This paper will investigate the Granger causality between R&D cooperation and economic growth in 32 industrial and developing countries from 1970 to 2012. We use an innovative econometric method which is based on a panel test of the Granger non causality hypothesis. Using a new method to evaluate causality in a heterogeneous panel, we find that the causal relationship from R&D cooperation to economic growth is homogeneous among the panel. However, we find strong evidence of a heterogeneity of the causal relationship from economic growth to R&D cooperation in our sample. Results provide support for a robust causality relationship from economic growth to R&D cooperation. On the contrary, the non causality hypothesis from R&D cooperation to economic growth can’t be rejected in most of the cases. However, these results only imply that, if such a relationship exists, it can’t be easily identified in a simply bi-variate Granger causality test.
{"title":"Economic Growth and International R&D Cooperation: A Panel Granger Causality Analysis","authors":"Tarek Sadraoui, Tarek Ben Ali, Bechir Deguachi","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will investigate the Granger causality between R&D cooperation and economic growth in 32 industrial and developing countries from 1970 to 2012. We use an innovative econometric method which is based on a panel test of the Granger non causality hypothesis. Using a new method to evaluate causality in a heterogeneous panel, we find that the causal relationship from R&D cooperation to economic growth is homogeneous among the panel. However, we find strong evidence of a heterogeneity of the causal relationship from economic growth to R&D cooperation in our sample. Results provide support for a robust causality relationship from economic growth to R&D cooperation. On the contrary, the non causality hypothesis from R&D cooperation to economic growth can’t be rejected in most of the cases. However, these results only imply that, if such a relationship exists, it can’t be easily identified in a simply bi-variate Granger causality test.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134028653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review of current water balance of Tunisia as a result of increasing demand and a stagnant supply reveals a situation of water stress, an endowment of nearly 450m3/an/habitant. The irrigated sector, the largest consumer of this resource (80%) would be the first affected by this situation. To reduce the effects of water scarcity on irrigated agriculture, the government has designed and implemented since 1995 a national program of water conservation. Significant positive incentives have been decided to encourage farmers to adopt new irrigation techniques offered by this program. It is clear that despite the importance of subsidies for investment in water-saving equipment (60% of the amount invested), the equipment rate remained below the expected objectives. The present work aims to define a methodological approach and test to explain the slow growth of water-saving program and analyzing adoption decisions of the proposed techniques by small and medium farmers. The data used to estimate the model specified is collected by survey of 40 small and medium farmers belonging to a private irrigated area Abida Kairouan Governorate. The results show that the effects of eliminating the interest subsidy is higher than the subsidy rate of capital. So the reaction of small and medium farmers is slow vis-a-vis technological change, and must be supplemented by other types of interventions. Thus, the instrument implemented is not effective. The remainder of paper is organized as follows: In the first section, we will present the general framework and then the specific context and the background information in order to introduce the problem and the research methodology. The second section will develop the background literature of our work. In the third section, we will discuss the various results of the work. Finally, the last section talks about the findings and to remember the different political implications of this research.
{"title":"Analysis of the Response of Small and Medium Farmers Incentives for Investment in Water Saving","authors":"J. Mkadmi","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"The review of current water balance of Tunisia as a result of increasing demand and a stagnant supply reveals a situation of water stress, an endowment of nearly 450m3/an/habitant. The irrigated sector, the largest consumer of this resource (80%) would be the first affected by this situation. To reduce the effects of water scarcity on irrigated agriculture, the government has designed and implemented since 1995 a national program of water conservation. Significant positive incentives have been decided to encourage farmers to adopt new irrigation techniques offered by this program. It is clear that despite the importance of subsidies for investment in water-saving equipment (60% of the amount invested), the equipment rate remained below the expected objectives. The present work aims to define a methodological approach and test to explain the slow growth of water-saving program and analyzing adoption decisions of the proposed techniques by small and medium farmers. The data used to estimate the model specified is collected by survey of 40 small and medium farmers belonging to a private irrigated area Abida Kairouan Governorate. The results show that the effects of eliminating the interest subsidy is higher than the subsidy rate of capital. So the reaction of small and medium farmers is slow vis-a-vis technological change, and must be supplemented by other types of interventions. Thus, the instrument implemented is not effective. The remainder of paper is organized as follows: In the first section, we will present the general framework and then the specific context and the background information in order to introduce the problem and the research methodology. The second section will develop the background literature of our work. In the third section, we will discuss the various results of the work. Finally, the last section talks about the findings and to remember the different political implications of this research.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114573885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Article is devoted to the issue on early markers of formation of economic clusters, which are the specific regional conditions. In contemporary Russian economic reality, when the state implements the initiation of cluster projects in different geographical regions and economic sectors, particularly relevant is the task to analyze and identify the regional environment conducive to the successful cluster formation. In order to complete the task, authors propose to use non-parametric methodology of examination, allowing to analyze objects with a complex quality structure. Paper describes this technique, and tests it in an example of the emerging pharmaceutical cluster in the Volgograd region. Following the results of the study, a conclusion on the feasibility of establishing a cluster in the area, and the main insufficient conditions are identifies, the improvement of which will have a positive impact on the process of formation of the Volgograd pharmaceutical cluster.
