Th e article studies the legal nature of the introduction of the lawyer’s monopoly in Ukraine. Th e author notes the introduction of the lawyer’s monopoly in Ukraine had to take four steps. However, at the last stage of the introduction of the lawyer’s monopoly, the legislator amended the procedural codes regulating the course of civil, commercial, and administrative proceedings. With these changes, the legislator expanded the concept “self-representation” by substituting the concept of “representation”. In addition, the legislator brought in a draft to revoke the lawyer’s monopoly which was approved by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. Th e scientist states that the relevant strategy of abolishing the lawyer’s monopoly is not a positive phenomenon. Th e introduction of court representation of citizens, business entities, state bodies, central and local authorities by a professional institute of advocacy is an upside in reforming the Ukrainian legal system. However, according to the author, the profession of a lawyer is primarily aimed at providing defense in criminal proceedings or when bringing to administrative responsibility or considering a case of an administrative off ense. At the same time, the scientist marks that the reversion to the previous wording of Article 131-2 of the Constitution of Ukraine is inadmissible since the provision of legal services in Ukraine should be carried out professionally. Aft er analyzing the legislation of the Republic of Poland, the author has concluded that lawyers and legal advisers, who carry out practical legal activities on a professional basis and permits, provide the public with legal aid. However, the only diff erence between a lawyer and a legal adviser in the Republic of Poland is that the latter cannot provide legal assistance in 1 Postgraduate Student at the Department of Commercial and Administrative Law, Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University, riabov.d@donnu.edu.ua, ORCID: orcid.org/00000003-3864-4859.
{"title":"On revocation of the lawyer’s monopoly through introducing the professional institution of legal advisers","authors":"D. Riabov","doi":"10.15804/rop2021309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021309","url":null,"abstract":"Th e article studies the legal nature of the introduction of the lawyer’s monopoly in Ukraine. Th e author notes the introduction of the lawyer’s monopoly in Ukraine had to take four steps. However, at the last stage of the introduction of the lawyer’s monopoly, the legislator amended the procedural codes regulating the course of civil, commercial, and administrative proceedings. With these changes, the legislator expanded the concept “self-representation” by substituting the concept of “representation”. In addition, the legislator brought in a draft to revoke the lawyer’s monopoly which was approved by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. Th e scientist states that the relevant strategy of abolishing the lawyer’s monopoly is not a positive phenomenon. Th e introduction of court representation of citizens, business entities, state bodies, central and local authorities by a professional institute of advocacy is an upside in reforming the Ukrainian legal system. However, according to the author, the profession of a lawyer is primarily aimed at providing defense in criminal proceedings or when bringing to administrative responsibility or considering a case of an administrative off ense. At the same time, the scientist marks that the reversion to the previous wording of Article 131-2 of the Constitution of Ukraine is inadmissible since the provision of legal services in Ukraine should be carried out professionally. Aft er analyzing the legislation of the Republic of Poland, the author has concluded that lawyers and legal advisers, who carry out practical legal activities on a professional basis and permits, provide the public with legal aid. However, the only diff erence between a lawyer and a legal adviser in the Republic of Poland is that the latter cannot provide legal assistance in 1 Postgraduate Student at the Department of Commercial and Administrative Law, Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University, riabov.d@donnu.edu.ua, ORCID: orcid.org/00000003-3864-4859.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133341290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Globally, sociocultural component of social relations weaves into shades of interactions including one existing between Farmers-Herders in their agricultural engagements to generate value that strengthens national integration. Migration pattern and choice expose mi-grant’s cross-cultural contact without insulating both sides from confl ict which however, is a social fact and reality of all social relations. Drawing from the foregoing, the study argues that there is confl ict of culturally derived identity interest among returning and settler’s migrants in fi rst contact like in the case of Farmers-Herders, however, is largely a major confl icts driver that endangers sense of patriotism needed for national integration. It further argues that interest quest enables national consciousness and cultural chauvinism and that determines access and denial. However, while a lot of researches have gone into Farmers-Herders contact and confl icts, little of the sociocultural context of their interactions is known in northeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Hence, the focus of this study is to examine the sociocultural perspective of farmers--herders confl ict as a challenge to national integration. Using Frustration-Aggression theory as framework, the exploratory research adopted qualitative approach to gather data via the conduct of 18 in-depth and 18 key informant interviews on purposively selected respondents two each from the 18 senatorial zones of six states in in North East Nigeria.
