Eco-Environment & Health最新文献_第2页

Serum perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases: Unraveling the mediating role of inflammatory markers 血清全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质与心脏代谢疾病的风险：揭示炎症标志物的介导作用

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100210

Yongbin Zhao , Huijun Wang , Yanzhen Hu , Zongyao Li , Xi Kang , Chang Su , Zhenyu Wu , Tao Zhang , Aidong Liu

The persistence and biotoxicity of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have raised concerns about cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). Inflammation is thought to underlie the pathology of various CMDs. We aimed to comprehensively assess the risk of CMDs associated with PFASs and quantify the mediating effects of two kinds of inflammatory markers. Nine PFASs, a direct marker (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]), and an indirect marker (serum ferritin [SF]) were analyzed. A total of 12 CMDs of five types were defined based on 15 cardiometabolic biomarkers. The PFAS mixture had significant adverse effects on hypercholesterolemia (HC; OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.39), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high LDL-C; OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.30), hypertension (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.19), and hyperuricemia (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16–1.48) in the quantile-based g-computation (QGC) model, with PFNA and PFTrDA contributing the most. PFHxS was found to significantly impact all five types of CMDs simultaneously. The exposure-response analysis exhibited complex nonlinear patterns, with significant heterogeneity across diseases. Both inflammatory markers significantly mediated the effects of multiple PFASs on CMDs, with SF contributing a higher proportion of the mediating effects for obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia. The highest mediation proportion reached 85.78% for abdominal obesity (FDR = 0.024). These results suggest that inflammation may serve as a key pathological mechanism linking PFAS exposure to CMDs, highlighting the potential value of SF as an iron status and indirect inflammatory marker in assessing PFAS-related cardiometabolic health risks.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）的持久性和生物毒性引起了人们对心脏代谢疾病（CMDs）的关注。炎症被认为是各种CMDs病理的基础。我们旨在全面评估与PFASs相关的cmd风险，并量化两种炎症标志物的介导作用。分析9种PFASs、直接标志物（高敏c反应蛋白[hs-CRP]）和间接标志物（血清铁蛋白[SF]）。基于15种心脏代谢生物标志物，共定义了5种类型的12种cmd。在基于分位数的g计算（QGC）模型中，PFAS混合物对高胆固醇血症（HC; OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.39）、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（高LDL-C； OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01-1.30）、高血压（OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19）和高尿酸血症（OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16-1.48）有显著的不良影响，其中PFNA和PFTrDA贡献最大。发现PFHxS同时显著影响所有五种类型的cmd。暴露-反应分析显示出复杂的非线性模式，在不同疾病之间具有显著的异质性。这两种炎症标志物都能显著介导多种PFASs对cmd的影响，其中SF对肥胖、血脂异常和高尿酸血症的介导作用比例更高。腹型肥胖的中介比例最高，达85.78% （FDR = 0.024）。这些结果表明，炎症可能是连接PFAS暴露与cmd的关键病理机制，突出了SF作为铁状态和间接炎症标志物在评估PFAS相关心脏代谢健康风险中的潜在价值。

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引用次数: 0

Integrated global assessment of Escherichia coli emissions from wastewater treatment plants 污水处理厂大肠杆菌排放的综合全球评估

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100209

Wen Li , Qingbin Yuan , Xiaolong Wang , Wei Wang , Xinda Wu , Yanxu Zhang , Xiaoli Zhao , Yi Luo , Fengchang Wu

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are critical for mitigating anthropogenic contaminants, yet their effectiveness in controlling waterborne pathogens has not been assessed globally. This study presents the first global assessment of Escherichia coli (E. coli) emissions from 58,502 WWTPs across 188 countries and territories, utilizing a CatBoost machine learning model based on actual data from 230 facilities. Our results reveal pervasive E. coli contamination in global WWTP effluents, with a median concentration of 3.83 log Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL (range: 0–5.86 log MPN/100 mL), and 78.3% of WWTPs exceeding 3 log MPN/100 mL, particularly in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. The primary driver of this contamination is insufficient disinfection coverage, which is closely linked to the lack of enforceable microbial discharge standards rather than the development level alone. Furthermore, E. coli emissions from WWTPs compromise the microbial quality of downstream drinking and recreational waters, posing serious public health threats. To address this gap, we propose Human Development Index (HDI)-stratified E. coli discharge standards based on reverse risk modeling aligned with WHO health-based targets. Scenario analyses indicate that combining these risk-informed thresholds with targeted disinfection upgrades could reduce global non-compliance of WWTPs by 47% for drinking water and 58% for recreational water exposure, with the greatest benefits in regions with limited infrastructure. This study provides the first global, health-based framework for microbial water quality management in WWTPs, offering actionable guidance to reduce inequities in waterborne disease risk and improve global water safety.