{"title":"Investigation of Early Markers of Clustering: Experience in Applying Nonparametric Technique of Examination","authors":"Soboleva S.Yu., P. Tereliansky","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"Article is devoted to the issue on early markers of formation of economic clusters, which are the specific regional conditions. In contemporary Russian economic reality, when the state implements the initiation of cluster projects in different geographical regions and economic sectors, particularly relevant is the task to analyze and identify the regional environment conducive to the successful cluster formation. In order to complete the task, authors propose to use non-parametric methodology of examination, allowing to analyze objects with a complex quality structure. Paper describes this technique, and tests it in an example of the emerging pharmaceutical cluster in the Volgograd region. Following the results of the study, a conclusion on the feasibility of establishing a cluster in the area, and the main insufficient conditions are identifies, the improvement of which will have a positive impact on the process of formation of the Volgograd pharmaceutical cluster.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126215811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The special issue on the "Geography of Innovation and Economic Clusters: Evidence from Russia" is held in order to provide insights on the theoretical elaboration and practical implementation of the cluster concept in the regions of the Russian Federation. Multidimensional nature of the phenomenon of economic clustering has led to the need for a transdisciplinary approach in studying the features of spatial distribution of regional economic entities and institutions of the region in the framework of knowledge economy. We therefore invite scholars to consider the development of the cluster concept by taking into account the impact of the neighboring areas of science, focused on in-depth study of each of the three key features of the cluster concept - interconnectedness, systemic properties, and spatial proximity. The eight articles of the special issue uncover the aspects of the innovation process in the regional context, the factor of international inter-cluster collaboration, the methods of cluster mapping and identification of the early indications to track the emergence of a cluster, as well as the case studies on the industry cauterization in various parts of the country.
{"title":"Concentration and Spatial Distribution of Economic Entities under Innovative Development of the Region","authors":"Mikhaylov Andrey Sergeevich","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-4-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-4-0","url":null,"abstract":"The special issue on the \"Geography of Innovation and Economic Clusters: Evidence from Russia\" is held in order to provide insights on the theoretical elaboration and practical implementation of the cluster concept in the regions of the Russian Federation. Multidimensional nature of the phenomenon of economic clustering has led to the need for a transdisciplinary approach in studying the features of spatial distribution of regional economic entities and institutions of the region in the framework of knowledge economy. We therefore invite scholars to consider the development of the cluster concept by taking into account the impact of the neighboring areas of science, focused on in-depth study of each of the three key features of the cluster concept - interconnectedness, systemic properties, and spatial proximity. The eight articles of the special issue uncover the aspects of the innovation process in the regional context, the factor of international inter-cluster collaboration, the methods of cluster mapping and identification of the early indications to track the emergence of a cluster, as well as the case studies on the industry cauterization in various parts of the country.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134311947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines and compares the implications of bootstrapping normal and binomial distributions. Hypothetical data set was used aided by S-plus package. Data analysis, examination, and comparison were based on their correlation coefficients and the bootstrap estimate of the standard error of plug-in correlation coefficient. Evidence shows that both distributions behave very well as seen in the fundamental theory of statistics. Also as the bootstrap level increases, the binomial gives a lower correlation coefficient (-0.07258132), against -0.1355295 in normal distribution. It is pertinent to note that the correlation coefficient is steady as the bootstrap increases.The paper therefore focuses on the performance of the standard error of plug-in correlation coefficient. Result shows that the normal distribution gives lower standard error which suggests more reliability to the plug-in estimate. Thus, this study uses the bootstrap method to demonstrate a scenario where the normality assumption becomes stronger as the bootstrap sample sizes (100, 500, and 1000) gets larger but on approximation at two decimal places, both distributions give the same statistical inference (1000: 0.14). Therefore, binomial distribution is preferred to normal distribution in terms of their correlation coefficient but the normal distribution is preferred to binomial for carrying out further analysis in parameter estimation and other statistical inference in terms of their standard error of plug-in correlation coefficient.