{"title":"The sociocultural perspective of farmers-herders conflict and national integration","authors":"Dickson Ogbonnaya","doi":"10.15804/rop2021306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021306","url":null,"abstract":": Globally, sociocultural component of social relations weaves into shades of interactions including one existing between Farmers-Herders in their agricultural engagements to generate value that strengthens national integration. Migration pattern and choice expose mi-grant’s cross-cultural contact without insulating both sides from confl ict which however, is a social fact and reality of all social relations. Drawing from the foregoing, the study argues that there is confl ict of culturally derived identity interest among returning and settler’s migrants in fi rst contact like in the case of Farmers-Herders, however, is largely a major confl icts driver that endangers sense of patriotism needed for national integration. It further argues that interest quest enables national consciousness and cultural chauvinism and that determines access and denial. However, while a lot of researches have gone into Farmers-Herders contact and confl icts, little of the sociocultural context of their interactions is known in northeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Hence, the focus of this study is to examine the sociocultural perspective of farmers--herders confl ict as a challenge to national integration. Using Frustration-Aggression theory as framework, the exploratory research adopted qualitative approach to gather data via the conduct of 18 in-depth and 18 key informant interviews on purposively selected respondents two each from the 18 senatorial zones of six states in in North East Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126985428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e article conducts a comprehensive study of public information and communication space in Ukraine, analyzes its current state considering regulatory and organizational features, identifi es key challenges for quality development and modernization of the industry, and identifi es key dysfunctional problems that prevent high performance in domestic development of information and communication technologies. It is argued that an important role in the constructive formation of the public information and communication sector is played by the state information policy, which should be based on such principles as openness, system, equality of interests, priority of domestic producers, social orientation. It turns out that the formation of a quality public information space contributes to the development of civil society, information society and information democracy. Comprehensive digitalization of public communication will promote openness, transparency and accessibility of public information, the formation of part-nerships between the public, business, and civil sectors. Th ree basic stages of formation of information and communication space have been identifi ed: strategic, organizational and control ones. Language as the State Language”, the Law of Ukraine “On the Procedure for Coverage of Public Authorities and Local Self-Government Bodies in Ukraine by Mass Media”, the Law Of Ukraine “On state support of mass media and social protection of journalists”, the Law of Ukraine “On news agencies”, etc. It is concluded that solving key problems (imperfection of the system of professional training in the fi eld of ICT, features of development of the domestic IT industry, uneven distribution of information and communication technologies in the regions of Ukraine) in the domestic ICT sector will accelerate Ukraine’s approach to the results of advanced countries.
{"title":"Public information and communication space in Ukraine: current state, problems and tasks","authors":"P. Vedmid","doi":"10.15804/rop2021311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021311","url":null,"abstract":": Th e article conducts a comprehensive study of public information and communication space in Ukraine, analyzes its current state considering regulatory and organizational features, identifi es key challenges for quality development and modernization of the industry, and identifi es key dysfunctional problems that prevent high performance in domestic development of information and communication technologies. It is argued that an important role in the constructive formation of the public information and communication sector is played by the state information policy, which should be based on such principles as openness, system, equality of interests, priority of domestic producers, social orientation. It turns out that the formation of a quality public information space contributes to the development of civil society, information society and information democracy. Comprehensive digitalization of public communication will promote openness, transparency and accessibility of public information, the formation of part-nerships between the public, business, and civil sectors. Th ree basic stages of formation of information and communication space have been identifi ed: strategic, organizational and control ones. Language as the State Language”, the Law of Ukraine “On the Procedure for Coverage of Public Authorities and Local Self-Government Bodies in Ukraine by Mass Media”, the Law Of Ukraine “On state support of mass media and social protection of journalists”, the Law of Ukraine “On news agencies”, etc. It is concluded that solving key problems (imperfection of the system of professional training in the fi eld of ICT, features of development of the domestic IT industry, uneven distribution of information and communication technologies in the regions of Ukraine) in the domestic ICT sector will accelerate Ukraine’s approach to the results of advanced countries.