污水处理厂（WWTPs）对于减轻人为污染物至关重要，但其在控制水传播病原体方面的有效性尚未在全球范围内得到评估。本研究首次对188个国家和地区的58,502个污水处理厂的大肠杆菌（E. coli）排放进行了全球评估，利用基于230个设施实际数据的CatBoost机器学习模型。我们的研究结果显示，全球污水处理厂流出物中普遍存在大肠杆菌污染，中位浓度为3.83 log最可能数(MPN)/100 mL（范围：0-5.86 log MPN/100 mL）， 78.3%的污水处理厂超过3 log MPN/100 mL，特别是在非洲、南美洲和东南亚。造成这种污染的主要原因是消毒覆盖率不足，这与缺乏可执行的微生物排放标准密切相关，而不仅仅是发展水平。此外，污水处理厂排放的大肠杆菌损害了下游饮用水和娱乐用水的微生物质量，对公众健康构成严重威胁。为了解决这一差距，我们提出了人类发展指数（HDI）分层大肠杆菌排放标准，该标准基于与世卫组织健康目标一致的反向风险模型。情景分析表明，将这些风险知情阈值与有针对性的消毒升级相结合，可使全球饮用水和娱乐用水不合规率分别降低47%和58%，在基础设施有限的地区效益最大。这项研究为污水处理厂的微生物水质管理提供了第一个全球性的、基于健康的框架，为减少水传播疾病风险的不平等和改善全球水安全提供了可操作的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Metal–organic frameworks: Magic building blocks and revolutionary material architectures 金属有机框架：神奇的构建模块和革命性的材料架构

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100200

Bing Han , Xishi Tai , Xiangke Wang

引用次数: 0

Micro-nano-bubble ozonation enhanced thiamethoxam mineralization and toxicity alleviation in wastewater 微纳泡臭氧化增强了废水中噻虫嗪的矿化和毒性缓解

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100202

Xiuwen Li , Yizhou Wu , Manyi Chen , Ting Rui , Peng Shi , Feng Yang , Zepeng Zhang , Min Hu , Feng Zhang , Xiankun Wu , Qing Zhou , Aimin Li

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs), including thiamethoxam (TMX), clothianidin, and imidacloprid, are widely used in agriculture to control pests. Consequently, they have been frequently detected in wastewater, posing significant ecotoxicological risks. Conventional ozonation is widely applied for NNI removal but is limited by low mineralization efficiency and high effluent toxicity. However, the mechanisms of the performance limitations and increased toxicity remain unclear, hindering the effective application of ozonation in wastewater treatment. This study constructed a novel micro-nano-bubble ozonation (MNB-O₃) system, which enhanced the degradation rate of TMX, a representative NNI, by 34.7% and the mineralization efficiency by 176.5%, compared to conventional bubble ozonation (CB-O₃). MNB-O₃ also significantly reduced both acute toxicity and neurotoxicity in the ozonated effluents, addressing the issue of high toxicity associated with CB-O₃. Mechanistically, the formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) increased substantially and was identified as the primary contributor to TMX degradation. Transformation product (TP) analysis revealed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the key contributors to effluent toxicity, both accumulating in the CB-O₃ effluent. In contrast, MNB-O₃ achieved significant reductions in formaldehyde (87.4%) and acetaldehyde (34.6%) concentrations, substantially lowering effluent toxicity. Furthermore, a large-scale MNB-O₃ application demonstrated excellent performance in removing NNIs and reducing toxicity. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying toxicity reduction in MNB-O₃ and highlights its potential for low-carbon wastewater treatment. By addressing the limitations of CB-O₃ and reducing the NNIs-related environmental risks, MNB-O₃ represents a promising advancement in the field of wastewater treatment.