{"title":"Bootstrapping Normal and Binomial Distributions","authors":"A. C. Kelechi","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-6-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-6-5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines and compares the implications of bootstrapping normal and binomial distributions. Hypothetical data set was used aided by S-plus package. Data analysis, examination, and comparison were based on their correlation coefficients and the bootstrap estimate of the standard error of plug-in correlation coefficient. Evidence shows that both distributions behave very well as seen in the fundamental theory of statistics. Also as the bootstrap level increases, the binomial gives a lower correlation coefficient (-0.07258132), against -0.1355295 in normal distribution. It is pertinent to note that the correlation coefficient is steady as the bootstrap increases.The paper therefore focuses on the performance of the standard error of plug-in correlation coefficient. Result shows that the normal distribution gives lower standard error which suggests more reliability to the plug-in estimate. Thus, this study uses the bootstrap method to demonstrate a scenario where the normality assumption becomes stronger as the bootstrap sample sizes (100, 500, and 1000) gets larger but on approximation at two decimal places, both distributions give the same statistical inference (1000: 0.14). Therefore, binomial distribution is preferred to normal distribution in terms of their correlation coefficient but the normal distribution is preferred to binomial for carrying out further analysis in parameter estimation and other statistical inference in terms of their standard error of plug-in correlation coefficient.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121838541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to assess the availability of tourism clusters in the regions of Pribaikal, namely the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia, using a variety of cluster identification methods. The findings suggest that the characteristics of tourism clusters are found in the Republic of Buryatia. However, in Irkutsk region they are not available, although the two regions are the object of a number of national and regional development programs of tourism clusters.
{"title":"Identification of Tourist Clusters in the Pribaikal Region","authors":"Rubtsova Natalia Vladimirovna","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-4-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-4-8","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to assess the availability of tourism clusters in the regions of Pribaikal, namely the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia, using a variety of cluster identification methods. The findings suggest that the characteristics of tourism clusters are found in the Republic of Buryatia. However, in Irkutsk region they are not available, although the two regions are the object of a number of national and regional development programs of tourism clusters.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131549622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the implementation of reform and opening-up policy of China, the economy in Guangxi province has made tremendous achievements. Foreign direct investment is extremely vital for stimulating economic growth for Guangxi. At the same time, foreign direct investment has created a large number of job opportunities and promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure of Guangxi. This paper analyzed the development status of the utilization of foreign direct investment in Guangxi province and proposed the countermeasures and suggestions for improving the utilization of foreign direct investment in Guangxi province.
{"title":"Research on Inviting Foreign Direct Investment to Guangxi Province of China","authors":"L. Shang, Bu Cuilan, Cai Li","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-6-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-6-6","url":null,"abstract":"With the implementation of reform and opening-up policy of China, the economy in Guangxi province has made tremendous achievements. Foreign direct investment is extremely vital for stimulating economic growth for Guangxi. At the same time, foreign direct investment has created a large number of job opportunities and promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure of Guangxi. This paper analyzed the development status of the utilization of foreign direct investment in Guangxi province and proposed the countermeasures and suggestions for improving the utilization of foreign direct investment in Guangxi province.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131422861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After 1991 economic reforms, India registered tremendous fluctuation in Rupee exchange rate figures owing to its increasing trade and financial relationship with its major trading partners i.e. USA, Europe, and China. This paper examines the International parity conditions viz. Relative Purchasing Power Parity (RPPP), Covered Interest Rate Parity (CIP), Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIP), Fisher Effect, and Forward Rate Hypothesis, to reveal the changing financial and economic relations of India with USA, China and Europe. The major objectives of the research are to study the extent to which these International Parity conditions hold for the examined period by employing single cointegration framework and, examining the strong and weak form of parities - allowing for more channels of interaction between variables under joint modeling framework. Using Johansen cointegration test, it is argued that all the parities - except forward rate hypothesis- fail to hold in Rupee/Dollar case, reflecting that the commodity and capital markets of these two countries are not integrated. CIP and Fisher effect hold in weak form in India with respect to China and validity of weak Fisher effect with Europe indicates partial integration and openness of India to these countries. Evidence for the joint validity of strong PPP and weak CIP is reported for India - China suggesting that these parities hold when the actions of importers and exporters, and investors are combined together.