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127019806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Report from the International Conference “Public policy amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of the problem and challenges for the future”, Szczecin, 9 June 2021","authors":"Małgorzata Kamola–Cieślik","doi":"10.15804/rop2021313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021313","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117193996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Current trends in global development (migration processes, hybrid wars, global pandemics, multiculturalism) bring new challenges for nation states. Th e level of international competitiveness and subjectivity of a modern state depends on the successful positioning of its political brand, secured by the choice of adequate tools for achieving the goals and objectives. Th is research aims at studying the peculiarities of the public diplomacy resource potential and its use in the process of political branding in Germany. Th e research methodology combines system and axiological approaches, as well as discourse analysis; this helps to reveal the structural relationships within the brand, and their correlation with the peculiarities of national political and economic development and global trends. Th e content of the political brand is studied through the prism of the interaction of the public (politics, economics, public administration) and national (mentality, culture, traditions) components that correlate with the level of political and economic development. National political leaders, public and political institutions play a leading role in generating the key message of a state. It is proved that public diplomacy expands the possibilities of successful implementation of economic, political, socio-cultural initiatives of the state, based on partnership and cooperation with representatives of the international community. Th e main tools of public diplomacy include setting the agenda, synchronization of information messages by government agencies, the use of a wide range of communication channels and special events aimed at building trust and lasting relationships between international actors. Th e article pays special attention to the study of the content of the branding campaign «Land of Ideas». It presents Germany as an active actor in the international political space, focused on the use of brand-new technologies in all spheres of society to ensure sustainable development. Th e authors prove that the current branding campaign focuses on economic (sustainable development and citizens’ welfare), technological (technological innovation, energy effi ciency, environmental safety), and cultural (dialogue, intercultural communication) aspects. Th e key ideas of the branding strategy are sustainable economic development, manufacturability and digitalization, environmental friendliness and energy effi ciency, partnership dialogue and cooperation. German public authorities are actively involved in the process of political branding, which is carried out at the internal and external levels through public diplomacy. Th e key ideas of the political brand are presented to the domestic public through constant two-way communication on specialized online platforms, meetings of high-ranking offi cials with representatives of municipalities, and citizens’ potential is actively involved in various in-novative projects. Th e process of state branding in Germany is synchron
{"title":"Public diplomacy as a tool for the formation of the political brand of Germany","authors":"L. Khorishko, V. Kovpak","doi":"10.15804/rop2021304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021304","url":null,"abstract":": Current trends in global development (migration processes, hybrid wars, global pandemics, multiculturalism) bring new challenges for nation states. Th e level of international competitiveness and subjectivity of a modern state depends on the successful positioning of its political brand, secured by the choice of adequate tools for achieving the goals and objectives. Th is research aims at studying the peculiarities of the public diplomacy resource potential and its use in the process of political branding in Germany. Th e research methodology combines system and axiological approaches, as well as discourse analysis; this helps to reveal the structural relationships within the brand, and their correlation with the peculiarities of national political and economic development and global trends. Th e content of the political brand is studied through the prism of the interaction of the public (politics, economics, public administration) and national (mentality, culture, traditions) components that correlate with the level of political and economic development. National political leaders, public and political institutions play a leading role in generating the key message of a state. It is proved that public diplomacy expands the possibilities of successful implementation of economic, political, socio-cultural initiatives of the state, based on partnership and cooperation with representatives of the international community. Th e main tools of public diplomacy include setting the agenda, synchronization of information messages by government agencies, the use of a wide range of communication channels and special events aimed at building trust and lasting relationships between international actors. Th e article pays special attention to the study of the content of the branding campaign «Land of Ideas». It presents Germany as an active actor in the international political space, focused on the use of brand-new technologies in all spheres of society to ensure sustainable development. Th e authors prove that the current branding campaign focuses on economic (sustainable development and citizens’ welfare), technological (technological innovation, energy effi ciency, environmental safety), and cultural (dialogue, intercultural communication) aspects. Th e key ideas of the branding strategy are sustainable economic development, manufacturability and digitalization, environmental friendliness and energy effi ciency, partnership dialogue and cooperation. German public authorities are actively involved in the process of political branding, which is carried out at the internal and external levels through public diplomacy. Th e key ideas of the political brand are presented to the domestic public through constant two-way communication on specialized online platforms, meetings of high-ranking offi cials with representatives of municipalities, and citizens’ potential is actively involved in various in-novative projects. Th e process of state branding in Germany is synchron","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120884528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of democratic discourse, civil