The objective of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of Naira/US$ exchange rates in Nigeria. Specifically, the paper examines the descriptive statistics of Naira/US$ exchange rates and whether the series follow autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) using monthly data sample covering January 2000 to December 2013. The estimates from descriptive statistics show that the official market exchange rate in Nigeria is negatively skewed with platykurtic distribution. The Jarque-Bera statistics support evidence of non-normality in the Naira/US$ exchange rate series. The results of the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests suggest that the series contain unit root at level but are stationary at first difference. Estimates from the ARCH tests show that official market exchange rates in Nigeria are heteroscedastic. This implies that ARCH family models are appropriate for modeling volatility exchange rate in Nigeria.
{"title":"Test for Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity in Naira/US Dollar Exchange Rate in Nigeria","authors":"O. Kalu, P. Ali","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-4-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-4-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of Naira/US$ exchange rates in Nigeria. Specifically, the paper examines the descriptive statistics of Naira/US$ exchange rates and whether the series follow autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) using monthly data sample covering January 2000 to December 2013. The estimates from descriptive statistics show that the official market exchange rate in Nigeria is negatively skewed with platykurtic distribution. The Jarque-Bera statistics support evidence of non-normality in the Naira/US$ exchange rate series. The results of the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests suggest that the series contain unit root at level but are stationary at first difference. Estimates from the ARCH tests show that official market exchange rates in Nigeria are heteroscedastic. This implies that ARCH family models are appropriate for modeling volatility exchange rate in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123807744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Governments around the world must formulate and implement policies for taxation and public spending. These policies can have major impacts on economic growth, income distribution, and poverty, and thus they tend to be at the center of economic and political debates. In this study, we estimate the dynamic relationship between structural policy and economic growth. We will try to bring some theoretical literature on the relations of structural policy emergence as a new approach of economic coordination. Our empirical study recently bases on various estimation methods developed within dynamic panel framework for a sample of 6 countries over 1975-2012. We used Generalized Moment Method, causality tests and unit root applied to panel data. Results suggest a positive and significant relation between structural policy and economic growth for all countries sample.
{"title":"A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis for Relationship between Structural Policy and Economic Growth","authors":"Wajdi Bardi, Tarek Sadraoui, A. Bardi","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-4-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-4-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Governments around the world must formulate and implement policies for taxation and public spending. These policies can have major impacts on economic growth, income distribution, and poverty, and thus they tend to be at the center of economic and political debates. In this study, we estimate the dynamic relationship between structural policy and economic growth. We will try to bring some theoretical literature on the relations of structural policy emergence as a new approach of economic coordination. Our empirical study recently bases on various estimation methods developed within dynamic panel framework for a sample of 6 countries over 1975-2012. We used Generalized Moment Method, causality tests and unit root applied to panel data. Results suggest a positive and significant relation between structural policy and economic growth for all countries sample.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"299302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132123312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The regulatory environment to which financial institutions and specially banks are subjected has been evolving over the years. However, global financial sector stability has remained elusive with the global economy experiencing more financial crises in the past decade than the preceding decades. These financial tremors have had their epicenters in the advanced economies triggered by events in the banking industry. Further, economic growth in the developed economies has been very low and sometimes negative with close to 50 percent of the stock market value having been wiped out by the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. Against a backdrop of improved bank supervision and regulation courtesy of the Basel frameworks the Eurozone economies are reeling in recession. On the other hand the emerging and transitional economies have for the past close to a decade and a half showed resilient and outstanding performance with less stringent supervisory regimes enabling commercial banks to earn high profits. The profitability of the industry bolsters investment and recurrent expenditure all of which have the effect of fueling inflation and volatile exchange rates which accelerate economic growth, high interest and lending rates as well as market liquidity. These conditions provide opportunities for arbitrage trading that gives above average returns on investment as exemplified by the trend analysis. The high economic growth comes with attendant high inflation, lending rates and returns on government securities. The study set out to determine whether the high return environment within developing economies provides arbitrage investment opportunities and influences foreign investment by attracting foreign investment participation in government securities trading. The specific objectives were to demonstrate the adverse effects including the systemic vulnerabilities imposed by excess competition occasioned by thorough regulation and to empirically determine whether higher high exchange, lending, Tbill and Tbond rates attract foreign investment to developing economies with focus on Kenyan government securities. The study adopted secondary time series data analysis to establish whether or not lending rates, USD exchange rates, Tbond and Tbill rates affect foreign investment in government securities. The time series data analysis confirmed that in the long run, Tbond, USD exchange and lending rates all significantly influence the foreign investment in Kenya vide the Treasury bonds avenue. Based on these findings we conclude that emerging and transitional economies offer a perfect arbitrage investment opportunity for low return advanced economies.
