Pub Date : 2015-12-24DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71976-4
Hideaki Shimazaki
{"title":"Neurons as an Information-theoretic Engine","authors":"Hideaki Shimazaki","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-71976-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71976-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125669866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The famous claim that we only use about 10% of the brain capacity has recently been challenged. Researchers argue that we are likely to use the whole brain, against the 10% claim. Some evidence and results from relevant studies and experiments related to memory in the field of neuroscience leads to the conclusion that if the rest 90% of the brain is not used, then many neural pathways would degenerate. What is memory? How does the brain function? What would be the limit of memory capacity? This article provides a model established upon the physiological and neurological characteristics of the human brain, which could give some theoretical support and scientific explanation to explain some phenomena. It may not only have theoretically significance in neuroscience, but could also be practically useful to fill in the gap between the natural and machine intelligence.
{"title":"A ChessboardModel of Human Brain and One Application on Memory Capacity","authors":"Chenxia Gu, Shaotong Wang, Hao Yu","doi":"10.4236/JAMP.2016.42042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JAMP.2016.42042","url":null,"abstract":"The famous claim that we only use about 10% of the brain capacity has recently been challenged. Researchers argue that we are likely to use the whole brain, against the 10% claim. Some evidence and results from relevant studies and experiments related to memory in the field of neuroscience leads to the conclusion that if the rest 90% of the brain is not used, then many neural pathways would degenerate. What is memory? How does the brain function? What would be the limit of memory capacity? This article provides a model established upon the physiological and neurological characteristics of the human brain, which could give some theoretical support and scientific explanation to explain some phenomena. It may not only have theoretically significance in neuroscience, but could also be practically useful to fill in the gap between the natural and machine intelligence.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131864508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The results of our experiments on categorical perception of different shades of gray are reported. A special color generator was created for conducting the experiments on categorizing a random sequence of colors into two classes, light-gray and dark-gray. The collected data are analyzed based on constructing (i) the asymptotics of the corresponding psychometric functions and (ii) the mean decision time in categorizing a given shade of gray depending on the shade brightness (shade number). Conclusions about plausible mechanisms governing categorical perception, at least for the analyzed system, are drawn.
{"title":"Statistical Properties of Gray Color Categorization: Asymptotics of Psychometric Function","authors":"I. Lubashevsky, M. Watanabe","doi":"10.5687/SSS.2016.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5687/SSS.2016.41","url":null,"abstract":"The results of our experiments on categorical perception of different shades of gray are reported. A special color generator was created for conducting the experiments on categorizing a random sequence of colors into two classes, light-gray and dark-gray. The collected data are analyzed based on constructing (i) the asymptotics of the corresponding psychometric functions and (ii) the mean decision time in categorizing a given shade of gray depending on the shade brightness (shade number). Conclusions about plausible mechanisms governing categorical perception, at least for the analyzed system, are drawn.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124578804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-21DOI: 10.1002/9783527680863.CH10
M. Keil
This paper is an introduction to the membrane potential equation for neurons. Its properties are described, as well as sample applications. Networks of these equations can be used for modeling neuronal systems, which also process images and video sequences, respectively. Specifically, (i) a dynamic retina is proposed (based on a reaction-diffusion system), which predicts afterimages and simple visual illusions, (ii) a system for texture segregation (texture elements are understood as even-symmetric contrast features), and (iii) a network for detecting object approaches (inspired by the locust visual system).
{"title":"From Neuronal Models to Neuronal Dynamics and Image Processing","authors":"M. Keil","doi":"10.1002/9783527680863.CH10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527680863.CH10","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an introduction to the membrane potential equation for neurons. Its properties are described, as well as sample applications. Networks of these equations can be used for modeling neuronal systems, which also process images and video sequences, respectively. Specifically, (i) a dynamic retina is proposed (based on a reaction-diffusion system), which predicts afterimages and simple visual illusions, (ii) a system for texture segregation (texture elements are understood as even-symmetric contrast features), and (iii) a network for detecting object approaches (inspired by the locust visual system).","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123259834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For a class of fast {it Cl-}type inhibitory spiking neuron models with delayed feedback fed with a Poisson stochastic process of excitatory impulses, it is proven that the stream of output interspike intervals cannot be presented as a Markov process of any order.