society is given a decisive role in the formation of power and infl uence on power. However, between the authorities (state and self-governing) and public organizations, as representatives of the interests of civil society, mostly subject-object relations are established, where the subject is the government. Th e article is devoted to fi nding an answer to the question: can the model of subject-subject relations between the government and civil society, where both social institutions are equal participants in the political process, have practical application? Analysis of social changes in Western Europe and Ukraine gives grounds to support the point of view of those scholars who consider civil society the basis of the state, a factor that gives a specifi c character to each state formation, regardless of the generality of democratic processes. At the same time, attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of civil society, which is a barrier to its consolidation and strengthening of subjectivity. Th ere is a noticeable increase in competition between the state and civil society in terms of infl uencing society, as well as the manipulation of public movements by public authorities to achieve political goals. However, a fairly high level of public confi dence in public organizations and the potential for their advocacy allow the use of public infl uence to activate the population and strengthen the position of civil society in relations with the authorities. 1 Doctor of Sciences (Public Administration), Professor, Department of Public Management and Administration, Educational and Scientifi c Institute of Economics, Management, Law and Information Technology, Poltava State Agrarian Academy, Ukraine, email: tamara.lozynska@pdaa.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0003-2858-9374. 2 Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine,e-mail: oleksandr.ivanina@ gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-8473. 62 Tamara Lozynska, Oleksandr Ivanina
{"title":"Inhomogeneity of civil society and its infl uence on government","authors":"T. Lozynska, O. Ivanina","doi":"10.15804/rop2021303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021303","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of democratic discourse, civil society is given a decisive role in the formation of power and infl uence on power. However, between the authorities (state and self-governing) and public organizations, as representatives of the interests of civil society, mostly subject-object relations are established, where the subject is the government. Th e article is devoted to fi nding an answer to the question: can the model of subject-subject relations between the government and civil society, where both social institutions are equal participants in the political process, have practical application? Analysis of social changes in Western Europe and Ukraine gives grounds to support the point of view of those scholars who consider civil society the basis of the state, a factor that gives a specifi c character to each state formation, regardless of the generality of democratic processes. At the same time, attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of civil society, which is a barrier to its consolidation and strengthening of subjectivity. Th ere is a noticeable increase in competition between the state and civil society in terms of infl uencing society, as well as the manipulation of public movements by public authorities to achieve political goals. However, a fairly high level of public confi dence in public organizations and the potential for their advocacy allow the use of public infl uence to activate the population and strengthen the position of civil society in relations with the authorities. 1 Doctor of Sciences (Public Administration), Professor, Department of Public Management and Administration, Educational and Scientifi c Institute of Economics, Management, Law and Information Technology, Poltava State Agrarian Academy, Ukraine, email: tamara.lozynska@pdaa.edu.ua. ORCID: 0000-0003-2858-9374. 2 Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine,e-mail: oleksandr.ivanina@ gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-8473. 62 Tamara Lozynska, Oleksandr Ivanina","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121606278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th is article is devoted to the analysis of historical and legal aspects of payment of income from advocacy in Ukraine. A study of the history of the establishment of such an institution as the bar, the procedure for remuneration for the work of a lawyer, the formation of his income and their legal consolidation. Attention was also paid to the peculiarities of the payment of mandatory fees by bar associations (BA), the formation of the tax burden on income from advocacy. In addition, an analysis of tax legislation and legislation governing the payment of the single social contribution and other mandatory payments. Using the method of analysis and synthesis, ten stages of the formation of the bar, which directly aff ected the forms and types of income from advocacy and the enshrinement in law of mandatory payments for these activities and their compatibility with income. It is determined that the fi rst stage of such formation occurred in 1917–1918, when lawyers began to receive income from their professional activities; second stage (1918–1919) – the income of a lawyer in the boards was in the form of wages; the third stage (1919–1922) – creation of legislative bases of taxation of lawyer’s activity; the fourth stage (1922–1929) – the transition of the Ukrainian Bar (UB) to collective forms of work; the fi ft h stage (1929–1931) – the abolition of private practice; the sixth stage (1931–1932) – the bit-share form of payment of work of lawyers is formed; the seventh stage (1932–1960) – introduction of the system of self-fi nancing; the eighth stage (1960–1980) – change of understanding and concept of activity of lawyers; ninth stage (1980–1991) – lawyers are exempt from taxation; the tenth stage – since 1991, the formation of the legislation of independent Ukraine, diff erent approaches to the taxation of income from advocacy, which depends on the choice of lawyers appropriate system of taxation and form of advocacy, as well as excessive tax pressure.