{"title":"Exchange Rate Relationship of India with Its Major Trading Partners: A Joint Testing Approach","authors":"Deepika Chandwani, Manminder Singh Saluja","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-6-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-6-4","url":null,"abstract":"After 1991 economic reforms, India registered tremendous fluctuation in Rupee exchange rate figures owing to its increasing trade and financial relationship with its major trading partners i.e. USA, Europe, and China. This paper examines the International parity conditions viz. Relative Purchasing Power Parity (RPPP), Covered Interest Rate Parity (CIP), Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIP), Fisher Effect, and Forward Rate Hypothesis, to reveal the changing financial and economic relations of India with USA, China and Europe. The major objectives of the research are to study the extent to which these International Parity conditions hold for the examined period by employing single cointegration framework and, examining the strong and weak form of parities - allowing for more channels of interaction between variables under joint modeling framework. Using Johansen cointegration test, it is argued that all the parities - except forward rate hypothesis- fail to hold in Rupee/Dollar case, reflecting that the commodity and capital markets of these two countries are not integrated. CIP and Fisher effect hold in weak form in India with respect to China and validity of weak Fisher effect with Europe indicates partial integration and openness of India to these countries. Evidence for the joint validity of strong PPP and weak CIP is reported for India - China suggesting that these parities hold when the actions of importers and exporters, and investors are combined together.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123220841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to quantify risk in oil, gas natural and phosphates markets by the Value at Risk and Expected Shortfull using McNeil and Frey (2000) two-steps approach based on the combination of the theory of extreme values and the GARCH model. A comparison is made between this method and various conventional methods such as GARCH models, Filtered hsitoriacal simulation, unconditional EVT-POT and unconditional EVT Bloc. Particular attention is given to study the quality of VaR forecasts obtained from conditional EVT method. The results we report show that this method is the best one for quantile superior to 99%. In all other cases, it offer acceptable VaR’s forecasts but not statistically better than GARCH methods.
{"title":"Risk Measurement in Commodities Markets Using Conditional Extreme Value Theory","authors":"Ahmed Ghorbel, Sameh Souilmi","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-5-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-5-4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to quantify risk in oil, gas natural and phosphates markets by the Value at Risk and Expected Shortfull using McNeil and Frey (2000) two-steps approach based on the combination of the theory of extreme values and the GARCH model. A comparison is made between this method and various conventional methods such as GARCH models, Filtered hsitoriacal simulation, unconditional EVT-POT and unconditional EVT Bloc. Particular attention is given to study the quality of VaR forecasts obtained from conditional EVT method. The results we report show that this method is the best one for quantile superior to 99%. In all other cases, it offer acceptable VaR’s forecasts but not statistically better than GARCH methods.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125552308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since driven by “Going Global” campaign, Yunnan province took advantages of rich natural resources and favorable location adjacent to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the environment for foreign investment in has improved a lot. As a result, the scale of FDI has increased significantly and many countries in the world especially Asian countries are attracted. However, there are still many problems with the utilization of FDI in . This paper analyzes the development and problems of the utilization of FDI in province and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions for improving utilization of FDI in province.
{"title":"Research on the Utilization of Foreign Direct Investment in Yunnan Province of China","authors":"Wang Ludan, Cai Li","doi":"10.12691/IJEFM-2-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJEFM-2-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Since driven by “Going Global” campaign, Yunnan province took advantages of rich natural resources and favorable location adjacent to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the environment for foreign investment in has improved a lot. As a result, the scale of FDI has increased significantly and many countries in the world especially Asian countries are attracted. However, there are still many problems with the utilization of FDI in . This paper analyzes the development and problems of the utilization of FDI in province and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions for improving utilization of FDI in province.","PeriodicalId":298738,"journal":{"name":"international journal of research in computer application & management","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115802095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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