Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0598.PUB2
M. Hammill, E. D. D. Figueiredo, Y. J. Kim
The term globalization is used in a wide range of contemporary discussions in academic contexts and as a result has been defined and applied according to the needs of diverse fields such as economics (Bhagwati, 2004), education (Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004), and cultural anthropology (Appadurai, 1996). Keywords: globalization; World Englishes; lingua francas
{"title":"Language and Globalization","authors":"M. Hammill, E. D. D. Figueiredo, Y. J. Kim","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0598.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0598.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"The term globalization is used in a wide range of contemporary discussions in academic contexts and as a result has been defined and applied according to the needs of diverse fields such as economics (Bhagwati, 2004), education (Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004), and cultural anthropology (Appadurai, 1996). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000globalization; \u0000World Englishes; \u0000lingua francas","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122337607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0599
J. Edwards
“Identity” refers to the way we conceive ourselves as individuals or as members of groups—or, indeed, the way others perceive and categorize us. Keywords: language maintenance; language planning; language policy; ethnicity; identity
{"title":"Language and Identity","authors":"J. Edwards","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0599","url":null,"abstract":"“Identity” refers to the way we conceive ourselves as individuals or as members of groups—or, indeed, the way others perceive and categorize us. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000language maintenance; \u0000language planning; \u0000language policy; \u0000ethnicity; \u0000identity","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114321747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1214.PUB2
J. Cenoz
Is it the same to acquire a second language or a third language? Does the second language play a role in third language acquisition? Are we more expert learners if we have already learned a second language? These are fascinating questions taking into account that multilingualism is spread all over the world. This entry discusses the issues examined in third language acquisition research in order to answer these questions. The entry has three sections. In the first section the scope and focus of this research area are defined. The second section gives an idea of the different situations in which a third language or an additional language is learned. In the third section some of the main findings are discussed. Keywords: language acquisition; multilingualism; third language
{"title":"Third Language Acquisition","authors":"J. Cenoz","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1214.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1214.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Is it the same to acquire a second language or a third language? Does the second language play a role in third language acquisition? Are we more expert learners if we have already learned a second language? These are fascinating questions taking into account that multilingualism is spread all over the world. This entry discusses the issues examined in third language acquisition research in order to answer these questions. The entry has three sections. In the first section the scope and focus of this research area are defined. The second section gives an idea of the different situations in which a third language or an additional language is learned. In the third section some of the main findings are discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000language acquisition; \u0000multilingualism; \u0000third language","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121213695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1145
Ofelia García, T. Kleyn
If, as Garcia (2009, p. 5) states, “bilingual education is the only way to educate children in the twenty-first century,” then all teachers must be prepared both to advance the plurilingual competencies of students, as well as teach students with different home language practices and bilingual abilities. Keywords: bilingualism; language teaching; multilingualism
如果，正如Garcia (2009, p. 5)所说，“双语教育是21世纪教育儿童的唯一途径”，那么所有教师都必须做好准备，既要提高学生的多语能力，又要教具有不同母语实践和双语能力的学生。关键词:双语;语言教学;多种语言
{"title":"Teacher Education for Multilingual Education","authors":"Ofelia García, T. Kleyn","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1145","url":null,"abstract":"If, as Garcia (2009, p. 5) states, “bilingual education is the only way to educate children in the twenty-first century,” then all teachers must be prepared both to advance the plurilingual competencies of students, as well as teach students with different home language practices and bilingual abilities. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000bilingualism; \u0000language teaching; \u0000multilingualism","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129143253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0351.pub2
Annick De Houwer
{"title":"Early Bilingualism","authors":"Annick De Houwer","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0351.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0351.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116617050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1329.PUB2
Yongqi Gu
Vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) are intuitively appealing to teachers and learners. This is partly due to the difficulty and conspicuousness associated with vocabulary in language learning. Learners of a foreign language are confronted with vocabulary learning right from the very beginning; and it is a never-ending task. It is, therefore, practically useful and theoretically interesting to study the ways students go about learning vocabulary and to find out the effectiveness of various strategies. Keywords: language teaching
{"title":"Vocabulary Learning Strategies","authors":"Yongqi Gu","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1329.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1329.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) are intuitively appealing to teachers and learners. This is partly due to the difficulty and conspicuousness associated with vocabulary in language learning. Learners of a foreign language are confronted with vocabulary learning right from the very beginning; and it is a never-ending task. It is, therefore, practically useful and theoretically interesting to study the ways students go about learning vocabulary and to find out the effectiveness of various strategies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000language teaching","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114142457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0626
