Eco-Environment & Health最新文献_第6页

Association of greenness with incidence of cardiovascular disease in China: Evidence from the China Kadoorie Biobank prospective cohort study with 0.5 million adults 绿色与中国心血管疾病发病率的关系：来自中国嘉道理生物库的50万成年人前瞻性队列研究的证据

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100148

Xia Meng , Lina Zhang , Ka Hung Chan , Jun Lv , Hubert Lam , Cong Liu , Renjie Chen , Christiana Kartsonaki , Neil Wright , Huaidong Du , Ling Yang , Yiping Chen , Dianjianyi Sun , Pei Pei , Canqing Yu , Haidong Kan , Zhengming Chen , Liming Li , China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group

Prospective evidence on the relationship of greenness with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence is limited in low- and middle-income countries. In 512,691 participants of the China Kadoorie Biobank cohort across 10 regions in China, we calculated the levels of greenness exposure based on satellite-retrieved Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. Annual maximum NDVI (NDVI_max) values were estimated within 500 m and 1000 m buffers around the locations for the participants during the follow-up periods. Record linkages to healthcare databases provided incidence data of total CVD, ischemic heart disease and stroke during 2005–2017. Time-varying Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the associations between greenness exposure and CVD incidence. After 5.08 million person-years of follow-up, 148,032 incident CVD events were recorded. The overall average level of NDVI_max was 0.543 for all participants. We observed significant inverse associations of greenness with the incidence of CVD and its subtypes. Specifically, the hazard ratio for total CVD incidence was 0.976 (95% confidence interval: 0.958, 0.994) per 0.1 increase in NDVI_max within a 500 m buffer. As the 5 rural regions have achieved the WHO recommended greenness goal values, we compared the greenness levels in the 5 urban regions with the WHO's goal for greenness and found that, on average, 3.81% of total CVD incidence might be averted if the recommended greenness values could be achieved. Exposure to a higher level of greenness was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence in Chinese adults.

在低收入和中等收入国家，关于绿化与心血管疾病（CVD）发病率关系的前瞻性证据有限。基于卫星反演的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据，研究人员对中国10个地区的512,691名中国嘉里生物样本库参与者进行了绿色暴露水平的计算。在随访期间，在参与者周围500米和1000米缓冲区内估计了年最大NDVI （NDVImax）值。与医疗数据库的记录链接提供了2005-2017年期间心血管疾病、缺血性心脏病和中风的总发病率数据。时变Cox比例风险回归用于评估绿化暴露与心血管疾病发病率之间的关系。经过508万人年的随访，记录了148032例CVD事件。所有参与者的NDVImax总体平均水平为0.543。我们观察到绿度与CVD及其亚型的发病率呈显著的负相关。具体而言，在500 m缓冲区内，NDVImax每增加0.1，CVD总发病率的风险比为0.976（95%可信区间：0.958,0.994）。由于5个农村地区已达到WHO推荐的绿化目标值，我们将5个城市地区的绿化水平与WHO的绿化目标值进行了比较，发现如果能够达到推荐的绿化目标值，平均可以避免3.81%的CVD总发病率。在中国成年人中，暴露于较高水平的绿化与较低的心血管疾病发病率相关。

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引用次数: 0

Embracing global biodiversity toward a better planet 拥抱全球生物多样性，共创美好地球

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100147

Haigen Xu , Richard D. Gregory , Yun Cao , Riquan Zhang , Lirong Zhang , Michael Gill , Dandan Yu , Jianfeng Yi , Wei Liu , Hongmei Lin

Global biodiversity is the most essential component of the planet, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) has been unanimously adopted by 196 parties worldwide in 2022 to achieve the global vision of a world of living in harmony with nature by 2050. Of particular importance is the timely update of the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) and/or National Targets aligned with the GBF before the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Upon comprehensive evaluation of updated NBSAPs of 47 parties and updated national targets of 126 parties, we proposed pathways that could better inform the updating processes. First, the essential elements of the goals and targets of the GBF applicable to national circumstances should be equivalently translated into national policies and instruments. Second, when specific national circumstances do not match with those essential elements, parties need to determine their own national biodiversity targets based on their situation but in a way that maintains and reflects the ambition of the GBF. Furthermore, the key factors that promote the success of biodiversity conservation are highlighted in terms of the target alignment with the GBF, the ownership enhancement, and the capacity building. We anticipate that these measures could facilitate immediate actions to update the NBSAPs to align with the GBF at the highest level while remaining cost-effectiveness.