{"title":"Fast {largeit Cl-}type inhibitory neuron with delayed feedback has non-markov output statistics","authors":"A. Vidybida","doi":"10.30970/jps.22.4801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/jps.22.4801","url":null,"abstract":"For a class of fast {it Cl-}type inhibitory spiking neuron models with delayed feedback fed with a Poisson stochastic process of excitatory impulses, it is proven that the stream of output interspike intervals cannot be presented as a Markov process of any order.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134339427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. The objective of the present study was to apply the nonlinear response function model of subjective well-being (RFSWB model) to evaluate the outcome of rhythmic movement therapy (RMT) for increasing subjective well-being and to analyze whether intervention-related changes in several psychological variables were mechanisms underlying SWB increase in subjects participating in RMT group. Methods. A total of 273 subjects (54 males and 219 females, mean age was 37.3(SD=10.5) years) were selected at random in nonclinical population and assessed with the appropriate surveys and questionnaires. The RMT program was proposed to the 105 subjects (24 males, 81 females, and mean age 37.6(SD=11.7) years) with very low, low and medium SWB level. Control group was included. Findings. Results revealed that: a) substantial changes in SWB and underlying psychological state were observed among the participants as a result of RMT intervention; b) RFSWB model predicts the changes in SWB after RMT intervention satisfactorily and can help to identify the reliable predictors of success.
{"title":"Predicting and increasing subjective well-being: response function model and rhythmic movement therapy","authors":"I. Malkina-Pykh","doi":"10.13140/2.1.4118.0968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4118.0968","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The objective of the present study was to apply the nonlinear response function model of subjective well-being (RFSWB model) to evaluate the outcome of rhythmic movement therapy (RMT) for increasing subjective well-being and to analyze whether intervention-related changes in several psychological variables were mechanisms underlying SWB increase in subjects participating in RMT group. Methods. A total of 273 subjects (54 males and 219 females, mean age was 37.3(SD=10.5) years) were selected at random in nonclinical population and assessed with the appropriate surveys and questionnaires. The RMT program was proposed to the 105 subjects (24 males, 81 females, and mean age 37.6(SD=11.7) years) with very low, low and medium SWB level. Control group was included. Findings. Results revealed that: a) substantial changes in SWB and underlying psychological state were observed among the participants as a result of RMT intervention; b) RFSWB model predicts the changes in SWB after RMT intervention satisfactorily and can help to identify the reliable predictors of success.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133184749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-19DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.021028
Ernest Montbri'o, D. Paz'o, Alex Roxin
A major goal of neuroscience, statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics is to understand how brain function arises from the collective dynamics of networks of spiking neurons. This challenge has been chiefly addressed through large-scale numerical simulations. Alternatively, researchers have formulated mean-field theories to gain insight into macroscopic states of large neuronal networks in terms of the collective firing activity of the neurons, or the firing rate. However, these theories have not succeeded in establishing an exact correspondence between the firing rate of the network and the underlying microscopic state of the spiking neurons. This has largely constrained the range of applicability of such macroscopic descriptions, particularly when trying to describe neuronal synchronization. Here we provide the derivation of a set of exact macroscopic equations for a network of spiking neurons. Our results reveal that the spike generation mechanism of individual neurons introduces an effective coupling between two biophysically relevant macroscopic quantities, the firing rate and the mean membrane potential, which together govern the evolution of the neuronal network. The resulting equations exactly describe all possible macroscopic dynamical states of the network, including states of synchronous spiking activity. Finally we show that the firing rate description is related, via a conformal map, with a low-dimensional description in terms of the Kuramoto order parameter, called Ott-Antonsen theory. We anticipate our results will be an important tool in investigating how large networks of spiking neurons self-organize in time to process and encode information in the brain.