A. Moody
Although there are a number of different ways to defi ne “popular culture,” Moody (2010) notes that there are three characteristics that appear to be common to most defi nitions: popular culture is usually associated with mass media (and especially “free” media like radio or television); popular culture is consumer-oriented in nature and frequently encourages consumers to become “fans” of performers, products, or genres; and popular culture—like most expressions of consumer culture—is increasingly characterized by globalization. Each of these characteristics of pop culture makes it an ideal place to explore language ideolo
{"title":"Language Ideology in the Discourse of Popular Culture","authors":"A. Moody","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0626","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are a number of different ways to defi ne “popular culture,” Moody (2010) notes that there are three characteristics that appear to be common to most defi nitions: popular culture is usually associated with mass media (and especially “free” media like radio or television); popular culture is consumer-oriented in nature and frequently encourages consumers to become “fans” of performers, products, or genres; and popular culture—like most expressions of consumer culture—is increasingly characterized by globalization. Each of these characteristics of pop culture makes it an ideal place to explore language ideolo","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126897931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0020.PUB2
Jennifer M. Wei
Our conventional idea of gender can be seen from three major perspectives: biological, social, and cultural. That is, we are born with a set of genes that determine our biological sex—either male or female in most of the clear-cut cases. A male brain is larger than that of a female but that does not make much difference to its overall capacity. Men are also said to be more visual and spatially oriented while women are more audio and emotionally oriented. According to a recent study based on a large corpus of English, the researchers Newman, Groom, Handelman, and Peenebaker (2008, p. 211) found that “Women used more words related to psychological and social processes. Men referred more to object properties and impersonal topics.” It can be said also that society sets gendered expectations or gendered roles for boys and girls, men and women, and husbands and wives, roles that we internalize and with which we socialize as we go through schooling, working, and living in a certain society. We learn that, in most societies, women are thought to be cooperative and family-oriented while men seem more aggressive, competitive, and career-oriented. Gender also plays a role culturally as different cultures and the weight of different histories can influence how certain gender traits, especially notions of masculinity and femininity, will interact in our lives. Keywords: culture; discourse analysis; sociolinguistics; discourse analysis; language and gender; sociolinguistics; ethnicity; identity
{"title":"Analysis of Gender in Interaction","authors":"Jennifer M. Wei","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0020.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0020.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Our conventional idea of gender can be seen from three major perspectives: biological, social, and cultural. That is, we are born with a set of genes that determine our biological sex—either male or female in most of the clear-cut cases. A male brain is larger than that of a female but that does not make much difference to its overall capacity. Men are also said to be more visual and spatially oriented while women are more audio and emotionally oriented. According to a recent study based on a large corpus of English, the researchers Newman, Groom, Handelman, and Peenebaker (2008, p. 211) found that “Women used more words related to psychological and social processes. Men referred more to object properties and impersonal topics.” It can be said also that society sets gendered expectations or gendered roles for boys and girls, men and women, and husbands and wives, roles that we internalize and with which we socialize as we go through schooling, working, and living in a certain society. We learn that, in most societies, women are thought to be cooperative and family-oriented while men seem more aggressive, competitive, and career-oriented. Gender also plays a role culturally as different cultures and the weight of different histories can influence how certain gender traits, especially notions of masculinity and femininity, will interact in our lives. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000culture; \u0000discourse analysis; \u0000sociolinguistics; \u0000discourse analysis; \u0000language and gender; \u0000sociolinguistics; \u0000ethnicity; \u0000identity","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115736125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-22DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0055
J. Read
Vocabulary is such an integral component of language use that to some degree any form of language assessment is a measure of vocabulary ability, among other things. However, assessing vocabulary is normally understood to be a process of testing learners' knowledge of a sample of content words, not simply to find out whether they know those particular words but to investigate their ability to understand and use vocabulary in a more general sense. Keywords: assessment methods in applied linguistics; corpus; vocabulary
{"title":"Assessment of Vocabulary","authors":"J. Read","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0055","url":null,"abstract":"Vocabulary is such an integral component of language use that to some degree any form of language assessment is a measure of vocabulary ability, among other things. However, assessing vocabulary is normally understood to be a process of testing learners' knowledge of a sample of content words, not simply to find out whether they know those particular words but to investigate their ability to understand and use vocabulary in a more general sense. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000assessment methods in applied linguistics; \u0000corpus; \u0000vocabulary","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129362985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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