{"title":"Risk Control versus Risk Management in the Context of an Active Management: The Emerging Market Alternative","authors":"J. Mahasi, Rhoda Wanjiru","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"The regulatory environment to which financial institutions and specially banks are subjected has been evolving over the years. However, global financial sector stability has remained elusive with the global economy experiencing more financial crises in the past decade than the preceding decades. These financial tremors have had their epicenters in the advanced economies triggered by events in the banking industry. Further, economic growth in the developed economies has been very low and sometimes negative with close to 50 percent of the stock market value having been wiped out by the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. Against a backdrop of improved bank supervision and regulation courtesy of the Basel frameworks the Eurozone economies are reeling in recession. On the other hand the emerging and transitional economies have for the past close to a decade and a half showed resilient and outstanding performance with less stringent supervisory regimes enabling commercial banks to earn high profits. The profitability of the industry bolsters investment and recurrent expenditure all of which have the effect of fueling inflation and volatile exchange rates which accelerate economic growth, high interest and lending rates as well as market liquidity. These conditions provide opportunities for arbitrage trading that gives above average returns on investment as exemplified by the trend analysis. The high economic growth comes with attendant high inflation, lending rates and returns on government securities. The study set out to determine whether the high return environment within developing economies provides arbitrage investment opportunities and influences foreign investment by attracting foreign investment participation in government securities trading. The specific objectives were to demonstrate the adverse effects including the systemic vulnerabilities imposed by excess competition occasioned by thorough regulation and to empirically determine whether higher high exchange, lending, Tbill and Tbond rates attract foreign investment to developing economies with focus on Kenyan government securities. The study adopted secondary time series data analysis to establish whether or not lending rates, USD exchange rates, Tbond and Tbill rates affect foreign investment in government securities. The time series data analysis confirmed that in the long run, Tbond, USD exchange and lending rates all significantly influence the foreign investment in Kenya vide the Treasury bonds avenue. Based on these findings we conclude that emerging and transitional economies offer a perfect arbitrage investment opportunity for low return advanced economies.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125751026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focused on the role of the Uganda Securities Exchange (USE) in stimulating economic growth in Uganda based on the premise that its contribution is not evident and yet is has been documented that economic growth is accelerated once a stock exchange opens, and that, securities markets support economic growth and can increase economic efficiency, investment and growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. This quantitative study focused on a period of twenty five years (1986-2010). Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure was adopted because the Uganda’s stock market is not only small but also very young. The study variables included real GDP as a proxy of economic growth; while the proxies for the stock exchange development were shares traded, market turnover, and market capitalization. The sources of these data included Uganda Bureau os Statictics, Bank of Uganda, USE, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank databases. Analyses were carried out using SPSS and SHAZAM computer softwares. Real GDP was established to be more closely correlated to market capitalisation [Pearson’s r = .973, Sig. (2-tail) = .000] than it is with the turnover [Pearson’s r = .634, Sig. (2-tail) = .036] and the shares traded [Pearson’s r = .730, Sig. (2-tail) = .011]. While a strong and statistically significant correlation was established between the economic growth and the Exchange, the Granger causality relationship findings were inconclusive further affirming that stock markets are not a sine qua non of economic growth. It was recommended that the government should support USE to attract more investors and become more vibrant. Also, USE should take advantage of the East African Stock Markets Association (EASEA) to grow its operations and market base.