{"title":"Macroscopic description for networks of spiking neurons","authors":"Ernest Montbri'o, D. Paz'o, Alex Roxin","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevX.5.021028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.021028","url":null,"abstract":"A major goal of neuroscience, statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics is to understand how brain function arises from the collective dynamics of networks of spiking neurons. This challenge has been chiefly addressed through large-scale numerical simulations. Alternatively, researchers have formulated mean-field theories to gain insight into macroscopic states of large neuronal networks in terms of the collective firing activity of the neurons, or the firing rate. However, these theories have not succeeded in establishing an exact correspondence between the firing rate of the network and the underlying microscopic state of the spiking neurons. This has largely constrained the range of applicability of such macroscopic descriptions, particularly when trying to describe neuronal synchronization. Here we provide the derivation of a set of exact macroscopic equations for a network of spiking neurons. Our results reveal that the spike generation mechanism of individual neurons introduces an effective coupling between two biophysically relevant macroscopic quantities, the firing rate and the mean membrane potential, which together govern the evolution of the neuronal network. The resulting equations exactly describe all possible macroscopic dynamical states of the network, including states of synchronous spiking activity. Finally we show that the firing rate description is related, via a conformal map, with a low-dimensional description in terms of the Kuramoto order parameter, called Ott-Antonsen theory. We anticipate our results will be an important tool in investigating how large networks of spiking neurons self-organize in time to process and encode information in the brain.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126079519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-16DOI: 10.1142/9789814730617_0008
J. A. Barros, G. Oas
Contextuality, the impossibility of assigning a single random variable to represent the outcomes of the same measurement procedure under different experimental conditions, is a central aspect of quantum mechanics. Thus defined, it appears in well-known cases in quantum mechanics, such as the double-slit experiment, the Bell-EPR experiment, and the Kochen-Specker theorem. Here we examine contextuality in such cases, and discuss how each of them bring different conceptual issues when applied to quantum cognition. We then focus on the shortcomings of using quantum probabilities to describe social systems, and explain how negative quasi-probability distributions may address such limitations.
{"title":"Some Examples of Contextuality in Physics: Implications to Quantum Cognition","authors":"J. A. Barros, G. Oas","doi":"10.1142/9789814730617_0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814730617_0008","url":null,"abstract":"Contextuality, the impossibility of assigning a single random variable to represent the outcomes of the same measurement procedure under different experimental conditions, is a central aspect of quantum mechanics. Thus defined, it appears in well-known cases in quantum mechanics, such as the double-slit experiment, the Bell-EPR experiment, and the Kochen-Specker theorem. Here we examine contextuality in such cases, and discuss how each of them bring different conceptual issues when applied to quantum cognition. We then focus on the shortcomings of using quantum probabilities to describe social systems, and explain how negative quasi-probability distributions may address such limitations.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114027077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-15DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2016.00005
H. Sohal, K. Vassilevski, A. Jackson, S. Baker, A. O'Neill
Current microelectrodes designed to record chronic neural activity suffer from recording instabilities due to the modulus mismatch between the electrode materials and the brain. We sought to address this by microfabricating a novel flexible neural probe. Our probe was fabricated from parylene-C with a WTi metal, using contact photolithography and reactive ion etching, with three design features to address this modulus mismatch: a sinusoidal shaft, a rounded tip and a polyimide anchoring ball. The anchor restricts movement of the electrode recording sites and the shaft accommodates the brain motion. We successfully patterned thick metal and parylene-C layers, with a reliable device release process leading to high functional yield. This novel reliably microfabricated probe can record stable neural activity for up to two years without delamination, surpassing the current state-of-the-art intracortical probes. This challenges recent concerns that have been raised over the long-term reliability of chronic implants when Parylene-C is used as an insulator, for both research and human applications. The microfabrication and design considerations provided in this manuscript may aid in the future development of flexible devices for biomedical applications.
{"title":"Design and Microfabrication Considerations for Reliable Flexible Intracortical Implants","authors":"H. Sohal, K. Vassilevski, A. Jackson, S. Baker, A. O'Neill","doi":"10.3389/fmech.2016.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2016.00005","url":null,"abstract":"Current microelectrodes designed to record chronic neural activity suffer from recording instabilities due to the modulus mismatch between the electrode materials and the brain. We sought to address this by microfabricating a novel flexible neural probe. Our probe was fabricated from parylene-C with a WTi metal, using contact photolithography and reactive ion etching, with three design features to address this modulus mismatch: a sinusoidal shaft, a rounded tip and a polyimide anchoring ball. The anchor restricts movement of the electrode recording sites and the shaft accommodates the brain motion. We successfully patterned thick metal and parylene-C layers, with a reliable device release process leading to high functional yield. This novel reliably microfabricated probe can record stable neural activity for up to two years without delamination, surpassing the current state-of-the-art intracortical probes. This challenges recent concerns that have been raised over the long-term reliability of chronic implants when Parylene-C is used as an insulator, for both research and human applications. The microfabrication and design considerations provided in this manuscript may aid in the future development of flexible devices for biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117344983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-21DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24391-7_1
F. Arecchi
{"title":"Quantum Effects in Linguistic Endeavors","authors":"F. Arecchi","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-24391-7_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24391-7_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298664,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Neurons and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122308349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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