全球生物多样性是地球最重要的组成部分，全球196个缔约方于2022年一致通过了《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》（GBF），以实现到2050年人类与自然和谐共处的全球愿景。尤其重要的是，在《生物多样性公约》第十六次缔约方大会（COP16）之前，及时更新与GBF一致的国家生物多样性战略和行动计划（NBSAPs）和/或国家目标。在综合评估了47个缔约方更新的国家生物多样性战略计划和126个缔约方更新的国家目标后，我们提出了可以更好地为更新进程提供信息的途径。首先，适用于各国情况的GBF目标和指标的基本要素应同样转化为国家政策和文书。其次，当具体国情与这些基本要素不匹配时，缔约方需要根据自身情况确定本国的生物多样性目标，但要保持和反映GBF的目标。此外，从生物多样性保护目标与GBF的一致性、所有权增强和能力建设三个方面强调了促进生物多样性保护成功的关键因素。我们预计，这些措施将有助于立即采取行动，更新NBSAPs，使其在保持成本效益的同时，在最高水平上与GBF保持一致。

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引用次数: 0

Plastics tracking strategy: Plastic-related small molecules as chemical fingerprints 塑料追踪策略：塑料相关小分子作为化学指纹

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100149

Hongtao Liu , Yuna Li , Yongzheng Ma , Ying Zhang , Zhiguang Niu

引用次数: 0

Long-term exposure to low-level ambient BTEX and site-specific cancer risk: A national cohort study in the UK Biobank 长期暴露于低水平环境BTEX和特定部位的癌症风险：英国生物银行的一项国家队列研究

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100146

Kexin Yu , Ying Xiong , Renjie Chen , Jing Cai , Yaoxian Huang , Haidong Kan

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) have been associated with certain cancers in the occupational population. This study aimed to investigate the associations between low-level ambient BTEX exposure and cancer risks in the general population. We leveraged data from the UK Biobank and included individuals free of cancer at 2006–2010 baseline. Annual concentrations of BTEX were estimated using a chemistry-climate model, and the associations between BTEX and incident overall and 18 site-specific cancers were investigated with Cox proportional hazard models. We also fitted restricted cubic splines to explore the exposure-response relationships. The study sample comprised 409,579 participants [mean age 56.2 (8.11) years; 219,315 (53.5%) females]. Over a mean (SD) follow-up period of 11.2 (2.64) years (4,597,164 person-years), 60,777 overall incident cancer cases occurred. The results showed significant associations between overall cancers and benzene [HR 1.93 (95% CI: 1.89, 1.96)], toluene [1.25 (1.23, 1.26)] and xylene [1.11 (1.10, 1.12)]. Benzene and toluene were associated with a higher risk of 18 site-specific cancers. For xylenes (a summation of ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, and o-xylene in the model), significant associations with multiple myeloma, hepatobiliary tract, thyroid, or connective soft tissue were not observed. Exposure-response curves suggested a higher risk of overall cancer beyond the benzene threshold. For toluene and xylene, there was no threshold or plateau across the range of exposures. This large-scale prospective cohort study demonstrates that long-term exposure to low-level ambient BTEX could increase the risk of overall and site-specific cancers in the general population.

苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）与职业人群中的某些癌症有关。本研究旨在调查普通人群中低水平环境BTEX暴露与癌症风险之间的关系。我们利用了英国生物银行的数据，并纳入了2006-2010年基线无癌症的个体。使用化学-气候模型估计BTEX的年浓度，并使用Cox比例风险模型调查BTEX与总体事件和18种部位特异性癌症之间的关系。我们还拟合了限制三次样条曲线来探索暴露-响应关系。研究样本包括409,579名参与者[平均年龄56.2（8.11）岁；219,315（53.5%）女性]。在平均（SD） 11.2（2.64）年（4,597,164人年）的随访期间，总共发生了60,777例癌症病例。结果显示，总体癌症与苯[相对危险度1.93(95%可信区间：1.89,1.96)]、甲苯[1.25(1.23,1.26)]和二甲苯[1.11(1.10,1.12)]之间存在显著关联。苯和甲苯与18种特定部位癌症的高风险相关。对于二甲苯（模型中乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的总和），未观察到与多发性骨髓瘤、肝胆道、甲状腺或结缔组织软组织的显著关联。暴露-反应曲线表明，超过苯阈值，总体癌症风险更高。对于甲苯和二甲苯，在整个暴露范围内没有阈值或平台。这项大规模前瞻性队列研究表明，长期暴露于低水平的环境BTEX可能会增加普通人群患整体和部位特异性癌症的风险。

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引用次数: 0

Can oxidative potential be a plant risk indicator for heavy metals contaminated soil? Analysis of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) metabolome based on machine learning 氧化电位可以作为重金属污染土壤的植物风险指标吗？基于机器学习的黑麦草代谢组分析

