳米管具有前所未有的空间分辨率和减少组织损伤的离体记录潜力。
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引用次数: 0
MXene Nanosheets-Decorated Paper as a Green Electronics Material for Biosensing 作为生物传感用绿色电子材料的 MXene 纳米片装饰纸
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00043
Shan-Chu Yu, Tzu-Yen Huang and Tzu-En Lin*, 

This research delves into the development and optimization of MXene nanosheet-based paper electrodes, emphasizing their adaptability in green electronics and diverse applications. Xuan paper, a cellulose-based material, was identified as an ideal substrate for its mechanical attributes and capacity to accommodate MXene, further yielding outstanding electrical conductivity. The MXene paper electrode demonstrated consistent performance under various conditions, showing its potential in the field of wearable electronics and medical devices. Notably, its impressive electrothermal capabilities and environmentally conscious decomposition mechanism make it a promising candidate for future green electronic applications. Overall, this study underscores the electrode’s harmonization of performance and environmental sustainability, paving the way for its integration into futuristic electronic solutions.

本研究深入探讨了基于 MXene 纳米片的纸电极的开发和优化,强调了其在绿色电子和各种应用中的适应性。宣纸是一种纤维素基材料,因其机械属性和容纳 MXene 的能力而被确定为理想的基底,并进一步产生了出色的导电性。MXene 纸电极在各种条件下均表现出稳定的性能,显示出其在可穿戴电子设备和医疗设备领域的潜力。值得注意的是,它令人印象深刻的电热能力和环保型分解机制使其成为未来绿色电子应用的理想候选材料。总之,这项研究强调了这种电极在性能和环境可持续性方面的协调性,为其融入未来的电子解决方案铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Electrochemical Visualization of Single-Molecule Thiol Substitution with Nanopore Measurement 通过纳米孔测量实现单分子硫醇置换的电化学可视化
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00046
Chao-Nan Yang, Wei Liu, Hao-Tian Liu, Ji-Chang Zhang, Ru-Jia Yu, Yi-Lun Ying* and Yi-Tao Long, 

Reactions involving sulfhydryl groups play a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of proteins. However, traditional mechanistic studies have mainly focused on reaction rates and the efficiency in bulk solutions. Herein, we have designed a cysteine-mutated nanopore as a biological protein nanoreactor for electrochemical visualization of the thiol substitute reaction. Statistical analysis of characteristic current signals shows that the apparent reaction rate at the single-molecule level in this confined nanoreactor reached 1400 times higher than that observed in bulk solution. This substantial acceleration of thiol substitution reactions within the nanopore offers promising opportunities for advancing the design and optimization of micro/nanoreactors. Moreover, our results could shed light on the understanding of sulfhydryl reactions and the thiol-involved signal transduction mechanisms in biological systems.

涉及巯基的反应在维持蛋白质的结构和功能方面起着至关重要的作用。然而,传统的机理研究主要关注的是反应速率和大量溶液中的效率。在此,我们设计了一种半胱氨酸突变纳米孔,作为生物蛋白质纳米反应器,用于硫醇替代反应的电化学可视化。对特征电流信号的统计分析表明,在这种封闭的纳米反应器中,单分子水平的表观反应速率比在大体积溶液中观察到的速率高出 1400 倍。硫醇置换反应在纳米孔内的这种大幅加速为推进微/纳米反应器的设计和优化提供了大有可为的机会。此外,我们的研究结果还可以帮助人们了解生物系统中的巯基反应以及巯基参与的信号转导机制。
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引用次数: 0
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ACS Measurement Science Au
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