{"title":"Historical and legal aspects of payment of payments from income from law activities on the territory of Ukraine","authors":"Nadiia Korinna","doi":"10.15804/rop2021204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021204","url":null,"abstract":": Th is article is devoted to the analysis of historical and legal aspects of payment of income from advocacy in Ukraine. A study of the history of the establishment of such an institution as the bar, the procedure for remuneration for the work of a lawyer, the formation of his income and their legal consolidation. Attention was also paid to the peculiarities of the payment of mandatory fees by bar associations (BA), the formation of the tax burden on income from advocacy. In addition, an analysis of tax legislation and legislation governing the payment of the single social contribution and other mandatory payments. Using the method of analysis and synthesis, ten stages of the formation of the bar, which directly aff ected the forms and types of income from advocacy and the enshrinement in law of mandatory payments for these activities and their compatibility with income. It is determined that the fi rst stage of such formation occurred in 1917–1918, when lawyers began to receive income from their professional activities; second stage (1918–1919) – the income of a lawyer in the boards was in the form of wages; the third stage (1919–1922) – creation of legislative bases of taxation of lawyer’s activity; the fourth stage (1922–1929) – the transition of the Ukrainian Bar (UB) to collective forms of work; the fi ft h stage (1929–1931) – the abolition of private practice; the sixth stage (1931–1932) – the bit-share form of payment of work of lawyers is formed; the seventh stage (1932–1960) – introduction of the system of self-fi nancing; the eighth stage (1960–1980) – change of understanding and concept of activity of lawyers; ninth stage (1980–1991) – lawyers are exempt from taxation; the tenth stage – since 1991, the formation of the legislation of independent Ukraine, diff erent approaches to the taxation of income from advocacy, which depends on the choice of lawyers appropriate system of taxation and form of advocacy, as well as excessive tax pressure.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130331316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Many factors have been adduced to explain why some states become democracies and others not. Accepted variables predicting democracy include education level, economic development, urbanization, communication networks and so on. Th is paper will explore two biological variables’ role—nutrition level and health status. Comparative data are used to explore the eff ects of these variables on level of democracy. Implications are discussed.
{"title":"Health status, nutrition and democratization: a comparative study","authors":"S. Peterson, Evan Franzese-Peterson","doi":"10.15804/rop2021207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021207","url":null,"abstract":": Many factors have been adduced to explain why some states become democracies and others not. Accepted variables predicting democracy include education level, economic development, urbanization, communication networks and so on. Th is paper will explore two biological variables’ role—nutrition level and health status. Comparative data are used to explore the eff ects of these variables on level of democracy. Implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130174555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e scientifi c article is devoted to the issue of the disclosure of the processes of establishment and development of decentralization and taxation during the times of the Ants State, Kievan Rus and Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, as well as the determination of the relationship between these two processes. Due to the study of the topic of the article through the prism of various historical developments, it is possible to trace the formation and development of the tax institute in the fi rst state institutions on the territory of modern Ukraine, as well as the form of the exercise of the people’s power and its signifi cance in the decision-making of both state-wide decisions and the resolution of issues of local importance. Th e role and signifi cance of local authorities and issues that could be resolved by the then bodies of the people’s administration are revealed, and at the same time relations between the central authorities and the authorities of territorial communities are covered. Attention is paid to the law enforcement in the development of the people’s administration, taxation and their relationship between the state entities of the investigated historical epochs. Among other things, the article is devoted to establishment of a clear link between the gra-dual transition of power from the bodies of the people’s rule to the central apparatus in the person of the prince and his surroundings and, as a result, the necessity of permanent resources, at the expense of which it would be possible to keep them. Th e article analyzes the reasons for the necessity of revenue receipts and the main types of revenue receipts of the time, as well as the bodies on which the duties of tax collection were imposed. Attention is paid to the defi nition of such tax characteristics as collection bodies, collection form, documentary fi xing and further distribution and use of taxes. As a conclusion of the research, the author has formed a table with indication of the basic types of revenue receipts of a given period and level of decentralization in such period, and also has made generalization of the connection of these two processes.