新烟碱类杀虫剂（NNIs）广泛用于农业害虫防治，包括噻虫嗪（TMX）、噻虫胺（clothianidin）和吡虫啉。因此，它们经常在废水中被检测到，构成重大的生态毒理学风险。常规臭氧氧化法在NNI脱除中得到了广泛应用，但存在矿化效率低、出水毒性大的问题。然而，臭氧氧化的性能限制和毒性增加的机制尚不清楚，阻碍了臭氧氧化在废水处理中的有效应用。本研究构建了一种新型微纳气泡臭氧化（MNB-O3）体系，与常规气泡臭氧化（CB-O3）相比，该体系对具有代表性的NNI TMX的降解率提高了34.7%，矿化效率提高了176.5%。MNB-O3还显著降低了臭氧化废水中的急性毒性和神经毒性，解决了与CB-O3相关的高毒性问题。机制上，羟基自由基（·OH）和单线态氧（1O2）的形成显著增加，被认为是TMX降解的主要因素。转化产物（TP）分析表明，甲醛和乙醛是出水毒性的主要贡献者，两者都在CB-O3出水中积累。相比之下，MNB-O3显著降低了甲醛（87.4%）和乙醛（34.6%）浓度，大大降低了出水毒性。此外，大规模应用MNB-O3在去除NNIs和降低毒性方面表现出优异的性能。该研究为MNB-O3毒性降低的机制提供了有价值的见解，并强调了其在低碳废水处理中的潜力。通过解决CB-O3的局限性和降低nnis相关的环境风险，MNB-O3在废水处理领域代表了一个有希望的进展。

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引用次数: 0

Bacteria-inoculated biochar boosts copper immobilization and carbon sequestration via microbial restructuring and pH regulation 细菌接种的生物炭通过微生物重组和pH调节促进铜的固定和碳的固存

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100201

Leizhen Rao , Lingya Kong , Lina Wang , Lu Yang , Ying Liu , Shaopo Deng , Jing Wei

Intensive agriculture aggravates soil acidification and heavy metal contamination. Biochar and its composites are cost-effective, carbon-rich amendments that can influence both heavy metal and soil carbon cycling, yet their synergistic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, a combination of the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), and high-throughput sequencing was applied to investigate the effects of various biochar-based amendments: plain biochar, bacteria-inoculated biochar, and biochar combined with oyster shell powder on copper (Cu) stabilization and carbon dynamics in acidic orchard soils. All amendments significantly raised soil pH (by 1.03–2.54 units) and organic matter content, while reducing bioavailable Cu (DGT-Cu) by 60%–73%. Bacteria-inoculated biochar exhibited superior performance, lowering microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂) by 44%, enriching functional microbial taxa (e.g., Bacillus spp., by 7-fold), and enhancing soil enzyme activity. These shifts coincided with an 8% decrease in recalcitrant compounds (e.g., lignin, tannin) and a 6% increase in labile protein/lipid fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM), indicating accelerated microbial turnover of stable carbon pools. Statistical analyses indicated that Cu bioavailability was primarily controlled by soil properties (e.g., pH), while qCO₂ was mainly driven by microbial traits like community structure and microbial biomass carbon. Notably, pH also indirectly shapes microbial processes. This study reveals a mechanistic linkage between Cu immobilization and carbon sequestration, highlighting the dual regulatory role of soil properties and microbial processes. These findings provide new insights into the ecological restoration and sustainable management of contaminated agricultural soils.

集约化农业加剧了土壤酸化和重金属污染。生物炭及其复合材料是具有成本效益的富碳修正物，可以影响重金属和土壤碳循环，但其协同机制尚不清楚。本研究采用薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）技术、傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS）和高通量测序相结合的方法，研究了不同生物炭基改性剂：普通生物炭、细菌接种生物炭和生物炭与牡蛎壳粉复合对酸性果园土壤中铜（Cu）稳定和碳动态的影响。所有修正均显著提高土壤pH值（1.03 ~ 2.54单位）和有机质含量，降低生物有效铜（DGT-Cu） 60% ~ 73%。细菌接种的生物炭表现出优异的性能，降低了44%的微生物代谢商（qCO2），丰富了7倍的功能微生物类群（如芽孢杆菌），提高了土壤酶活性。这些变化与顽固性化合物（如木质素、单宁）减少8%和溶解有机物（DOM）的不稳定蛋白质/脂质部分增加6%同时发生，表明稳定碳库的微生物周转加速。统计分析表明，Cu的生物有效性主要受土壤性质（如pH）的控制，而qCO2主要受群落结构和微生物生物量碳等微生物性状的控制。值得注意的是，pH值也间接影响微生物的过程。该研究揭示了铜固定与碳固存之间的机制联系，强调了土壤性质和微生物过程的双重调节作用。这些发现为污染农业土壤的生态恢复和可持续管理提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Data-driven assessment of air quality and health benefits from future shipping emission controls in coastal China 数据驱动评估中国沿海地区未来船舶排放控制对空气质量和健康的益处