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100140

Chunmei Ran , Meiqi Guo , Yuan Wang , Ye Li , Jiao Wang , Yinqing Zhang , Chunguang Liu , Bridget A. Bergquist , Chu Peng

Evaluating the plant risk of soil pollution by plant physiological indices usually requires a long cycle and has significant uncertainty. In this study, oxidative potential (OP) of the in situ heavy metal contaminated soils was measured by the dithiothreitol method. The oxidative stress response of the model plant ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) induced by heavy metal contaminated soil was evaluated by the biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity. The comprehensive biomarker response index has a significant exponential correlation with the OP of soil (r = 0.923, p < 0.01) in ryegrass. Metabolomics analysis also showed a significant relationship of the metabolic effect level index of amino acids and sugars with OP. Random forest was selected from four machine learning models to screen the metabolites most relevant to OP, and Shapley additive explanations analysis was used to explain the contribution and the influence direction of the features on the model. Based on the selected 20 metabolites, the metabolic pathways most related to OP in plants, including alkaloid synthesis and amino acids metabolism, were identified. Compared to the plant physiological indices, OP is a more stable and faster indicator for the plant risk assessment of heavy metals contaminated soil.

利用植物生理指标评估土壤污染的植物风险通常需要较长的周期，且具有较大的不确定性。采用二硫代苏糖醇法测定了原位重金属污染土壤的氧化电位。采用超氧化物歧化酶和总抗氧化能力等生物标志物评价了模式植物黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）在重金属污染土壤下的氧化应激反应。综合生物标志物响应指数与土壤有机肥呈显著指数相关(r = 0.923, p <；0.01)。代谢组学分析也显示氨基酸和糖的代谢效应水平指数与OP之间存在显著关系。我们从四个机器学习模型中选择随机森林筛选与OP最相关的代谢物，并使用Shapley加性解释分析来解释特征对模型的贡献和影响方向。根据选取的20种代谢物，确定了植物中与OP最相关的代谢途径，包括生物碱合成和氨基酸代谢。相对于植物生理指标，OP是重金属污染土壤植物风险评价的更稳定、更快的指标。

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引用次数: 0

Targeted conversion of waste PET into dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene carbonate under metal-free conditions 废PET在无金属条件下定向转化为对苯二甲酸二甲酯和碳酸乙烯

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100139

Minghao Zhang , Yijin Lu , Zhuo Wang , Xiong Gao , Xuanhang Luo , Xin Shen , Weixiang Wu , Qingqing Mei

Ionic liquid-catalyzed methanolysis emerges as an efficient technique for transforming PET into premium-grade dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). However, incomplete depolymerization remains a major obstacle to the further industrial application of IL-catalyzed PET methanolysis. The proposed method utilized dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as the solvent for the complete methanolysis of waste PET under mild conditions, resulting in pure DMT and ethylene carbonate (EC) within 2.5 h. The use of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIm][OAc]) as the IL catalyst significantly enhanced the reaction efficiency. Spectroscopic analyses using ¹H NMR and FT-IR confirmed the pivotal role of [EMIm][OAc] in establishing multiple hydrogen bonds with the reactants (PET, DMC, and MeOH) and the intermediate [ethylene glycol (EG)] during the catalytic process. This catalytic system exhibited remarkable performance, achieving complete conversion of PET, which resulted in the production of DMT and EC with yields of 99% and 91%, respectively. Moreover, this versatile approach is applicable to the upcycling of a wide variety of commercial polyesters and polycarbonates, underscoring its potential as a comprehensive solution for plastic waste management.

离子液体催化甲醇分解是将PET转化为优质对苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMT）的一种有效技术。然而，不完全解聚仍然是阻碍il催化PET甲醇分解进一步工业应用的主要障碍。该方法以碳酸二甲酯（DMC）为溶剂，在温和条件下对废PET进行完全甲醇分解，在2.5 h内得到纯DMT和碳酸乙烯酯（EC）。采用1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸酯（[EMIm][OAc]）作为IL催化剂，显著提高了反应效率。利用1H NMR和FT-IR进行的光谱分析证实了[EMIm][OAc]在催化过程中与反应物（PET， DMC和MeOH）和中间体[乙二醇（EG）]建立多个氢键的关键作用。该催化体系表现出优异的性能，实现了PET的完全转化，得到了DMT和EC，产率分别为99%和91%。此外，这种通用方法适用于各种商业聚酯和聚碳酸酯的升级回收，强调了其作为塑料废物管理综合解决方案的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “A systematic review of the impacts of exposure to micro- and nano-plastics on human tissue accumulation and health” [Eco-Environ. Health (2023)195–207] “接触微和纳米塑料对人体组织积累和健康影响的系统审查”[生态环境]的勘误表。卫生(2023)195 - 207年)