{"title":"The historical legal relationship between the establishment of tax and decentralization processes within the first state entities on the territory of Ukraine","authors":"O. Poliakov","doi":"10.15804/rop2021208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021208","url":null,"abstract":": Th e scientifi c article is devoted to the issue of the disclosure of the processes of establishment and development of decentralization and taxation during the times of the Ants State, Kievan Rus and Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, as well as the determination of the relationship between these two processes. Due to the study of the topic of the article through the prism of various historical developments, it is possible to trace the formation and development of the tax institute in the fi rst state institutions on the territory of modern Ukraine, as well as the form of the exercise of the people’s power and its signifi cance in the decision-making of both state-wide decisions and the resolution of issues of local importance. Th e role and signifi cance of local authorities and issues that could be resolved by the then bodies of the people’s administration are revealed, and at the same time relations between the central authorities and the authorities of territorial communities are covered. Attention is paid to the law enforcement in the development of the people’s administration, taxation and their relationship between the state entities of the investigated historical epochs. Among other things, the article is devoted to establishment of a clear link between the gra-dual transition of power from the bodies of the people’s rule to the central apparatus in the person of the prince and his surroundings and, as a result, the necessity of permanent resources, at the expense of which it would be possible to keep them. Th e article analyzes the reasons for the necessity of revenue receipts and the main types of revenue receipts of the time, as well as the bodies on which the duties of tax collection were imposed. Attention is paid to the defi nition of such tax characteristics as collection bodies, collection form, documentary fi xing and further distribution and use of taxes. As a conclusion of the research, the author has formed a table with indication of the basic types of revenue receipts of a given period and level of decentralization in such period, and also has made generalization of the connection of these two processes.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129429697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e article identifi es the special signifi cance of state reserves for purposes of ensuring the national security of Ukraine. Established the main purpose of state reserves as a set of strategic reserves of the state to overcome the eff ects of risk factors. A review and analysis of recent domestic publications on this topic was done. Th e main defi nitions of state reserves are found. Established that the existing defi nitions of state reserves have, mainly, the material and economic plane of understanding. Th e author’s defi nition of state reserves was derived and proposed. It was noted that the defi nition should also contain an institutional and organizational component.Th e main structural components of state reserve are considered, among which the mobilization reserve, reserves to meet the strategic needs of the country and reserves to perform priority work during emergency response are identifi ed. Th e of process of studied, where such classical components as normative-legal, and organizational are singled out. A number of normative legal acts were analyzed, which regulate the basic principles of formation, use and disposal of state reserve of Ukraine, as well as the principles of activity of the State Reserve. Established that the institutional component of state reserve management process is embodied in the State Reserve, which is the central body of executive power. Th e relevance the thesis that activity of the State Reserve active subject of processes is one of the main elements of state reserves management proved. Th e content of the process of managing the state reserve is revealed through the need to stabilize the socio-economic situation both in conditions of uncertainty and the consequences of emergencies, and in the normal functioning of the state economy. Th e essence of process of state reserve management is defi ned as the rational use of material and technical values that form the strategic reserve of state, in order to regulate economic development in normal socio--economic conditions or quickly overcome the negative consequences of man-made or natural emergencies as well as the consequences of martial law.
{"title":"Essence and content of the management process by the state reserve of Ukraine","authors":"O. Chechel","doi":"10.15804/rop2021202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021202","url":null,"abstract":": Th e article identifi es the special signifi cance of state reserves for purposes of ensuring the national security of Ukraine. Established the main purpose of state reserves as a set of strategic reserves of the state to overcome the eff ects of risk factors. A review and analysis of recent domestic publications on this topic was done. Th e main defi nitions of state reserves are found. Established that the existing defi nitions of state reserves have, mainly, the material and economic plane of understanding. Th e author’s defi nition of state reserves was derived and proposed. It was noted that the defi nition should also contain an institutional and organizational component.Th e main structural components of state reserve are considered, among which the mobilization reserve, reserves to meet the strategic needs of the country and reserves to perform priority work during emergency response are identifi ed. Th e of process of studied, where such classical components as normative-legal, and organizational are singled out. A number of normative legal acts were analyzed, which regulate the basic principles of formation, use and disposal of state reserve of Ukraine, as well as the principles of activity of the State Reserve. Established that the institutional component of state reserve management process is embodied in the State Reserve, which is the central body of executive power. Th e relevance the thesis that activity of the State Reserve active subject of processes is one of the main elements of state reserves management proved. Th e content of the process of managing the state reserve is revealed through the need to stabilize the socio-economic situation both in conditions of uncertainty and the consequences of emergencies, and in the normal functioning of the state economy. Th e essence of process of state reserve management is defi ned as the rational use of material and technical values that form the strategic reserve of state, in order to regulate economic development in normal socio--economic conditions or quickly overcome the negative consequences of man-made or natural emergencies as well as the consequences of martial law.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116668155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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