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100203

Zhenyu Luo, Zhaofeng Lv, Tingkun He, Wen Yi, Yongyue Wang, Kebin He, Huan Liu

The lack of toolkits for assessing the shipping-related atmospheric impacts limits China's ability to formulate effective shipping emissions control policies to address coastal air pollution and mitigate related health burdens. Here, we developed a deep learning model, DeepShip, to efficiently predict shipping-related PM_2.5 concentrations and further coupled it with a multi-task learning and generative-adversarial training strategy to enhance the sensitivity of the data-driven model to variations in small emission sources. Based on DeepShip, we comprehensively analyzed the response of shipping-related PM_2.5 to changes in anthropogenic emissions based on 210 scenarios involving emission reductions of shipping and land-based sectors. Furthermore, sulfur and nitrogen emission control scenarios that China might implement in the future were established to assess their cost, air quality improvement, and health benefits. We found that shipping-related PM_2.5 shows an almost linear relationship with shipping emissions, while exhibiting a nonlinear relationship with land-based emissions. Considering the cost and environmental-health benefits, future shipping emissions control should prioritize progressively enhancing the NO_x emission standard while coordinating with land-based emission reductions.

缺乏评估航运相关大气影响的工具包，限制了中国制定有效的航运排放控制政策以解决沿海空气污染和减轻相关健康负担的能力。在这里，我们开发了一个深度学习模型DeepShip，以有效地预测与航运相关的PM2.5浓度，并进一步将其与多任务学习和生成对抗训练策略相结合，以提高数据驱动模型对小排放源变化的敏感性。基于DeepShip，我们基于210种涉及航运和陆基部门减排的情景，综合分析了航运相关PM2.5对人为排放变化的响应。此外，还建立了中国未来可能实施的硫和氮排放控制情景，以评估其成本、空气质量改善和健康效益。我们发现，与航运相关的PM2.5与航运排放几乎呈线性关系，而与陆地排放呈非线性关系。考虑到成本和环境健康效益，未来的船舶排放控制应优先考虑逐步提高氮氧化物排放标准，同时与陆地减排相协调。

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引用次数: 0

A threat to our sustainable future is hiding on our winter roads 对我们可持续发展的未来的威胁正隐藏在我们的冬季道路上

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100204

Jingzhe Wang , Xuankai Ma , Nan Xu

引用次数: 0

Incorporating in vivo demethylation and reduction into mercury mitigation for sustainable development 将体内去甲基化和减少纳入汞缓解以促进可持续发展

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100199

Huan Zhong , Mengjie Wu , Wenli Tang , Pei Lei , Shouying Li , Fei Dang , Chengjun Li

Mercury pollution, in conjunction with other contaminants, hampers progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The Minamata Convention on Mercury, which came into force in 2017, represents a critical step in combating this global issue. However, evaluating its effectiveness faces a major challenge, that is, establishing a clear link between reduced mercury emissions and lessened human exposure to neurotoxic methylmercury. Here, we propose that a previously overlooked methylmercury detoxification pathway in primary producers holds the potential to bridge the gaps in the emission-exposure nexus. A comprehensive understanding of this in vivo methylmercury demethylation and mercury reduction will enhance the effectiveness of global mercury mitigation efforts, accelerating our pace toward a sustainable future.

汞污染与其他污染物一道阻碍了在实现联合国可持续发展目标方面取得进展。2017年生效的《关于汞的水俣公约》是应对这一全球性问题的关键一步。然而，评估其有效性面临着一项重大挑战，即在减少汞排放与减少人类接触神经毒性甲基汞之间建立明确的联系。在这里，我们提出，以前被忽视的初级生产者的甲基汞解毒途径具有弥合排放-暴露关系差距的潜力。全面了解这种体内甲基汞去甲基化和汞减少将提高全球汞减缓努力的有效性，加快我们迈向可持续未来的步伐。

引用次数: 0

Freeze-thaw cycles and biodegradable microplastics alter the microbial degradation of atrazine in mollisols 冻融循环和可生物降解的微塑料改变了软体醇中阿特拉津的微生物降解

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100196

Yanjie Xie , Huihui Cao , Qicheng Bei , Shi Yao , Li Xu , Yongrong Bian , Xin Jiang , Yang Song , Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka

Global warming results in more field soil suffering freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). The environmental risk of microplastics—recognized as a global emerging contaminant—in soils undergoing FTCs remains unclear. In this study, the combined effects of FTCs and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) microplastics on microbial degradation of atrazine in Mollisols were investigated. Freeze-thaw cycles, rather than microplastics, significantly inhibited the biodegradation of atrazine in soil, with average inhibition ratios of 33.69% and 4.99% for FTCs and microplastics, respectively. Thawing temperature was the main factor driving the changes in soil microbial community structures and the degradation of atrazine. The degradable microplastics with an amendment level of 0.2% had different and limited effects on the dissipation of atrazine under different modes of FTCs. Among the four modes, microplastics only showed a trend toward promoting atrazine degradation under high-frequency and high-thawing-temperature FTCs. Across all modes, microplastics altered microbial interactions and ecological niches that included affecting specific bacterial abundance, module keystone species, microbial network complexity, and functional genes in soil. There's no synergistic effect between microplastics and FTCs on the degradation of atrazine in soil within a short-term period. This study provides critical insights into the ecological effects of the new biodegradable mulch film-derived microplastics in soil under FTCs.