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100137

Yudong Feng , Chen Tu , Ruijie Li , Di Wu , Jie Yang , Yankai Xia , Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg , Yongming Luo

引用次数: 0

The wheel of time: The environmental dance of aged micro- and nanoplastics and their biological resonance 时间之轮：老化微纳米塑料的环境之舞及其生物共振

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100138

Hongjian Li , Lihua Bai , Sijia Liang , Xiru Chen , Xinyue Gu , Chao Wang , Cheng Gu

The aging of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) significantly affects their environmental behavior and ecological impacts in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This review explored the known effects of aging on MNPs and identified several key perspectives. Firstly, aging can alter the environmental fate and transport of MNPs due to changes in their surface properties. This alteration accelerates their accumulation in specific habitats like oceans and soils, resulting in increased bioaccumulation by organisms. In addition, aged MNPs interact differently with living organisms than their pristine counterparts by influencing the attachment of biofilms and other microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, the aging processes of MNPs exhibit adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms via increasing the bioavailability and potential toxicity of MNPs as degradation products are released. Last but not least, the biodegradation potential of MNPs can be altered by the aging process, thus affecting their degradation rates and pathways in the environment. However, there are still knowledge gaps regarding the natural aging behaviors of MNPs, such as the aging mechanisms of different types of plastic, the influence of environmental factors, the release of pollutants, and even the effects of aging on their transformation in different ecosystems. Therefore, a great contribution can be made to sustainable plastic use and environmental preservation by studying the natural aging of common MNPs and their subsequent biological effects.

微纳米塑料（MNPs）的老化显著影响其在水生和陆地生态系统中的环境行为和生态影响。本综述探讨了衰老对MNPs的已知影响，并确定了几个关键观点。首先，老化可以改变MNPs的环境命运和运输，这是由于其表面性质的变化。这种变化加速了它们在海洋和土壤等特定栖息地的积累，导致生物体的生物积累增加。此外，衰老的MNPs通过影响水生生态系统中生物膜和其他微生物的附着，与原始的MNPs不同地与生物体相互作用。此外，MNPs的老化过程通过增加MNPs降解产物的生物利用度和潜在毒性，对水生和陆生生物产生不利影响。最后但并非最不重要的是，MNPs的生物降解潜力会随着老化过程而改变，从而影响其在环境中的降解速率和途径。然而，对于MNPs的自然老化行为，如不同类型塑料的老化机制，环境因素的影响，污染物的释放，甚至老化对其在不同生态系统中的转化的影响，仍然存在知识空白。因此，研究常见MNPs的自然老化及其后续的生物效应，可以为塑料的可持续利用和环境保护做出很大贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Microplastics enhance the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in mariculture sediments by enriching host bacteria and promoting horizontal gene transfer 微塑料通过丰富宿主细菌和促进基因水平转移，增强了海水养殖沉积物中抗生素抗性基因的流行

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100136

Yifan Liu , Liuqingqing Liu , Xiao Wang , Mengying Shao , Zihan Wei , Lina Wang , Bing Li , Chenguang Li , Xianxiang Luo , Fengmin Li , Hao Zheng

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose significant challenges to the One Health framework due to their intricate and multifaceted ecological and environmental impacts. However, the understanding of how MP properties influence ARG prevalence in mariculture sediments remains limited. Herein, the polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs with different sizes (20–120 μm and 0.5–2.0 mm) were selected to evaluate their impacts and underlying mechanisms driving ARGs dissemination. The results showed that PS and PVC MPs increased the relative abundance of ARGs by 1.41–2.50-fold and 2.01–2.84-fold, respectively, compared with control, particularly high-risk genes. The polymer type effect was identified as more influential than the size effect in driving the sediment resistome evolution. PVC shifted the microbial community assembly from stochastic to deterministic processes, thus enriching ARG host pathogens. Furthermore, the highly hydrophobic PS not only recruited the host bacteria colonization but also facilitated ARG exchange within the plastisphere. The exogenous additives released by PVC (e.g., heavy metals, bisphenol A, and tridecyl ester) and the particles synergistically promoted ARG conjugative transfer by inducing oxidative stress and enhancing cell membrane permeability. These findings revealed how MPs characteristics facilitated the spread of ARGs in marine benthic ecosystems, underscoring the importance of mitigating MPs pollution to maintain mariculture ecosystem health, prevent zoonotic diseases, and balance global mariculture with ecological health.