本研究的重点是乌干达证券交易所(USE)在刺激乌干达经济增长方面的作用，其前提是其贡献并不明显，但已有文献证明，一旦证券交易所开放，经济增长就会加速，而且证券市场支持经济增长，可以提高经济效率，投资和实际国内生产总值(GDP)的增长。本定量研究的时间跨度为25年(1986-2010)。采用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)边界检验程序，因为乌干达的股票市场不仅小而且很年轻。研究变量包括实际GDP作为经济增长的代表;而股票交易所发展的代理指标是股票交易量、市场成交量和市值。这些数据的来源包括乌干达统计局、乌干达银行、USE、财政和经济发展部、国际货币基金组织和世界银行数据库。采用SPSS和SHAZAM计算机软件进行分析。实际GDP与市值[Pearson的r = .973, Sig. (2-tail) = .000]的关系比与成交量[Pearson的r = .634, Sig. (2-tail) = .036]和股票交易量[Pearson的r = .730, Sig. (2-tail) = .011]的关系更为密切。虽然在经济增长和交易所之间建立了一个强大的和统计上显著的相关性，但格兰杰因果关系的发现是不确定的，进一步肯定了股票市场不是经济增长的必要条件。建议政府支持USE吸引更多的投资者，使其更具活力。此外，USE应该利用东非股票市场协会(EASEA)来扩大其业务和市场基础。
{"title":"The Role of Uganda Securities Exchange in the Economic Growth of Uganda: An Econometric Analysis","authors":"Mshilla Maghanga, William L. Quisenberry","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the role of the Uganda Securities Exchange (USE) in stimulating economic growth in Uganda based on the premise that its contribution is not evident and yet is has been documented that economic growth is accelerated once a stock exchange opens, and that, securities markets support economic growth and can increase economic efficiency, investment and growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. This quantitative study focused on a period of twenty five years (1986-2010). Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure was adopted because the Uganda’s stock market is not only small but also very young. The study variables included real GDP as a proxy of economic growth; while the proxies for the stock exchange development were shares traded, market turnover, and market capitalization. The sources of these data included Uganda Bureau os Statictics, Bank of Uganda, USE, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank databases. Analyses were carried out using SPSS and SHAZAM computer softwares. Real GDP was established to be more closely correlated to market capitalisation [Pearson’s r = .973, Sig. (2-tail) = .000] than it is with the turnover [Pearson’s r = .634, Sig. (2-tail) = .036] and the shares traded [Pearson’s r = .730, Sig. (2-tail) = .011]. While a strong and statistically significant correlation was established between the economic growth and the Exchange, the Granger causality relationship findings were inconclusive further affirming that stock markets are not a sine qua non of economic growth. It was recommended that the government should support USE to attract more investors and become more vibrant. Also, USE should take advantage of the East African Stock Markets Association (EASEA) to grow its operations and market base.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121804133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes further developments of band-regression models for forecasting purposes, namely a simple method for shrinking the parameter estimates as well as a method for the automatic selection of the underlying frequency band. In combination with a method for downweighting older data, the improved band-regression model is used to forecast real GDP growth across nine industrialized economies. The results of this empirical study show that this forecasting approach outperforms conventional forecasting methods. As a secondary finding, the empirical results also raise doubts whether the yield-curve spread is really a valuable leading indicator of GDP growth.
{"title":"Adjusting Band-Regression Estimators for Prediction: Shrinkage and Downweighting","authors":"E. Reschenhofer, M. Chudý","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes further developments of band-regression models for forecasting purposes, namely a simple method for shrinking the parameter estimates as well as a method for the automatic selection of the underlying frequency band. In combination with a method for downweighting older data, the improved band-regression model is used to forecast real GDP growth across nine industrialized economies. The results of this empirical study show that this forecasting approach outperforms conventional forecasting methods. As a secondary finding, the empirical results also raise doubts whether the yield-curve spread is really a valuable leading indicator of GDP growth.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116477258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-30DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1365601.V1
R. Laxman, Hagargi Anilkumar
{"title":"HRD PHILOSOPHY IN INDIAN PSUS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF HUTTI GOLD MINES COMPANY LIMITED.","authors":"R. Laxman, Hagargi Anilkumar","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1365601.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1365601.V1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134308975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper is to highlight the interaction of the board with other internal governance mechanisms such as ownership structure, the quality of financial reporting and the cost of debt. The relationship between the ownership structure and the quality of financial information on the one hand and the other debt cost was well treated in the financial literature. Tests conducted on a sample of 28 Tunisian firms show that the ownership structure and the quality of financial information plays an important role in determining the characteristics of the cost of debt. The results also indicate that the cost of debt is related to factors from the board, the size of the company and the stock exchange listing.
{"title":"The Impact of the Ownership Structure and the Quality of Financial Information on the Cost of Debt of Tunisian Firms","authors":"Abdelkader Mohamed Sghaier Derbali, M. B. Ayeche","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to highlight the interaction of the board with other internal governance mechanisms such as ownership structure, the quality of financial reporting and the cost of debt. The relationship between the ownership structure and the quality of financial information on the one hand and the other debt cost was well treated in the financial literature. Tests conducted on a sample of 28 Tunisian firms show that the ownership structure and the quality of financial information plays an important role in determining the characteristics of the cost of debt. The results also indicate that the cost of debt is related to factors from the board, the size of the company and the stock exchange listing.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129804419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A sector potential to carry Nepal in a new economic dimension is tourism. To ensure this to happen, this study tries to examine the relationship between tourism earning and economic growth during the period 1974-2012. Econometric tools such as unit root, co-integration, and error correction are used to examine the equilibrium position. In spite of the low contribution in economic growth, a share of 2% only is a present status; empirical findings reveal a robust fact that a unit change in tourism income will change the gross domestic product by 8.79 units with tourism income elasticity coefficient of 0.2. The causality analysis suggests that there is no short run causality running from either way. However unidirectional causality exists running from gross domestic product to tourism earning in the long run. This study has single implication which advises policy makers of Nepal that they should devise strategies to attain the causality running from tourism to economic growth. It ensures to attain the tourism led-economic growth. In addition, it indicates the speed of adjustment of previous level disequilibrium. The system would correct this at the speed of 39% annually to come at the steady state. These are the self-evident fact that tourism sector has a large potentiality to contribute to economic growth.