全球变暖导致更多的农田土壤遭受冻融循环（FTCs）。微塑料被认为是一种全球性的新兴污染物，其在正在进行FTCs的土壤中的环境风险尚不清楚。本研究研究了氟氯化碳和聚己二酸丁二酯（PBAT）微塑料对mollisol中阿特拉津的微生物降解的联合影响。冻融循环显著抑制土壤中阿特拉津的生物降解，而非微塑料，对FTCs和微塑料的平均抑制率分别为33.69%和4.99%。解冻温度是影响土壤微生物群落结构变化和阿特拉津降解的主要因素。改性量为0.2%的可降解微塑料在不同模式下对阿特拉津的耗散效果不同且有限。在四种模式中，微塑料仅在高频和高解冻温度FTCs下表现出促进阿特拉津降解的趋势。在所有模式中，微塑料改变了土壤中微生物的相互作用和生态位，包括影响特定细菌丰度、模块关键物种、微生物网络复杂性和功能基因。微塑料与氟氯化碳在短期内对土壤中阿特拉津的降解没有协同效应。这项研究为新型可生物降解地膜衍生微塑料在FTCs下土壤中的生态效应提供了重要见解。

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引用次数: 0

Anthropogenic emissions shape long-term changes in PM2.5 concentrations and health risks in China 人为排放影响着中国PM2.5浓度的长期变化和健康风险

IF 17.6

Eco-Environment & Health

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2025.100198

Yiheng Wang , Guochao Chen , Yutong Yang , Zhaolei Zhang , Ruhan Zhang , Peng Wang , Hongliang Zhang

China has experienced an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations since the early 21st century, with substantial heterogeneity across different source contributions. This study developed a source-oriented CMAQ model to construct a source-resolved PM_2.5 concentration database for China during 2000–2020. Subsequently, source-specific health risks and the contributions of key driving factors were systematically evaluated using the piling-up decomposition method. The results indicate that anthropogenic emissions, particularly from industrial sources, were the primary drivers of both the increase in PM_2.5 from 2000 to 2012 (51.8%) and the subsequent decrease from 2012 to 2020 (47.6%). Currently, industrial sources remain the largest contributor to PM_2.5 (about 32%), followed by residential (about 22%) and transportation sources (about 13%). Implementation of two-phase air pollution control measures led to a 20.4% reduction in national premature mortality attributable to PM_2.5 from 2012 to 2020, although 10.6% of this benefit was offset by changes in population and baseline mortality rates. Throughout 2000–2020, health risks associated with anthropogenic sources consistently exceeded their proportional contribution to PM_2.5, primarily because these emissions are concentrated in densely populated areas. These findings underscore that, in addition to implementing region-specific emission reduction policies, maintaining stringent controls on anthropogenic emissions, particularly from industrial and transportation sources, is crucial to maximizing future health benefits.

自21世纪初以来，中国细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度呈先增后降的趋势，且不同来源的贡献存在很大的异质性。本研究建立了面向源的CMAQ模型，构建了2000-2020年中国PM2.5源分辨浓度数据库。随后，采用堆积分解法系统评价了源特异性健康风险和关键驱动因素的贡献。结果表明，人为排放，特别是工业排放，是2000 - 2012年PM2.5增加（51.8%）和随后2012 - 2020年下降（47.6%）的主要驱动因素。目前，工业来源仍然是PM2.5的最大来源（约32%），其次是住宅来源（约22%）和交通来源（约13%）。2012年至2020年，两阶段空气污染控制措施的实施使PM2.5导致的全国过早死亡率降低了20.4%，尽管其中10.6%的效益被人口和基线死亡率的变化所抵消。在2000-2020年期间，与人为源相关的健康风险始终超过其对PM2.5的比例贡献，主要是因为这些排放集中在人口稠密地区。这些调查结果强调，除了执行特定区域的减排政策外，严格控制人为排放，特别是来自工业和运输来源的排放，对于最大限度地提高未来的健康效益至关重要。

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引用次数: 0