微塑料（MPs）和抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）由于其复杂和多方面的生态和环境影响，对“同一个健康”框架构成了重大挑战。然而，MP特性如何影响海水养殖沉积物中ARG流行的理解仍然有限。本文选择不同尺寸（20 ~ 120 μm和0.5 ~ 2.0 mm）的聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚氯乙烯（PVC） MPs，研究了它们对ARGs扩散的影响和潜在机制。结果表明，PS和PVC MPs与对照相比，ARGs的相对丰度分别提高了1.41 ~ 2.50倍和2.01 ~ 2.84倍，特别是与高危基因相比。聚合物类型效应比粒径效应对沉积物抵抗体演化的影响更大。PVC将微生物群落组装从随机过程转变为确定性过程，从而丰富了ARG宿主病原体。此外，高疏水性PS不仅招募了宿主细菌的定植，而且促进了塑料圈内ARG的交换。PVC释放的外源添加剂（重金属、双酚A、三烷基酯等）和颗粒通过诱导氧化应激、增强细胞膜通透性等方式协同促进ARG共轭转移。这些发现揭示了MPs的特征如何促进ARGs在海洋底栖生态系统中的传播，强调了减轻MPs污染对维持海水养殖生态系统健康、预防人畜共患疾病以及平衡全球海水养殖与生态健康的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded biochar on the fate of phenanthrene in soil-radish (Raphanus sativus L. var.radculus pers) system 纳米级零价铁负载生物炭对土壤-萝卜系统中菲命运的影响

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100134

Lianzhou Shen , Yue Cai , Juan Gao

Nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded on biochar (nZVI@BC) has been proven to be effective in activating persulfate to remediate soil organic pollutants. However, studies on subsequent plant growth and microbial community changes in remediated soil remain limited. In this study, nZVI@BC, nZVI, and nanoscale biochar (nBC) were ball-mill produced and applied as amendments in pot experiments with PAH-contaminated soil to investigate their impacts on soil-crop (radish, Raphanus sativus L.) systems, and the widely distributed phenanthrene (Phe) was selected as model pollutant. The results indicate that nZVI@BC could induce more (75%) Phe accumulation in radish compared to the control treatment, but did not result in significant differences in plant biomass or enzyme activity. In Phe non-contaminated treatments, the Fe content of radish shoots increased from 86.87 ± 5.61 mg/kg DW without material application to 125.20 ± 11.93 mg/kg DW with nZVI@BC, while no significant differences were observed in roots. nZVI@BC and nBC increased the non-desorbed fraction of PAHs with low bio-availability by 13.6% and 10.2%, respectively, after 45 days compared to the control treatment. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that nZVI@BC did not adversely affect the richness and diversity of soil microbial communities. Instead, it promoted the enrichment of bacteria related to the degradation of organic pollutants, such as Lysobacter and Spingomonas. The findings suggest that nZVI@BC after chemical oxidation remediation might be harmful to subsequent plants and ecosystems but much better than nZVI alone. The amount of nZVI@BC should be accurately calculated before chemical oxidation remediation.

纳米级零价铁负载在生物炭（nZVI@BC）已被证明是有效的激活过硫酸盐修复土壤有机污染物。然而，对修复后土壤中植物生长和微生物群落变化的研究仍然有限。本研究以球磨法制备nZVI@BC、nZVI和纳米尺度生物炭（nBC）作为改进剂，在多环芳烃污染的土壤中进行盆栽试验，研究其对土壤-作物（萝卜、萝卜）系统的影响，并选择广泛分布的菲（Phe）作为模型污染物。结果表明，与对照处理相比，nZVI@BC处理可诱导萝卜体内更多（75%）的Phe积累，但对植株生物量和酶活性没有显著影响。在苯丙酸未污染处理下，萝卜茎部铁含量由未施料的86.87±5.61 mg/kg DW增加至nZVI@BC处理下的125.20±11.93 mg/kg DW，根系铁含量差异不显著。与对照处理相比，nZVI@BC和nBC处理45天后，低生物利用度PAHs的未解吸部分分别增加了13.6%和10.2%。Illumina MiSeq测序结果显示nZVI@BC对土壤微生物群落的丰富度和多样性没有不利影响。相反，它促进了与有机污染物降解有关的细菌的富集，如溶杆菌和自旋单胞菌。研究结果表明，nZVI@BC经过化学氧化修复后可能对后续植物和生态系统有害，但比单独使用nZVI要好得多。化学氧化修复前应准确计算nZVI@BC的用量。

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引用次数: 0