Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0293
David Katan
There are numerous cultural approaches to translation, given the numerous definitions of both “culture” and “translation.” We might say that both culture and translation revolve around difference. We notice culture as difference, and we require translation when difference significantly affects communication. The approaches may then be divided according to how difference between self and other should be managed in translation. In the first case, “translating from cultures,” differences should be explained. In the second, “translating for cultures,” differences should either be reduced (domestication) or highlighted (foreignization). The final approach, “translating between cultures,” gauges the likely tolerance for difference and attempts to mediate or reconcile differences, creating an interspace. Keywords: culture; globalization; intercultural communication; linguistic anthropology; ideology; translation
{"title":"Cultural Approaches to Translation","authors":"David Katan","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0293","url":null,"abstract":"There are numerous cultural approaches to translation, given the numerous definitions of both “culture” and “translation.” We might say that both culture and translation revolve around difference. We notice culture as difference, and we require translation when difference significantly affects communication. The approaches may then be divided according to how difference between self and other should be managed in translation. In the first case, “translating from cultures,” differences should be explained. In the second, “translating for cultures,” differences should either be reduced (domestication) or highlighted (foreignization). The final approach, “translating between cultures,” gauges the likely tolerance for difference and attempts to mediate or reconcile differences, creating an interspace. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000culture; \u0000globalization; \u0000intercultural communication; \u0000linguistic anthropology; \u0000ideology; \u0000translation","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123411403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0815.pub2
Scott E. Grapin
{"title":"Multimodal Teaching and Learning","authors":"Scott E. Grapin","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0815.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0815.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"432 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122821705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1174.pub2
W. Grabe, Fredricka L. Stoller
{"title":"Teaching Reading: Foundations and Practices","authors":"W. Grabe, Fredricka L. Stoller","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1174.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1174.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128154975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0048.PUB2
G. Ockey
Listening is important for in-person communication with estimates that it accounts for more than 45% of the time spent communicating (Feyten, 1991). Listening continues to become more important in virtual environments with the increase of communication through such technologies as video broadcasting and Skype. It follows that teaching and assessing the listening skill of second language learners is essential. Unfortunately, the assessment of second language listening comprehension has attracted little research attention (Buck, 2001), and as a result, understanding of how to best assess it is limited. Keywords: bilingualism; assessment methods in applied linguistics; computer mediated communication; assessment; multilingualism
{"title":"Assessment of Listening","authors":"G. Ockey","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0048.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0048.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Listening is important for in-person communication with estimates that it accounts for more than 45% of the time spent communicating (Feyten, 1991). Listening continues to become more important in virtual environments with the increase of communication through such technologies as video broadcasting and Skype. It follows that teaching and assessing the listening skill of second language learners is essential. Unfortunately, the assessment of second language listening comprehension has attracted little research attention (Buck, 2001), and as a result, understanding of how to best assess it is limited. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000bilingualism; \u0000assessment methods in applied linguistics; \u0000computer mediated communication; \u0000assessment; \u0000multilingualism","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127935657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0985.PUB2
J. Langman, P. Sayer
Qualitative sociolinguistics research (QSR) is an approach to sociolinguistic research that focuses on the ways in which people in communities use language to accomplish things in the world, and how they represent themselves to the world. Keywords: language and social interaction; linguistic anthropology; research methods in applied linguistics
{"title":"Qualitative Sociolinguistics Research","authors":"J. Langman, P. Sayer","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0985.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0985.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Qualitative sociolinguistics research (QSR) is an approach to sociolinguistic research that focuses on the ways in which people in communities use language to accomplish things in the world, and how they represent themselves to the world. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000language and social interaction; \u0000linguistic anthropology; \u0000research methods in applied linguistics","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123112591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0058
R. Leow
The role attention plays in the learning process has almost always been assumed since the earliest studies in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). Any exposure, be it aural or written, manipulated or authentic, to the foreign or second language (L2) is arguably premised on the role of attention on the part of the learner. The SLA field up to the mid-1990s had generally assumed that experimental conditions (instruction or exposure, be it explicit, that is, with awareness, or implicit, that is, without awareness) elicited the required attention paid to the targeted item(s) in the L2 input. This premise is evidenced in the type of research design employed in the studies, which was the classical pretest—experimental condition—posttest design, without any concurrent or online data on learners' actual attention paid to the targeted items in the input. Keywords: psycholinguistics; research methods in applied linguistics; second language acquisition
{"title":"Attention, Noticing, and Awareness in Second Language Acquisition","authors":"R. Leow","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0058","url":null,"abstract":"The role attention plays in the learning process has almost always been assumed since the earliest studies in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). Any exposure, be it aural or written, manipulated or authentic, to the foreign or second language (L2) is arguably premised on the role of attention on the part of the learner. The SLA field up to the mid-1990s had generally assumed that experimental conditions (instruction or exposure, be it explicit, that is, with awareness, or implicit, that is, without awareness) elicited the required attention paid to the targeted item(s) in the L2 input. This premise is evidenced in the type of research design employed in the studies, which was the classical pretest—experimental condition—posttest design, without any concurrent or online data on learners' actual attention paid to the targeted items in the input. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000psycholinguistics; \u0000research methods in applied linguistics; \u0000second language acquisition","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122946983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0442.PUB2
C. Nord
Translation studies is still quite a young discipline. Keywords: culture; methods; translation
翻译研究仍然是一门相当年轻的学科。关键词:文化;方法;翻译
{"title":"Functional Approaches to Translation","authors":"C. Nord","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0442.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0442.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Translation studies is still quite a young discipline. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000culture; \u0000methods; \u0000translation","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121368632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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