{"title":"An Econometric Analysis on the Relationship between Tourism and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nepal","authors":"K. Dhungel","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"A sector potential to carry Nepal in a new economic dimension is tourism. To ensure this to happen, this study tries to examine the relationship between tourism earning and economic growth during the period 1974-2012. Econometric tools such as unit root, co-integration, and error correction are used to examine the equilibrium position. In spite of the low contribution in economic growth, a share of 2% only is a present status; empirical findings reveal a robust fact that a unit change in tourism income will change the gross domestic product by 8.79 units with tourism income elasticity coefficient of 0.2. The causality analysis suggests that there is no short run causality running from either way. However unidirectional causality exists running from gross domestic product to tourism earning in the long run. This study has single implication which advises policy makers of Nepal that they should devise strategies to attain the causality running from tourism to economic growth. It ensures to attain the tourism led-economic growth. In addition, it indicates the speed of adjustment of previous level disequilibrium. The system would correct this at the speed of 39% annually to come at the steady state. These are the self-evident fact that tourism sector has a large potentiality to contribute to economic growth.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122331304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikhaylov Andrey Sergeevich, Mikhaylova Anna Alekseevna
The following research paper addresses the issue of cluster internationalization process. The methodological approach is based on analyzing pan-European projects of transnational inter-organizational cooperation, while giving emphasis on identifying networked linkages across the spatial reach of the Baltic region. Research results reveal a number of geographical locations that exhibit active cross-border regionalization processes, successfully implementing the international cluster initiative policies. A ponderable correlation between the level of urbanization of a territory and the number of ongoing international cluster initiatives is found. The distribution of international cluster initiatives in the Baltic region by specialization is presented, as well as the comparative analysis with the established cross-border clusters is given.
{"title":"Geographies of Cluster Internationalization: Inter- organizational Linkages on the Baltica","authors":"Mikhaylov Andrey Sergeevich, Mikhaylova Anna Alekseevna","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"The following research paper addresses the issue of cluster internationalization process. The methodological approach is based on analyzing pan-European projects of transnational inter-organizational cooperation, while giving emphasis on identifying networked linkages across the spatial reach of the Baltic region. Research results reveal a number of geographical locations that exhibit active cross-border regionalization processes, successfully implementing the international cluster initiative policies. A ponderable correlation between the level of urbanization of a territory and the number of ongoing international cluster initiatives is found. The distribution of international cluster initiatives in the Baltic region by specialization is presented, as well as the comparative analysis with the established cross-border clusters is given.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120974071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contemporary manuscript proposes eight (8) procedures to prescribe concepts and define ways to composite progressive indicators (CPI). Composite appraising supportive progress (CASP) is processed using proper defined indicators as per apt methods. The emphasis is on CPI to express its unification with CASP. Huge range of authors papers is contributed to obtain and estimate the best procedures guiding CPI to progressive economy. The imposed conceptions of CPI are aspects, goals, criteria, categorization and principles with pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. The characterized means to compulsory CPI are design process, framework model and top-down and bottom-up approaches to assess CASP.
{"title":"Procedures Designing Composite Progressive Indicators","authors":"A. Petrosyan","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-3-2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-3-2-8","url":null,"abstract":"The contemporary manuscript proposes eight (8) procedures to prescribe concepts and define ways to composite progressive indicators (CPI). Composite appraising supportive progress (CASP) is processed using proper defined indicators as per apt methods. The emphasis is on CPI to express its unification with CASP. Huge range of authors papers is contributed to obtain and estimate the best procedures guiding CPI to progressive economy. The imposed conceptions of CPI are aspects, goals, criteria, categorization and principles with pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. The characterized means to compulsory CPI are design process, framework model and top-down and bottom-up approaches to assess CASP.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133617731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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